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炮射巡邏彈發(fā)展趨勢(shì)及研究方向
朱 勇 劉 莉
摘 要：針對(duì)采用各類陸軍火炮和海軍艦炮作為發(fā)射平臺(tái)的炮射巡邏彈,介紹了其發(fā)展歷史及發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,總結(jié)出在不斷應(yīng)用相關(guān)成熟技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上追求智能化、靈巧化、低成本已成為炮射巡邏彈的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。另外,簡(jiǎn)要介紹了炮射巡邏彈總體設(shè)計(jì)研究領(lǐng)域的一些關(guān)鍵技術(shù),如抗高過(guò)載技術(shù)、機(jī)翼制造技術(shù)、彈道減速減旋技術(shù)、總體多學(xué)科設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化技術(shù)、小型低推力長(zhǎng)航時(shí)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)技術(shù)、雙向遠(yuǎn)距離抗干擾數(shù)據(jù)鏈技術(shù)及目標(biāo)偵察及航跡規(guī)劃技術(shù)等,對(duì)上述問(wèn)題的深入研究將有利于炮射巡邏彈的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。
關(guān)鍵詞：炮射巡邏彈 關(guān)鍵技術(shù) 發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 綜述
引 言
巡邏彈是一種利用現(xiàn)有武器投放,能在目標(biāo)區(qū)進(jìn)行巡邏飛行,可承擔(dān)監(jiān)視、偵察、戰(zhàn)斗毀傷評(píng)估、空中無(wú)線中繼及攻擊目標(biāo)等單一或多項(xiàng)任務(wù)的彈藥(或子彈藥)。炮射巡邏彈就是兼容目前陸軍各類火炮和海軍艦炮系統(tǒng),采用炮射方式進(jìn)行發(fā)射的巡邏攻擊彈。
炮射巡邏彈是集合常規(guī)制導(dǎo)炮彈和無(wú)人機(jī)相關(guān)技術(shù)的一種產(chǎn)物,具有許多優(yōu)越之處,與常規(guī)彈藥相比,它多出一個(gè)“巡邏彈道”,留空時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、作用范圍大,可發(fā)現(xiàn)并攻擊隱蔽的時(shí)間敏感目標(biāo);與無(wú)人機(jī)相比,它能快速進(jìn)入作戰(zhàn)區(qū)域,突防能力強(qiáng),戰(zhàn)術(shù)使用靈活;與制導(dǎo)炮彈相比,它能根據(jù)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)情況變化,自主或遙控改變飛行路線和任務(wù),對(duì)目標(biāo)形成較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的威脅,實(shí)施“有選擇”的精確打擊,并實(shí)現(xiàn)彈與彈之間的協(xié)同作戰(zhàn);與其它類型的巡邏彈相比,它的發(fā)射平臺(tái)簡(jiǎn)單,可以和炮彈配合使用,由于利用火炮系統(tǒng)提供的高初速,能夠快速進(jìn)入作戰(zhàn)區(qū)域,有很強(qiáng)的時(shí)效性。
1 發(fā)展歷史與現(xiàn)狀
美國(guó)是最早研制巡邏彈的國(guó)家,其研制的LOCAAS (LowCost Autonomous Attack System,低成本自主攻擊系統(tǒng))和網(wǎng)火系統(tǒng)中的LAM (Loiter AttackMissile,巡邏攻擊導(dǎo)彈)可以說(shuō)是巡邏彈中的代表。美國(guó)也是最早將巡邏彈兼容到火炮和艦炮發(fā)射系統(tǒng)的國(guó)家,隨后世界上興起了炮射巡邏彈的研究熱潮。目前美國(guó)正在研究的炮射巡邏彈項(xiàng)目有: 127 mm艦炮發(fā)射的前沿空中支援彈藥(FASM)、155 mm榴彈炮發(fā)射的快看(Quicklook)偵察巡邏彈、155 mm榴彈炮或127 mm艦炮彈投放的炮射廣域偵察彈(WASP )和適合81 mm ~155 mm相應(yīng)火炮的多功能一次性炮射巡邏彈(GLUAV)。預(yù)計(jì)這類彈藥將在2010年左右投入使用。
FASM是美國(guó)海軍于1999財(cái)年開(kāi)始研制的由127 mm艦炮發(fā)射的巡邏彈。當(dāng)年的炮射偵察彈藥防御計(jì)劃財(cái)政支持包括FASM與Quicklook兩個(gè)項(xiàng)目,至2002年結(jié)束。FASM直徑為127 mm,長(zhǎng)度為2·8 m,質(zhì)量為73 kg。能夠?qū)?85 km遠(yuǎn)范圍內(nèi)的海岸和海域進(jìn)行監(jiān)視、偵察和戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)評(píng)估,巡飛時(shí)間約為3 h[1]。
Quicklook是美國(guó)陸軍于1999財(cái)年開(kāi)始研制的一種由155mm自行或牽引榴彈炮發(fā)射的巡邏彈。它的直徑為155 mm,長(zhǎng)度為99cm,質(zhì)量為36 kg~41 kg。當(dāng)炮彈發(fā)射飛至彈道最高點(diǎn)后下降至高度為1 000 m時(shí),速度為Ma=0·85,靠氣囊對(duì)其減旋,靠降落傘裝置將其減速到60 m/s;然后展開(kāi)控制尾翼、充氣式彈翼和螺旋槳,啟動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),以80 m/s的速度飛至目標(biāo)上空,此段采用GPS定位和中段制導(dǎo),大約用10min;在到達(dá)目標(biāo)上空后(距離發(fā)射點(diǎn)50 km),以62 m/s的速度進(jìn)行巡飛,可以探測(cè)偵察39平方公里范圍內(nèi)的區(qū)域,巡飛時(shí)間為30 min左右[1]。
WASP是美國(guó)陸軍武器發(fā)展與研究中心(ARDEC)于2000年跟蹤研制的,由M483式155 mm彈藥攜帶投放的一種巡邏彈。長(zhǎng)度為0·50 m,翼展為1·22 m,質(zhì)量為3·9 kg。這種子母彈可由陸基榴彈炮或艦炮發(fā)射,初始速度為762 m/s ~975 m/s。當(dāng)彈丸經(jīng)過(guò)了彈道最高點(diǎn)后,利用爆炸將外彈殼炸開(kāi),展開(kāi)充氣氣球,將其減速至60 m/s。下降到一定高度時(shí),保護(hù)內(nèi)殼分離,飛行器拋出,展開(kāi)一個(gè)使其減速到約14m/s的降落傘,隨后展開(kāi)折疊彈翼和尾翼。啟動(dòng)由電池驅(qū)動(dòng)的電動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),可以維持它以約28 m/s的巡航速度飛行約30min,巡飛高度為1 220 m[2-3]。
GLUAV是美國(guó)航空環(huán)境公司與美國(guó)陸軍實(shí)驗(yàn)室和聯(lián)合防務(wù)公司(United Defense)聯(lián)手于2001年開(kāi)始研制的一種炮射巡邏彈。它可以制造成直徑為81 mm~155 mm的巡邏彈,裝入相應(yīng)的炮彈中,主要用于偵察、目標(biāo)探測(cè)、目標(biāo)識(shí)別以及戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)毀傷評(píng)估(BDA)。它可以攜帶彩色電視攝像頭、熱成像儀、生物化學(xué)戰(zhàn)劑探測(cè)傳感器等,還能在飛行過(guò)程中對(duì)敵方雷達(dá)和通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行干擾。在接收到前線偵察兵或偵察機(jī)的發(fā)射指令后,通過(guò)火炮將GLUAV發(fā)射出去,到達(dá)目標(biāo)上空后通過(guò)爆炸裝置引爆外彈殼,巡邏彈從母彈中釋放出來(lái),并采用降落傘對(duì)其進(jìn)行減速后展開(kāi)彈翼,以20m/s~60m/s的速度在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上空進(jìn)行巡飛偵察,巡飛時(shí)間為19min~57min[4-5]。
除美國(guó)外,俄羅斯、以色列、英國(guó)、德國(guó)、意大利、法國(guó)等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家也加入巡邏彈的發(fā)展行列,只是對(duì)于炮射巡邏彈,目前見(jiàn)到的有關(guān)型號(hào)的報(bào)道比較少。
2 發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
從炮射巡邏彈的發(fā)展歷史和現(xiàn)狀可以看出,它是目前信息化戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的一種產(chǎn)物。只有當(dāng)軍隊(duì)對(duì)信息的要求到了空前重要的今天,巡邏彈才會(huì)出現(xiàn),而炮兵作為壓制性部隊(duì),為其研制相應(yīng)的巡邏彈是必不可少的。在制導(dǎo)炮彈、無(wú)人機(jī)、傳感器等技術(shù)逐步發(fā)展和完善的過(guò)程中,炮射巡邏彈在現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中也就初具生命力?？偟恼f(shuō)來(lái)作為新型的防區(qū)外武器,炮射巡邏彈的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)可以歸結(jié)為:在不斷應(yīng)用先進(jìn)技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上追求智能化、靈巧化和低成本化。
所謂智能化,指的是炮射巡邏彈自身能夠完成多重作戰(zhàn)任務(wù),既能對(duì)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)目標(biāo)進(jìn)行偵察、監(jiān)視,還能完成戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)作戰(zhàn)毀傷評(píng)估。從炮射巡邏彈的研制現(xiàn)狀可以看出,炮射巡邏彈的功能主要還是偵察、監(jiān)視、評(píng)估任務(wù)。巡邏彈在使用結(jié)束后都采取自毀,為了提高其使用效能,未來(lái)發(fā)展必然要求其在完成偵察任務(wù)的同時(shí)可以對(duì)目標(biāo)進(jìn)行選擇性打擊。巡邏彈之間的協(xié)同使用,巡邏彈與常規(guī)武器之間的匹配使用是炮射巡邏彈智能化研究的熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注課題。
所謂靈巧化,指的是炮射巡邏彈可以匹配各種火炮發(fā)射系統(tǒng)。炮射巡邏彈的研制是在不改動(dòng)目前已有的火炮發(fā)射平臺(tái)的基礎(chǔ)上開(kāi)展的,從炮射巡邏彈的研究現(xiàn)狀可以看出,要求其兼容目前火炮系統(tǒng)的同時(shí),還希望它能夠滿足現(xiàn)有的多種火炮系統(tǒng),這樣可以大大降低炮射巡邏彈的使用成本和使用范圍,大大增加了炮兵武器使用的靈活性。例如美國(guó)現(xiàn)在投入很大財(cái)力研制的GLUAV就設(shè)計(jì)了很多種類,使其能夠匹配81 mm ~155 mm的各類火炮。
所謂低成本化,是指巡邏彈的出現(xiàn)在一定意義上是因?yàn)樗瑫r(shí)擁有了常規(guī)武器和偵察無(wú)人機(jī)的能力,降低了武器系統(tǒng)的研制和使用成本,但盡管如此,現(xiàn)在各國(guó)在研制炮射巡邏彈的過(guò)程中都尋求采用各種新型低成本材料。從現(xiàn)有報(bào)道資料能夠總結(jié)出,降低炮射巡邏彈成本的主要工作都集中在使用新型材料、小型低推力發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)和彈上傳感器等方面。
3 關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究
炮射巡邏彈是建立在制導(dǎo)技術(shù)、空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)、飛行力學(xué)、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)技術(shù)、光電技術(shù)、機(jī)械制造工程、火炮發(fā)射技術(shù)、減速回收技術(shù)以及隱身技術(shù)上的一門(mén)綜合的工程技術(shù),涉及到的領(lǐng)域廣,關(guān)鍵技術(shù)多,本文僅簡(jiǎn)要介紹炮射巡邏彈在總體設(shè)計(jì)研究領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的一些關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。
1)總體多學(xué)科設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化技術(shù)
由于巡邏彈的設(shè)計(jì)需要綜合考慮彈體外形結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),彈體功能模塊的優(yōu)化匹配,有效載荷質(zhì)量與燃料達(dá)到最佳配比,空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)和隱身性能等一系列問(wèn)題,所以這是一個(gè)涉及很多學(xué)科之間的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題。學(xué)科之間的交叉耦合和相互影響,決定了巡邏彈的設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)科學(xué)問(wèn)題。
目前,國(guó)外越來(lái)越多的科技人員將多學(xué)科設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化(MDO)技術(shù)應(yīng)用于飛行器設(shè)計(jì)之中,多學(xué)科設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化技術(shù)在提供變量、約束、性能間交互作用和耦合信息的基礎(chǔ)上實(shí)現(xiàn)了同時(shí)滿足各學(xué)科和系統(tǒng)約束的要求,具有對(duì)各種設(shè)計(jì)方案迅速進(jìn)行分析的能力,還可以大大縮短研發(fā)周期。
2)小型低推力長(zhǎng)航時(shí)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)
巡邏彈的主要工作任務(wù)就是在敵方陣地上進(jìn)行巡弋飛行,對(duì)陣地進(jìn)行偵察,對(duì)目標(biāo)進(jìn)行監(jiān)視和打擊,這就需要它擁有一個(gè)能提供長(zhǎng)航時(shí)小推力的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外主要采用的是活塞式汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和鋰電發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),微小型渦噴發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、渦扇發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和脈沖發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是目前研究的熱點(diǎn),勢(shì)必成為下一代巡邏彈發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的主流。
由于炮射巡邏彈的初始段是炮射彈道,利用炮射將它在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)送到所要求的射程,然后才轉(zhuǎn)入自主飛行的巡飛段。進(jìn)入巡飛段后才啟動(dòng)巡航發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的空中自啟動(dòng)成為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中需要特殊考慮的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。
3)航跡規(guī)劃、協(xié)同編隊(duì)作戰(zhàn)
在前面的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)中提到過(guò),巡邏彈的設(shè)計(jì)正朝著智能化方向發(fā)展,這就需要對(duì)它的巡飛航跡進(jìn)行規(guī)劃;同時(shí)能夠做到多枚巡邏彈之間的相互通信,保證協(xié)同作戰(zhàn),避免重復(fù)偵察和攻擊。另外還要求巡邏彈本身能根據(jù)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)情況作出實(shí)時(shí)的規(guī)劃,有效地躲避威脅,增強(qiáng)巡邏彈的生存能力。
4)雙向遠(yuǎn)距離抗干擾信息數(shù)據(jù)鏈路
炮射巡邏彈的射程可達(dá)幾十公里,而彈體長(zhǎng)度一般在1 m左右,這對(duì)信息傳輸裝置提出了相當(dāng)高的要求。為了獲得遠(yuǎn)距離、高數(shù)據(jù)率、高質(zhì)量的通信,必須采用高功率的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送機(jī),利用圖像壓縮技術(shù)以降低對(duì)帶寬的要求,要在信號(hào)處理過(guò)程中進(jìn)行加密,以實(shí)施保密通信。同時(shí),實(shí)現(xiàn)巡邏彈與其它武器之間的配合使用、巡邏彈之間的配合使用,需要建立它們之間的信息交換。采用雙路通信鏈路傳遞和接收信息,必要時(shí)建立通信中繼站已成為解決炮射巡邏彈信息數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)年P(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。
以上四項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)是所有巡邏彈在發(fā)展過(guò)程中都要面對(duì)的,而對(duì)于炮射巡邏彈,它除了具有上述四項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)之外還有其自身的特殊性。
5)抗高過(guò)載技術(shù)
巡邏彈上的制導(dǎo)控制組件、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、彈翼折疊裝置、偵察設(shè)備等要抗住炮彈發(fā)射時(shí)的高過(guò)載是一項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。目前一般都將彈上電子器件塑封固定,并通過(guò)一些軸套等機(jī)械構(gòu)件將重點(diǎn)器件上的過(guò)載轉(zhuǎn)移,從而解決抗過(guò)載問(wèn)題。近年來(lái)飛速發(fā)展的MEMS技術(shù),不僅成本低、體積小,而且具有抗高過(guò)載的特點(diǎn),是解決抗高過(guò)載問(wèn)題的一個(gè)途徑。對(duì)于電子器件抗高過(guò)載這類問(wèn)題已在制導(dǎo)炮彈中解決了,針對(duì)炮射巡邏彈,抗高過(guò)載問(wèn)題還會(huì)給小型發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)、機(jī)翼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)帶來(lái)嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn)。
6)彈翼制造技術(shù)
為了減輕質(zhì)量,彈翼材料一般都采用復(fù)合材料,這對(duì)彈翼的制造提出了新的工藝要求。同時(shí),為了能夠兼容炮彈發(fā)射平臺(tái),從目前的資料可以看出,炮射巡邏彈的彈翼一般都采用折疊、充氣和收縮等技術(shù)。彈翼折疊機(jī)構(gòu)、充氣機(jī)構(gòu)和收縮機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)以及新型彈翼的強(qiáng)度剛度等結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)題的解決都是炮射巡邏彈設(shè)計(jì)所面臨的一項(xiàng)重大難題。
另外,由于采用了折疊、充氣和收縮等方式,在安排彈翼的副翼上存在問(wèn)題。目前炮射巡邏彈開(kāi)始考慮采用復(fù)合材料、記憶合金等材料,利用翹曲彈翼進(jìn)行控制,這給控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)也帶來(lái)了新的挑戰(zhàn)。
7)彈道減速減旋技術(shù)
正是因?yàn)椴捎没鹋谙到y(tǒng)作為發(fā)射平臺(tái)后,能給巡邏彈提供一個(gè)很高的初速,使得巡邏彈能在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)到達(dá)較遠(yuǎn)的射程,為巡邏彈快速進(jìn)入作戰(zhàn)區(qū)域提供了保證。但是,巡邏彈在巡飛過(guò)程中為了便于偵察,飛行速度都很低,所以炮射巡邏彈面臨著一個(gè)彈道減速問(wèn)題。
另外,為了保證彈丸的穩(wěn)定性,一般都采取旋轉(zhuǎn)穩(wěn)定,如果在彈丸出炮后迅速減旋,則必須展開(kāi)尾翼進(jìn)行穩(wěn)定,這樣必然增加射彈的阻力,彈道的射程遠(yuǎn)小于旋轉(zhuǎn)彈,所以為了提高炮射巡邏彈的射程,一般在彈道前段都采用高速旋轉(zhuǎn)彈道,而轉(zhuǎn)入巡飛段前,就必須采取相應(yīng)的減旋措施。
目前,國(guó)外針對(duì)炮射巡邏彈的彈道減速一般都采用降落傘或充氣氣囊等機(jī)構(gòu),針對(duì)炮射巡邏彈的彈道減旋一般都采用穩(wěn)定尾翼或充氣氣囊等機(jī)構(gòu)。
在炮射巡邏彈彈道設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中必須充分考慮降落傘和充氣氣囊等的氣動(dòng)特性,對(duì)其作出相應(yīng)的研究。
4 結(jié)束語(yǔ)
本文簡(jiǎn)述了炮射巡邏彈的發(fā)展歷史,總結(jié)出炮射巡邏彈發(fā)展趨勢(shì),并簡(jiǎn)要介紹炮射巡邏彈總體設(shè)計(jì)研究領(lǐng)域的一些關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。對(duì)上述問(wèn)題的深入研究將有利于炮射巡邏彈的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。
JOURNAL OF CHINA ORDANCE SOCIETY
Article ID:1673－002X(2005)01－0122－07
Artillery ammunition patrol trends and research directions
ZHU Yong(朱 勇),LIU Li(劉 莉)
Abstract：The use of various types of army artillery and naval guns of the artillery as a launch platform for patrol and ammunition, introduced the history and development of their development status, summed up in the continuous application of mature technologies related to the pursuit of intelligent, smart, and low cost has been artillery and ammunition to become the development trend of patrol. In addition, a brief introduction of artillery ammunition design patrolling some of the key areas of research techniques, such as higher than the set of anti-technology, manufacturing technology wing, ballistic spin speed by technology, the overall multi-disciplinary design optimization technology, small-scale low-thrust engine technology when the long voyage , two-way data link long-range anti-jamming technology and target detection and route planning technology, on these issues in-depth study will be beneficial to artillery shells the further development of patrol.
Keywords: artillery shells patrols key technologies trends reviews
Introduction：
Ammunition is to patrol the use of existing weapons and delivery, to conduct patrols in target areas of flight, can afford surveillance, reconnaissance, battle damage assessment, airborne radio relay and target a single or a number of tasks, such as ammunition (or sub-munitions). Patrol artillery ammunition is compatible with all types of current Army artillery and naval gun systems, way of using artillery attacks launched munitions patrol.
Artillery ammunition is a collection of routine patrol guided artillery shells and a UAV related technology products, has many advantages, compared with conventional ammunition, it more of a "ballistic patrol" blank time, the role range, can be found and hidden the attack time-sensitive targets; compared with the UAV, it can quickly enter the combat area, penetration ability, and tactical flexibility; compared with guided bombs, which according to the battlefield situation changes, autonomous or remote control to change the flight path and tasks, the target of the threat of the formation of a longer period of time, the implementation of "selective" of precision strike, and the bombs and shells in coordination between; patrol and other types of ammunition compared to its launch platform is simple, can be and with the use of artillery shells, artillery systems as a result of the use of the high muzzle velocity, can quickly enter the combat area, there is a strong time-sensitive.
1 Development history and current situation
The United States is one of the first countries to develop missile patrol, the developed LOCAAS (Low Cost Autonomous Attack System, low-cost autonomous attack system) and the network of fire systems LAM (Loiter AttackMissile, patrol missile attack) can be said to be on patrol on behalf of ammunition. The United States is also compatible with the first patrol of ammunition and artillery guns fired into the State system, followed by the emergence of a world study of artillery ammunition wave patrol. Currently under study by the U.S. patrol artillery ammunition items: 127 mm gun-launched munitions forefront of air support (FASM), 155 mm howitzer fired to see the quick (Quicklook) reconnaissance patrol of ammunition, 155 mm or 127 mm howitzer gun ammunition delivery wide-area surveillance of artillery shells (WASP) and for 81 mm ~ 155 mm artillery corresponding one-time multi-purpose patrol artillery ammunition (GLUAV). Expect that these munitions will put into use around 2010.
FASM is the U.S. Navy in fiscal year 1999 started to develop the 127 mm guns fired from the patrol ammunition. Reconnaissance of artillery ammunition was defense program, including financial support for FASM and Quicklook two projects to the end of 2002. FASM diameter of 127 mm, length 2.8 m, weight of 73 kg. To the range of 185 km far from the coast and sea surveillance, reconnaissance and battlefield assessment Loitering about 3 h [1].
Quicklook is the U.S. Army in fiscal year 1999 started to develop a kind of its own motion or by 155mm towed howitzers and ammunition to launch their patrols. Its diameter of 155 mm, length 99cm, weight of 36 kg ~ 41 kg. When the artillery shells fired ballistic flight to the highest point down to a height of 1 000 m, the speed of Ma = 0.85, by spinning on their balloon by parachute device to slow down to 60 m / s; and then started to control the tail, Inflatable wings and the propeller to start the engine, to 80 m / s speed to fly to the target over this paragraph the use of GPS positioning and the middle of guidance, with about 10min; over after reaching the goal (from the launch point 50 km), in order to 62 m / s speed to fly patrols, reconnaissance can detect the scope of 39 square kilometers of the region, visiting 30 min flying time of about [1].
WASP is a U.S. Army weapons research and development center (ARDEC) to track the development in 2000, the M483-style 155 mm ammunition to carry put a bomb on patrol. Length of 0.50 m, a wingspan of 1.22 m, weight of 3.9 kg. This cluster may be land-based firing howitzers or guns, the initial speed of 762 m / s ~ 975 m / s. When the projectile trajectory, after the highest point, the use of shell explosions ripped apart, inflatable balloons launched its speed to 60 m / s. Dropped to a certain height, the inner shell to protect the separation of aircraft out, started to slow down to about a 14m / s of the parachute, and then start folding wings and tail. Start by battery-powered electric engines, it can be maintained at about 28 m / s cruising speed of flight of about 30min, patrol flying height of 1 220 m [2-3].
Aviation environment GLUAV the United States with the U.S. Army and the Joint Defense Laboratories (United Defense) jointly developed in 2001 a patrol artillery ammunition. It can be manufactured into a diameter of 81 mm ~ 155 mm patrol bombs, artillery shells into the corresponding mainly used for reconnaissance, target detection, target identification and battle damage assessment (BDA). It can carry color television camera, thermal imager, biochemical warfare agent detection sensors, but also in the flight of the enemy's radar and communications network interference. In the receiving or the front-line reconnaissance scouts launch command, through the artillery will be fired GLUAV out and reach the goals adopted over the explosive device detonated outside the shell, patrol bombs and ammunition from the home release, and the use of parachutes to slow down its post - wings started to 20m / s ~ 60m / s speed in the Tour to fly over the battlefield reconnaissance, patrol flying hours 19min ~ 57min [4-5].
Besides the U.S., Russia, Israel, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, France and other developed countries also joined the ranks to patrol the development of ammunition, just ammunition for artillery patrol, the current model to see the relevant reports is relatively small.
2 Development Trend
Artillery and ammunition from the patrol's history and current status of development can be seen, it is a kind of information-based product of war. Only when the army's request for information to the more important than ever today, there will be patrols of ammunition, and artillery as a repressive force, patrolling its development of the corresponding ammunition is essential. In the guided artillery shells, unmanned aerial vehicles, sensors, such as the progressive development and improvement of technology in the process of artillery ammunition on patrol in the early days of modern life is war. In general, as a new type of stand-off weapons, artillery ammunition, the development trend of patrols can be summarized as follows: in the continuous application of advanced technology based on the pursuit of intelligent, smart and low-cost.
The so-called intelligence, referring to their own artillery ammunition patrol operations to complete multiple tasks, both targets of the battlefield reconnaissance, surveillance, but also the completion of battlefield damage assessment operations. From the development of artillery ammunition patrol the status quo can be seen that the function of artillery ammunition patrols mainly reconnaissance, surveillance, and assessment tasks. Patrol in the use of ammunition have been taken after the end of self-destruction, in order to enhance the effectiveness of, the future development of an essential requirement for the completion of their missions at the same time can be selective against the target. Synergies between the patrol and ammunition used to patrol with conventional weapons and ammunition of the match between the use of artillery ammunition intelligent patrol the hot topics.
The so-called smart, and refers to the patrol artillery guns and ammunition to match a variety of delivery systems. The development of artillery ammunition patrol did not change in the existing artillery fired based on the platform, from the artillery and ammunition Research patrols can be seen that the requirements of its current artillery systems compatible at the same time, but also hope that it is able to meet Some variety of artillery systems, this can greatly reduce the use of artillery ammunition, the cost of patrols and the use of the scope of artillery weapons has greatly increased the flexibility of use. Such as the United States now developed into a great financial GLUAV a lot on the type of design to enable it to match the 81 mm ~ 155 mm artillery of all kinds.
Of the so-called low-cost means to patrol the emergence of ammunition, in a sense, because it is both conventional weapons and reconnaissance UAV's ability to reduce the development of weapons systems and the use of the cost, but nevertheless, and now countries in the development of artillery radio patrol the course of ammunition are to seek the use of a variety of new low-cost materials. Information from existing reports can be summed up to reduce the cost of artillery ammunition, patrol the main work has focused on the use of new materials, small low-thrust engine design and shells on the sensor and so on.
3 The Key Technologies
Patrol artillery ammunition is based on guidance technology, aerodynamics, flight dynamics, engine technology, photoelectric technology, mechanical manufacturing engineering, artillery firing technology, stealth technology, as well as slow down the recovery of a technically integrated engineering, involved in the area of Canton, key technologies, and this article only briefly artillery ammunition patrol the area of research in the design of a number of key technologies.
1) the overall multi-disciplinary design optimization techniques
Ammunition as a result of patrols be considered in the design of body shape structural optimization design, the module body optimize the matching function, quality and fuel payload to achieve the best ratio, aerodynamics and stealth properties of a range of issues, so this is a between the many disciplines involved in the optimal design. Cross-coupling between the disciplines and the impact of the decision of the patrol ammunition is designed to be a problem of complex systems science.
At present, an increasing number of foreign scientific and technical personnel will be multi-disciplinary design optimization (MDO) technology in aircraft design, multidisciplinary design optimization technology in the provision of variables, constraints, interaction and coupling between performance on the basis of information at the same time various disciplines and systems to meet the requirements of binding with a variety of design options for the rapid analysis of the ability, but also can significantly shorten the research and development cycle.
2) The small-scale low-thrust engine when Changhang
Patrol of the main tasks of ammunition in the enemy's positions on cruise flight, the reconnaissance of the positions of targets to monitor and combat, which requires it to have a long voyage to provide the engine of small thrust. Used at home and abroad is the main piston gasoline engine and lithium electric motors, miniature turbojet engine, turbofan engine and pulse engine is hot, it is bound to become a next-generation engines to patrol the mainstream ammunition.
Patrol as a result of artillery ammunition, artillery ballistic initial paragraph is the use of artillery will be in a short period of time to the required range, and then only into their own paragraph Loitering flight. Loitering paragraph into the cruise to start the engine after the engine air from the engine to start the design process as a special consideration the needs of the key issues.
3) track the planning, coordination combat formations
In the previous mentioned trends, patrol ammunition intelligent design is moving in the direction of development, which requires it to fly round the track planning; At the same time able to do more than patrol to communicate with each other between rounds to ensure that work together to avoid duplication of reconnaissance and attack. Ammunition were also required to patrol their own situation based on real-time battlefield planning, to avoid the threat effectively, and enhance the viability of patrol ammunition.
4) long-range two-way data link interference information
Artillery ammunition patrol a range of up to several tens of kilometers, while the body length of about 1 m in general, the information transmission device for a very high demands. In order to obtain long-range, high data rate, high-quality communications, the need for high-power transmitter of the data, the use of image compression technology to reduce the bandwidth requirements, it is necessary to signal processing in the encryption process for the implementation of secure communication. At the same time, the realization of ammunition and other weapons to patrol between the use of patrols between the use of ammunition, the need for exchange of information between them. Uses a two-way communication link transmit and receive information and, if necessary, establish a communications relay station has become a settlement of artillery ammunition, patrol information on key issues for data transmission.
Key technology for more than four ammunition of all patrols in the development process have to face, and the ammunition for artillery patrol, it addition to the above-mentioned four key technologies in addition to its own particularity.
5) higher than the set of anti-technology
Patrol-guided munitions on the control of components, engines, wings folded devices, surveillance equipment to anti-fired artillery shells at the time of living higher than the set is a key technology. At present, generally plastic shells fixed on electronic devices and machinery, such as through a number of sleeve device component will focus on the transfer of load in order to address the issue of anti-overload. In recent years the rapid development of MEMS technology, not only low-cost, small size, and with anti-high overload characteristics is to solve the problem of resistance higher than a way to set. Anti-electronic devices for high-overload problem has been resolved in the guided artillery shells, and ammunition for artillery patrol, anti-high-overload problem will be to small engine design, the design of the wing structure of a severe test.
6) wings Manufacturing Technology
In order to reduce the quality of materials are generally used wings composite materials, which is the manufacture of wings made of the new technological requirements. At the same time, in order to be able to launch platform compatible shells, from the current data can be seen patrolling artillery ammunition is generally used folding wings, inflate and shrink technology. Wings folded institutions, agencies and contraction inflatable design agencies as well as the strength of the new wings and other structural stiffness problem is the design of artillery ammunition, patrol a major problem facing.
In addition, due to the folding, inflatable and contraction, etc., in the arrangement on the wings of the aileron problem. At present, patrol artillery ammunition began to consider the use of composite materials, such as memory alloy material, the use of warping wings to control the design of the control system has also brought new challenges.
7) by rotating ballistic deceleration technology
It is precisely because the use of artillery systems as a launching platform, the patrol will give ammunition to provide a high muzzle velocity, making patrols of ammunition in a short period of time to reach distant ranges, and ammunition for the patrol to provide rapid access to the region to ensure the combat. However, flying patrol rounds of ammunition in order to facilitate the process of reconnaissance, speed is very low, so artillery ammunition patrol faced with a problem of ballistic deceleration.
In addition, in order to ensure the stability of projectile, rotation and stability are generally taken, if the artillery projectile by spinning quickly, it must be carried out for the stability of the tail, this is bound to increase the resistance to projectiles, the range ballistic missile is far less than the rotation, so In order to increase the range of artillery shells on patrol, usually in the preceding ballistic trajectory using high-speed rotation, and the paragraph before flying into the Tour, it is necessary to take corresponding measures to reduce the spin.
At present, foreign patrols for artillery ammunition is generally slow down the use of ballistic parachute or inflatable balloon, such as institutions, for artillery ammunition ballistics patrols are generally used by rotating the tail or the stability of institutions such as inflatable airbags.
Artillery ammunition ballistics patrol in the design process must be fully taken into account, such as parachutes and inflatable balloon of the aerodynamic characteristics of their research accordingly.
4 Conclusions
This paper describes the development of artillery ammunition, patrol history, summed up patrols artillery ammunition development trends, and gave a briefing on the overall design artillery ammunition patrol some of the key areas of research technology. On these issues in-depth study will be beneficial to artillery ammunition, the further development of patrol.
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