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JOURNAL OF CHINA ORDANCE SOCIETY
Article ID:1673－002X(2005)01－0122－07
Artillery ammunition patrol trends and research directions
ZHU Yong(朱 勇),LIU Li(劉 莉)
Abstract：The use of various types of army artillery and naval guns of the artillery as a launch platform for patrol and ammunition, introduced the history and development of their development status, summed up in the continuous application of mature technologies related to the pursuit of intelligent, smart, and low cost has been artillery and ammunition to become the development trend of patrol. In addition, a brief introduction of artillery ammunition design patrolling some of the key areas of research techniques, such as higher than the set of anti-technology, manufacturing technology wing, ballistic spin speed by technology, the overall multi-disciplinary design optimization technology, small-scale low-thrust engine technology when the long voyage , two-way data link long-range anti-jamming technology and target detection and route planning technology, on these issues in-depth study will be beneficial to artillery shells the further development of patrol.
Keywords: artillery shells patrols key technologies trends reviews
Introduction：
Ammunition is to patrol the use of existing weapons and delivery, to conduct patrols in target areas of flight, can afford surveillance, reconnaissance, battle damage assessment, airborne radio relay and target a single or a number of tasks, such as ammunition (or sub-munitions). Patrol artillery ammunition is compatible with all types of current Army artillery and naval gun systems, way of using artillery attacks launched munitions patrol.
Artillery ammunition is a collection of routine patrol guided artillery shells and a UAV related technology products, has many advantages, compared with conventional ammunition, it more of a "ballistic patrol" blank time, the role range, can be found and hidden the attack time-sensitive targets; compared with the UAV, it can quickly enter the combat area, penetration ability, and tactical flexibility; compared with guided bombs, which according to the battlefield situation changes, autonomous or remote control to change the flight path and tasks, the target of the threat of the formation of a longer period of time, the implementation of "selective" of precision strike, and the bombs and shells in coordination between; patrol and other types of ammunition compared to its launch platform is simple, can be and with the use of artillery shells, artillery systems as a result of the use of the high muzzle velocity, can quickly enter the combat area, there is a strong time-sensitive.
1 Development history and current situation
The United States is one of the first countries to develop missile patrol, the developed LOCAAS (Low Cost Autonomous Attack System, low-cost autonomous attack system) and the network of fire systems LAM (Loiter AttackMissile, patrol missile attack) can be said to be on patrol on behalf of ammunition. The United States is also compatible with the first patrol of ammunition and artillery guns fired into the State system, followed by the emergence of a world study of artillery ammunition wave patrol. Currently under study by the U.S. patrol artillery ammunition items: 127 mm gun-launched munitions forefront of air support (FASM), 155 mm howitzer fired to see the quick (Quicklook) reconnaissance patrol of ammunition, 155 mm or 127 mm howitzer gun ammunition delivery wide-area surveillance of artillery shells (WASP) and for 81 mm ~ 155 mm artillery corresponding one-time multi-purpose patrol artillery ammunition (GLUAV). Expect that these munitions will put into use around 2010.
FASM is the U.S. Navy in fiscal year 1999 started to develop the 127 mm guns fired from the patrol ammunition. Reconnaissance of artillery ammunition was defense program, including financial support for FASM and Quicklook two projects to the end of 2002. FASM diameter of 127 mm, length 2.8 m, weight of 73 kg. To the range of 185 km far from the coast and sea surveillance, reconnaissance and battlefield assessment Loitering about 3 h [1].
Quicklook is the U.S. Army in fiscal year 1999 started to develop a kind of its own motion or by 155mm towed howitzers and ammunition to launch their patrols. Its diameter of 155 mm, length 99cm, weight of 36 kg ~ 41 kg. When the artillery shells fired ballistic flight to the highest point down to a height of 1 000 m, the speed of Ma = 0.85, by spinning on their balloon by parachute device to slow down to 60 m / s; and then started to control the tail, Inflatable wings and the propeller to start the engine, to 80 m / s speed to fly to the target over this paragraph the use of GPS positioning and the middle of guidance, with about 10min; over after reaching the goal (from the launch point 50 km), in order to 62 m / s speed to fly patrols, reconnaissance can detect the scope of 39 square kilometers of the region, visiting 30 min flying time of about [1].
WASP is a U.S. Army weapons research and development center (ARDEC) to track the development in 2000, the M483-style 155 mm ammunition to carry put a bomb on patrol. Length of 0.50 m, a wingspan of 1.22 m, weight of 3.9 kg. This cluster may be land-based firing howitzers or guns, the initial speed of 762 m / s ~ 975 m / s. When the projectile trajectory, after the highest point, the use of shell explosions ripped apart, inflatable balloons launched its speed to 60 m / s. Dropped to a certain height, the inner shell to protect the separation of aircraft out, started to slow down to about a 14m / s of the parachute, and then start folding wings and tail. Start by battery-powered electric engines, it can be maintained at about 28 m / s cruising speed of flight of about 30min, patrol flying height of 1 220 m [2-3].
Aviation environment GLUAV the United States with the U.S. Army and the Joint Defense Laboratories (United Defense) jointly developed in 2001 a patrol artillery ammunition. It can be manufactured into a diameter of 81 mm ~ 155 mm patrol bombs, artillery shells into the corresponding mainly used for reconnaissance, target detection, target identification and battle damage assessment (BDA). It can carry color television camera, thermal imager, biochemical warfare agent detection sensors, but also in the flight of the enemy's radar and communications network interference. In the receiving or the front-line reconnaissance scouts launch command, through the artillery will be fired GLUAV out and reach the goals adopted over the explosive device detonated outside the shell, patrol bombs and ammunition from the home release, and the use of parachutes to slow down its post - wings started to 20m / s ~ 60m / s speed in the Tour to fly over the battlefield reconnaissance, patrol flying hours 19min ~ 57min [4-5].
Besides the U.S., Russia, Israel, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, France and other developed countries also joined the ranks to patrol the development of ammunition, just ammunition for artillery patrol, the current model to see the relevant reports is relatively small.
2 Development Trend
Artillery and ammunition from the patrol's history and current status of development can be seen, it is a kind of information-based product of war. Only when the army's request for information to the more important than ever today, there will be patrols of ammunition, and artillery as a repressive force, patrolling its development of the corresponding ammunition is essential. In the guided artillery shells, unmanned aerial vehicles, sensors, such as the progressive development and improvement of technology in the process of artillery ammunition on patrol in the early days of modern life is war. In general, as a new type of stand-off weapons, artillery ammunition, the development trend of patrols can be summarized as follows: in the continuous application of advanced technology based on the pursuit of intelligent, smart and low-cost.
The so-called intelligence, referring to their own artillery ammunition patrol operations to complete multiple tasks, both targets of the battlefield reconnaissance, surveillance, but also the completion of battlefield damage assessment operations. From the development of artillery ammunition patrol the status quo can be seen that the function of artillery ammunition patrols mainly reconnaissance, surveillance, and assessment tasks. Patrol in the use of ammunition have been taken after the end of self-destruction, in order to enhance the effectiveness of, the future development of an essential requirement for the completion of their missions at the same time can be selective against the target. Synergies between the patrol and ammunition used to patrol with conventional weapons and ammunition of the match between the use of artillery ammunition intelligent patrol the hot topics.
The so-called smart, and refers to the patrol artillery guns and ammunition to match a variety of delivery systems. The development of artillery ammunition patrol did not change in the existing artillery fired based on the platform, from the artillery and ammunition Research patrols can be seen that the requirements of its current artillery systems compatible at the same time, but also hope that it is able to meet Some variety of artillery systems, this can greatly reduce the use of artillery ammunition, the cost of patrols and the use of the scope of artillery weapons has greatly increased the flexibility of use. Such as the United States now developed into a great financial GLUAV a lot on the type of design to enable it to match the 81 mm ~ 155 mm artillery of all kinds.
Of the so-called low-cost means to patrol the emergence of ammunition, in a sense, because it is both conventional weapons and reconnaissance UAV's ability to reduce the development of weapons systems and the use of the cost, but nevertheless, and now countries in the development of artillery radio patrol the course of ammunition are to seek the use of a variety of new low-cost materials. Information from existing reports can be summed up to reduce the cost of artillery ammunition, patrol the main work has focused on the use of new materials, small low-thrust engine design and shells on the sensor and so on.
3 The Key Technologies
Patrol artillery ammunition is based on guidance technology, aerodynamics, flight dynamics, engine technology, photoelectric technology, mechanical manufacturing engineering, artillery firing technology, stealth technology, as well as slow down the recovery of a technically integrated engineering, involved in the area of Canton, key technologies, and this article only briefly artillery ammunition patrol the area of research in the design of a number of key technologies.
1) the overall multi-disciplinary design optimization techniques
Ammunition as a result of patrols be considered in the design of body shape structural optimization design, the module body optimize the matching function, quality and fuel payload to achieve the best ratio, aerodynamics and stealth properties of a range of issues, so this is a between the many disciplines involved in the optimal design. Cross-coupling between the disciplines and the impact of the decision of the patrol ammunition is designed to be a problem of complex systems science.
At present, an increasing number of foreign scientific and technical personnel will be multi-disciplinary design optimization (MDO) technology in aircraft design, multidisciplinary design optimization technology in the provision of variables, constraints, interaction and coupling between performance on the basis of information at the same time various disciplines and systems to meet the requirements of binding with a variety of design options for the rapid analysis of the ability, but also can significantly shorten the research and development cycle.
2) The small-scale low-thrust engine when Changhang
Patrol of the main tasks of ammunition in the enemy's positions on cruise flight, the reconnaissance of the positions of targets to monitor and combat, which requires it to have a long voyage to provide the engine of small thrust. Used at home and abroad is the main piston gasoline engine and lithium electric motors, miniature turbojet engine, turbofan engine and pulse engine is hot, it is bound to become a next-generation engines to patrol the mainstream ammunition.
Patrol as a result of artillery ammunition, artillery ballistic initial paragraph is the use of artillery will be in a short period of time to the required range, and then only into their own paragraph Loitering flight. Loitering paragraph into the cruise to start the engine after the engine air from the engine to start the design process as a special consideration the needs of the key issues.
3) track the planning, coordination combat formations
In the previous mentioned trends, patrol ammunition intelligent design is moving in the direction of development, which requires it to fly round the track planning; At the same time able to do more than patrol to communicate with each other between rounds to ensure that work together to avoid duplication of reconnaissance and attack. Ammunition were also required to patrol their own situation based on real-time battlefield planning, to avoid the threat effectively, and enhance the viability of patrol ammunition.
4) long-range two-way data link interference information
Artillery ammunition patrol a range of up to several tens of kilometers, while the body length of about 1 m in general, the information transmission device for a very high demands. In order to obtain long-range, high data rate, high-quality communications, the need for high-power transmitter of the data, the use of image compression technology to reduce the bandwidth requirements, it is necessary to signal processing in the encryption process for the implementation of secure communication. At the same time, the realization of ammunition and other weapons to patrol between the use of patrols between the use of ammunition, the need for exchange of information between them. Uses a two-way communication link transmit and receive information and, if necessary, establish a communications relay station has become a settlement of artillery ammunition, patrol information on key issues for data transmission.
Key technology for more than four ammunition of all patrols in the development process have to face, and the ammunition for artillery patrol, it addition to the above-mentioned four key technologies in addition to its own particularity.
5) higher than the set of anti-technology
Patrol-guided munitions on the control of components, engines, wings folded devices, surveillance equipment to anti-fired artillery shells at the time of living higher than the set is a key technology. At present, generally plastic shells fixed on electronic devices and machinery, such as through a number of sleeve device component will focus on the transfer of load in order to address the issue of anti-overload. In recent years the rapid development of MEMS technology, not only low-cost, small size, and with anti-high overload characteristics is to solve the problem of resistance higher than a way to set. Anti-electronic devices for high-overload problem has been resolved in the guided artillery shells, and ammunition for artillery patrol, anti-high-overload problem will be to small engine design, the design of the wing structure of a severe test.
6) wings Manufacturing Technology
In order to reduce the quality of materials are generally used wings composite materials, which is the manufacture of wings made of the new technological requirements. At the same time, in order to be able to launch platform compatible shells, from the current data can be seen patrolling artillery ammunition is generally used folding wings, inflate and shrink technology. Wings folded institutions, agencies and contraction inflatable design agencies as well as the strength of the new wings and other structural stiffness problem is the design of artillery ammunition, patrol a major problem facing.
In addition, due to the folding, inflatable and contraction, etc., in the arrangement on the wings of the aileron problem. At present, patrol artillery ammunition began to consider the use of composite materials, such as memory alloy material, the use of warping wings to control the design of the control system has also brought new challenges.
7) by rotating ballistic deceleration technology
It is precisely because the use of artillery systems as a launching platform, the patrol will give ammunition to provide a high muzzle velocity, making patrols of ammunition in a short period of time to reach distant ranges, and ammunition for the patrol to provide rapid access to the region to ensure the combat. However, flying patrol rounds of ammunition in order to facilitate the process of reconnaissance, speed is very low, so artillery ammunition patrol faced with a problem of ballistic deceleration.
In addition, in order to ensure the stability of projectile, rotation and stability are generally taken, if the artillery projectile by spinning quickly, it must be carried out for the stability of the tail, this is bound to increase the resistance to projectiles, the range ballistic missile is far less than the rotation, so In order to increase the range of artillery shells on patrol, usually in the preceding ballistic trajectory using high-speed rotation, and the paragraph before flying into the Tour, it is necessary to take corresponding measures to reduce the spin.
At present, foreign patrols for artillery ammunition is generally slow down the use of ballistic parachute or inflatable balloon, such as institutions, for artillery ammunition ballistics patrols are generally used by rotating the tail or the stability of institutions such as inflatable airbags.
Artillery ammunition ballistics patrol in the design process must be fully taken into account, such as parachutes and inflatable balloon of the aerodynamic characteristics of their research accordingly.
4 Conclusions
This paper describes the development of artillery ammunition, patrol history, summed up patrols artillery ammunition development trends, and gave a briefing on the overall design artillery ammunition patrol some of the key areas of research technology. On these issues in-depth study will be beneficial to artillery ammunition, the further development of patrol.
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