ZL50裝載機總體及工作裝置設(shè)計
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文獻綜述
選??題? 空氣濾清器殼正反拉伸復(fù)合模設(shè)計
一、本選題的目的和意義??
模具被稱為工業(yè)產(chǎn)品之母。所以工業(yè)的高速發(fā)展也離不開模具工業(yè)的不斷進步。中國模具巿場規(guī)模巨大，隨著國內(nèi)模具工業(yè)高速發(fā)展，技術(shù)也獲得了較大的飛躍，但是，仍然面對高檔模具以進口為主的尷尬局面。提升技術(shù)實力，乃是中國模具工業(yè)發(fā)展的前途所在。隨著沖壓金屬制品在機械、電子、交通、國防、建筑、農(nóng)業(yè)等各行業(yè)的廣泛應(yīng)用，對冷沖壓模具的需求日益增加，沖壓模在國民經(jīng)濟中的重要性也日益突出。模具作為一種高附加值和技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)品，其技術(shù)水平的高低已經(jīng)成為一個國家制造業(yè)水平的重要標志之一。因此我選擇了模具設(shè)計的課題，即設(shè)計一副能夠生產(chǎn)所給空氣濾清器殼的模具，并且結(jié)構(gòu)合理、能保證制品的精度、表面質(zhì)量。在設(shè)計中能熟練使用PRO/E?、AUTOCAD?等機械、模具相關(guān)繪圖軟件。
二、模具工業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀
現(xiàn)代模具行業(yè)是技術(shù)、資金密集型的行業(yè)。它作為重要的生產(chǎn)裝備行業(yè)在為各行各業(yè)服務(wù)的同時，也直接為高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)服務(wù)。由于模具生產(chǎn)要采用一系列高新技術(shù)，如CAD/CAE/CAM/CAPP等技術(shù)、計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、激光技術(shù)、逆向工程和并行工程、快速成型技術(shù)及敏捷制造技術(shù)、高速加工及超精加工技術(shù)等等，因此，模具工業(yè)已成為高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的一個重要組成部分，有人說，現(xiàn)代模具是高技術(shù)背景下的工藝密集型工業(yè)。模具技術(shù)水平的高低，在很大程度上決定著產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、效益和新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)能力，因此已成為衡量一個國家產(chǎn)品制造水平高低的重要標志。
????模具工業(yè)是無以倫比的"效益放大器"。用模具加工產(chǎn)品大大提高了生產(chǎn)效率，而且還具有節(jié)約原材料、降低能耗和成本、保持產(chǎn)品高一致性等特點。因此模具被稱為"效益放大器"，在國外，模具被稱為"金鑰匙"、"進入富裕社會的原動力"等等。從另一個角度上看，模具是人性化、時代化、個性化、創(chuàng)造性的產(chǎn)品。更重要的是模具發(fā)展了，使用模具的產(chǎn)業(yè)其產(chǎn)品的國際競爭力也提高了。據(jù)國外統(tǒng)計資料，模具可帶動其相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)的比例大約是1:100，即模具發(fā)展1億元，可帶動相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)100億元。
????模具不是批量生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。它具有單件生產(chǎn)和對特定用戶的依賴特性。就模具行業(yè)來說，引進國外先進技術(shù)，不能采用通常的引進產(chǎn)品許可證和技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓等方式，而主要是引進已經(jīng)商品化了的CAD/ CAM /CAE軟件和精密加工設(shè)備等。模具的CAD/CAE/CAM涉及面廣、集多種學(xué)科與工程技術(shù)于一體，是綜合型、技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)品。如塑料模具的CAE技術(shù)要利用高分子材料學(xué)、流變學(xué)、傳熱學(xué)、計算力學(xué)、計算機圖形學(xué)等知識，涉及的領(lǐng)域還包括聲波及電磁場、溫度場等各類物理場，通過工程分析、來建立塑料成型的數(shù)學(xué)和物理模型，構(gòu)造有效的數(shù)值計算方法，實現(xiàn)成型過程的動態(tài)仿真分析?，F(xiàn)代化的模具要實現(xiàn)數(shù)字化設(shè)計、數(shù)字化制造、數(shù)字化管理、數(shù)字化生產(chǎn)流程。這些模具的數(shù)字化代表了現(xiàn)代模具的一個方面，沒有模具的數(shù)字化，就沒有現(xiàn)代模具。模具的CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)日新月異，重要的工作是后續(xù)對人員的培訓(xùn)和對于引進的軟件進行二次開發(fā)。像我們熟知的CIMATRON公司不但在塑料模具的CAD/ CAM軟件上在中國保持其市場占有率并且在擴大，而且在沖壓模具、多成份橡膠制鞋模具等領(lǐng)域開拓，也將大顯身手；開發(fā)FUTABA、LKM、MISUMI標準模架數(shù)據(jù)庫的工作也已提上日程。這是為模具行業(yè)服務(wù)的具體體現(xiàn)。
????1．我國模具工業(yè)基本狀況簡介
????我國模具工業(yè)近年來發(fā)展很快，據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計，2003年我國模具生產(chǎn)廠點約有２萬多家，從業(yè)人員約50多萬人，2004年模具行業(yè)的發(fā)展保持良好勢頭，模具企業(yè)總體上訂單充足，任務(wù)飽滿，2004年模具產(chǎn)值530億元。進口模具18.13億 美元，出口模具4.91億美元，分別比2003年增長18%、32.4%和45.9%。進出口之比2004年為3.69:1，進出口相抵后的進凈口達13.2億美元，為凈進口量較大的國家。
????在２萬多家生產(chǎn)廠點中，有一半以上是自產(chǎn)自用的。在模具企業(yè)中，產(chǎn)值過億元的模具企業(yè)只有20多家，中型企業(yè)幾十家，其余都是小型企業(yè)，多數(shù)只有幾十名職工，百十萬產(chǎn)值，自有資金有限，靠自我發(fā)展很困難。 近年來， 模具行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和體制改革步伐加快，主要表現(xiàn)為：大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命中高檔模具及模具標準件發(fā)展速度快于一般模具產(chǎn)品；塑料模和壓鑄模比例增大；專業(yè)模具廠數(shù)量增加，能力提高較快；"三資"及私營企業(yè)發(fā)展迅速；國企股份制改造步伐加快等。
????2004年模具行業(yè)還顯現(xiàn)另外兩個特點，一是各地政府對模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展進一步關(guān)注。許多地方政府進一步認識到模具工業(yè)對發(fā)展制造業(yè)的重要意義，因此加強了模具工業(yè)園區(qū)的建設(shè)。已有的園區(qū)進一步擴大，如寧波余姚、寧海和蘇州昆山等模具園區(qū)都有所擴大；新的模具工業(yè)園區(qū)正在加緊建設(shè)，如重慶、大連、深圳市等已建立模具園區(qū)；另外沈陽、西安、成都、上海、寧波北侖、浙江黃巖等地都在積極籌備建立模具園區(qū)，以利帶動地區(qū)模具及相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈乃至制造業(yè)的發(fā)展，有些高科園內(nèi)模具企業(yè)已占有相當(dāng)?shù)姆萘?，像天津高新區(qū)就有40多家模具企業(yè)。
????二是外資及社會投資模具產(chǎn)業(yè)增長顯著。許多地方加強了吸引外資及合資投入模具工業(yè)的工作，特別是在高新技術(shù)園區(qū)和工業(yè)園區(qū)，外資、合資模具企業(yè)進一步增加，如蘇州昆山模具園區(qū)，60%以上是外資企業(yè)。大連模具園區(qū)到日本、韓國招商。而有些地區(qū)高科技園內(nèi)模具企業(yè)已占有相當(dāng)?shù)姆萘?，像天津高新區(qū)有40多家模具企業(yè)。由于汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的拉動，社會投資模具產(chǎn)業(yè)有所加強，如五糧液集團投資5億元建立汽車模具生產(chǎn)廠，比亞迪公司投資2億元建立了北京汽車模具公司，等等。
????從地區(qū)分布來說，以珠江三角洲和長江三角洲為中心的東南沿海地區(qū)（模具產(chǎn)值已占全國總量的70%左右）發(fā)展快于中西部地區(qū)，南方的發(fā)展快于北方。目前發(fā)展最快、模具生產(chǎn)較為集中的省份是廣東和浙江。我國模具總量雖然已位居日、美、德之后，但設(shè)計制造水平在總體上要比德、美、日、法、意等發(fā)達國家落后許多，也要比英國、加拿大、西班牙、葡萄牙、韓國、新加坡等有差距。
????2．落后和差距主要表現(xiàn)在下列幾方面
????（1）總量供不應(yīng)求、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)不夠合理。
????其中中低檔模具供過于求，中高檔模具自配率嚴重不足，大量進口。國內(nèi)模具總量中屬大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命模具的比例不足30%，國外在50%以上。
????（2）企業(yè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)都不夠合理。
????我國模具生產(chǎn)廠點中多數(shù)是自產(chǎn)自配的工模具車間（分廠），自產(chǎn)自配比例高達60%左右，國外70%以上是商品模具；專業(yè)模具廠也大多數(shù)是"大而全 "、"小而全"的組織形式，國外模具企業(yè)是"大而專"、"大而精"。2004年中國模協(xié)在德國訪問時，從德國工、模具行業(yè)組織--德國機械制造商聯(lián)合會（VDMA）工模具協(xié)會了解到，德國有模具企業(yè)約5000家。2003年德國模具產(chǎn)值達48億歐元。其中（VDMA）會員模具企業(yè)有90家，這90家骨干模具企業(yè)的產(chǎn)值就占德國模具產(chǎn)值的90%，可見其規(guī)模效益。
????（3） 工藝裝備水平低，且配套性不好，利用率低，技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)、模具產(chǎn)品水平比國際水平低許多。而模具生產(chǎn)周期卻要比國際水平長許多。
????產(chǎn)品水平低主要表現(xiàn)在對后續(xù)使用模具制造制件的工藝（如沖壓工藝）理解上，在模具設(shè)計上；在加工中精度、型腔表面粗糙度、壽命及模具的復(fù)雜程度上等?，F(xiàn)代模具行業(yè)是技術(shù)密集型、資金密集型的產(chǎn)業(yè)，由于模具行業(yè)是微利行業(yè)，因而總體來看模具行業(yè)在科研開發(fā)和技術(shù)攻關(guān)方面投入太少，至使科技進步的步伐跟不上模具市場的需要。雖然國內(nèi)許多企業(yè)已引進了不少國外先進設(shè)備，但總的來看裝備水平仍比國外企業(yè)落后許多，特別是設(shè)備數(shù)控率和CAD/CAM應(yīng)用覆蓋率要比國外企業(yè)低得多。由于體制和資金等方面原因，引進設(shè)備不配套、設(shè)備與附配件不配套現(xiàn)象十分普遍，設(shè)備利用率低，開發(fā)能力較差，科研開發(fā)及技術(shù)攻關(guān)方面投入太少。不重視產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，在市場經(jīng)濟中常處于被動地位。
????（4）技術(shù)人才嚴重不足，經(jīng)濟效益欠佳。隨著時代的進步和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，能掌握和運用新技術(shù)的人才如模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計、模具工藝設(shè)計異常短缺，高級鉗工及企業(yè)管理人才也非常緊缺。我國模具企業(yè)技術(shù)人員比例低，水平也較低，我國每個職工平均每年創(chuàng)造模具產(chǎn)值約合1萬美元左右，國外模具工業(yè)發(fā)達國家大多15～20萬美元，有的達到 25～30萬美元。我國模具企業(yè)大都微利，缺乏后勁。
????（5）與國際水平相比，模具企業(yè)的管理落后更甚于技術(shù)落后。技術(shù)落后易被發(fā)現(xiàn)，管理落后易被忽視。國內(nèi)大多數(shù)模具企業(yè)還沿用過去作坊式管理模式，真正實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化企業(yè)管理的還不多。信息化、數(shù)字化管理在模具企業(yè)應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在剛剛開始。
????（6）專業(yè)化、標準化、商品化的程度低，協(xié)作差。
????由于長期以來受"大而全""小而全"影響，模具專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)水平低，專業(yè)化分工不細，商品化程度也低。目前國內(nèi)每年生產(chǎn)的模具，商品模具只占40%左右，其余為自產(chǎn)自用。模具企業(yè)之間協(xié)作不好，難以完成較大規(guī)模的模具成套任務(wù)。與國際水平相比要落后許多。模具標準化水平低， 模具標準件使用覆蓋率低也對模具質(zhì)量、成本有較大影響，特別是對模具制造周期有很大影響。
????20年來我國模具制造水平有了很大的提高，模具的CAD/ CAM已很普遍，CAE/CAPP也在積極推廣。如今我國生產(chǎn)的模具精度已達到微米級，與20年前相比，模具壽命提高了幾十倍，模具生產(chǎn)周期縮短了約3/4，模具的標準件使用覆蓋率從幾乎是零，達到45%左右。
????20年來我國模具人才的培養(yǎng)也上了一個很大的臺階。20年前我國大專院校都沒有設(shè)立模具專業(yè)的，而如今，已有六、七十所大專院校設(shè)立了模具專業(yè)。中國模協(xié)在全國建有38個模具人才培訓(xùn)基地。
????上述情況正是我們模具行業(yè)和模具相關(guān)行業(yè)要一同努力，使之發(fā)展的領(lǐng)域，在這里也希望有越來越多的人加入到模具的行列中。
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題 目
院(系)、部： 機械工程系
學(xué)生姓名： 劉寸法
指導(dǎo)教師： 劉吉兆 職稱 教授
專 業(yè)： 機械設(shè)計
班 級： 機設(shè)0301
完成時間： 2006年5月
摘 要
隨著中國工業(yè)不斷地發(fā)展，模具行業(yè)也顯得越來越重要。本論文便是設(shè)計加工空氣濾清器殼的模具。首先對加工零件進行了加工工藝和結(jié)構(gòu)工藝的分析。通過計算毛坯尺寸和拉深系數(shù)提出了四種方案，最后確定采用落料、正反拉深復(fù)合模。對模具的排樣做出了合理的布置，使材料利用率達到較高的水平。計算了沖壓過程中所需要的各種沖壓工藝力，包括落料力、卸料力、壓邊力、拉深力、頂料力等，并對壓力機進行了合理的噸位初選。復(fù)合模在結(jié)構(gòu)上采用了正裝的形式，計算出了落料、正拉深和反拉深工作部分的尺寸。對模具的閉合高度進行了合理的確定，還設(shè)計出模具的主要零件落料凹模、凸凹模、反拉深凸模、反拉深凹模、凹模固定板等。列出了模具所需零件的詳細清單，并給出了合理的裝配圖。由于拉深的深度較大，對壓力機的電機也進行了功率校核并提出了潤滑的附加工序，能使拉深順利完成。最后對模具的一個主要零件導(dǎo)套進行了簡單的加工工藝路線的制定。本設(shè)計對于采用單動壓力機進行正反拉深具有一定的參考作用。
關(guān)鍵詞 畢業(yè)論文；模具設(shè)計；復(fù)合模；正反拉深
ABSTRACT
Develops unceasingly along with the Chinese industry, the mold profession also appears more and more importantly. The present paper then is designs the processing air filter shell the mold. First has carried on the processing craft and the structure craft analysis to the processing components. Proposed through the computation semifinished materials size and the drawing coefficient four kind of plans, finally determined uses falls the material, the pro and con drawing superposable die. Has made the reasonable arrangement to the mold platoon type, enables the material use factor to achieve the high level. Has calculated each ramming craft strength which in the ramming process needs, including falls nearby the material strength, the ex-denning strength, the pressure the strength, the drawing strength, the top material strength and so on, and has carried on the reasonable tonnage primary election to the press. The superposable die has used the true thing form in the structure, calculated fell the material, the drawing and the counter- drawing effective range size. Closed has carried on the reasonable determination highly to the mold, but also designs the mold the major parts to fall the material concave mold, the convex-concave mold, the counter- drawing raised mold, the counter- drawing concave mold, the concave mold dead plate and so on. Listed the mold to need the components the detailed detailed list, and has produced the reasonable assembly drawing. Because the drawing depth is big, also carried on the power to the press electrical machinery to examine and to propose the lubrication attachment working procedure, could cause the drawing smoothly to complete. Finally led the wrap to mold major parts to carry on the simple processing craft route formulation. This design regarding uses the single acting press to carry on the pro and con drawing to have the certain reference function.
Key words graduation thesis; mold design; superposable die; pro and con drawing
目 錄
1 分析零件的工藝性 1
2 確定工藝方案 2
2.1 計算毛坯尺寸 2
2.2 計算拉深次數(shù) 4
2.2.1 正拉深 4
2.2.2 反拉深 5
2.3 確定工藝方案 5
3 主要工藝參數(shù)的計算 6
3.1 確定排樣、裁板方案 6
3.2 確定各中間工序尺寸 8
3.3 計算工藝力、初選設(shè)備 9
3.3.1 落料、正拉深過程 9
(1) 落料力 9
(2) 卸料力 9
(3) 拉深力 10
(4) 壓邊力 10
3.3.2 反拉深過程 11
(1) 反拉深力 11
(2) 頂料力 11
3.3.3 拉深功的計算 11
3.3.4 初選壓力機 11
4 模具的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 13
4.1 模具結(jié)構(gòu)形式的選擇 13
4.2 模具工作部分尺寸計算 13
4.2.1 落料 13
4.2.2 正拉深 15
4.2.3 反拉深 16
5 選用模架、確定閉合高度 16
5.1 模架的選用 16
5.2 模具的閉合高度 16
5.3 壓力中心 17
6 模具的主要零部件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 17
6.1 落料凹模 17
6.2 凸凹模 18
6.3 反拉深凸模 19
6.4 反拉深凹模 20
6.6 上墊板 23
6.7 凹模固定板 24
7 模具的整體安裝 25
7.1 模具的總裝配 25
7.2 模具零件 26
8 選定沖壓設(shè)備 27
8.1 壓力機的規(guī)格 27
8.2 電動機功率的校核 28
9 附加工序 29
10 主要零件的加工 29
11 總結(jié) 32
參考文獻 33
致 謝 34
1 分析零件的工藝性
沖壓件工藝性是指沖壓零件在沖壓加工過程中加工的難易程度。雖然沖壓加工工藝過程包括備料—沖壓加工工序—必要的輔助工序—質(zhì)量檢驗—組合、包裝的全過程，但分析工藝性的重點要在沖壓加工工序這一過程里。而沖壓加工工序很多，各種工序中的工藝性又不盡相同。即使同一個零件，由于生產(chǎn)單位的生產(chǎn)條件、工藝裝備情況及生產(chǎn)的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣等不同，其工藝性的涵義也不完全一樣。這里我們重點分析零件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性。
該零件是空氣濾清器殼，從圖1.1中我們可以看出該零件的精度要求不是很高，但要求有較高的鋼度和強度。在零件圖中，尺寸為IT14級，其余尺寸未標注公差，可以按自由公差計算和處理。零件的外形尺寸為，屬于中小型零件，料厚為1.5mm。
2
畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）中期報告
院（系）
機械工程系
班級
學(xué)生姓名
指導(dǎo)教師
課題名稱：空氣濾清器殼落料、正反拉深復(fù)合模設(shè)計
課題主要任務(wù)：
根據(jù)零件給出的尺寸、材料、精度要求和生產(chǎn)批量設(shè)計出加工空氣濾清器殼的復(fù)合模，保證規(guī)定的生產(chǎn)率和高質(zhì)量的沖壓件的同時，力求成本低、模具壽命長，安全可靠。并繪制出模具的總裝配圖和主要非標準零件的零件圖。編寫完整詳細設(shè)計說明書。
1、簡述開題以來所做的具體工作和取得的進展或成果
課題選定以后，我搜集了許多關(guān)于此次設(shè)計得資料，并進行了整理。在明確了設(shè)計路線后，開始進行設(shè)計得一些初期工作。首先對加工零件進行了加工工藝和結(jié)構(gòu)工藝的分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)此零件很適合進行落料、拉深工序。通過用“形心法”計算出毛坯尺寸，并且求出了拉深系數(shù)，得出只需要拉深一次就能成功的結(jié)論。同時提出了四種加工此零件的方案，最后確定采用落料、正反拉深復(fù)合模。應(yīng)為這個方案不僅可以提高生產(chǎn)效率而且加工出的零件精度也比較高。接下來對模具的排樣做出了合理的布置，使材料利用率達到較高的水平。計算了沖壓過程中所需要的各種沖壓工藝力，包括落料力、卸料力、壓邊力、拉深力、頂料力等，并對壓力機進行了合理的噸位初選。選擇壓力機的時候運用了選壓力機的通用法則，對其進行了正確的選取。復(fù)合模在結(jié)構(gòu)上采用了正裝的形式，這樣更有利于拉深件的順利成型。
2、下一步的主要研究任務(wù)，具體設(shè)想與安排
在進行了上述的設(shè)計工作以后，接下來需要計算出落料、正拉深和反拉深工作部分的尺寸。并確定模具的閉合高度。還需要設(shè)計出模具的主要零件的具體結(jié)構(gòu)，包括落料凹模、凸凹模、反拉深凸模、反拉深凹模、凹模固定板等。繪制模具的裝配圖，并列出模具所需零件的詳細清單和技術(shù)要求。所有的非標準零件需要繪制出零件圖。由于拉深的深度較大，對壓力機的電機也需要進行功率校核，并提出了潤滑的附加工序。最后需要對模具的一個主要零件導(dǎo)套進行了簡單的加工工藝路線的制定。
3、存在的具體問題
在設(shè)計中遇到了一些需要仔細考慮的問題，如下：
①總工藝力與壓力機的選取。
②主要零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計。
③長行程拉深對壓力機電機的要求。
④防止拉深過程中出現(xiàn)裂紋等現(xiàn)象的處理辦法。
4、指導(dǎo)教師對該生前期研究工作的評價
指導(dǎo)教師簽名：
日 期：
Mold high speed milling processing technology
The abstract Introduced the high speed milling in the mold processing application as well as the influence, and brief introduction high speed milling engine bed structure, control system and cutting tool. Has carried on the simple analysis to the high speed processing craft.
Key word high speed milling; mold processing
First, foreword
In the modern mold production, along with to models artistic and the function must obtain more and more high, models the internal structure to design more and more complex, the mold contour design day by day is also complex, the free curved surface accounts for the proportion to increase unceasingly, the corresponding mold structure also designs more and more complex. These all set a higher request to the mold processing technology, not only should guarantee the high manufacture precision and the surface quality, moreover must pursue the processing surface artistic. Along with is unceasingly thorough to the high speed processing engineering research, is processing the engine bed, the numerical control system, the cutting tool system, CAD/ especially Correlation technology and so on CAM software develops unceasingly under the impetus, high speed processes the technology more and more many to apply in the mold cavity processing and the manufacture.
The numerical control high-speed cutting processing took in the mold manufacture a most important advanced manufacture technology, is the collection is highly effective, high quality, the low consumption in a body advanced manufacture technology. Is opposite in the traditional machining, its cutting speed, entered to the speed had the very big enhancement, moreover cut the mechanism not to be same. The high-speed cutting caused the machining to have the leap, its specific power metal excision rate enhanced 30%~40%, the cutting force reduced 30%, the cutting tool working durability enhanced 70%, remained hotly large scale reduces in the work piece cutting, the low step shudder vanished nearly. Along with the cutting speed enhancement, unit time semifinished materials material removing rate increased, the cutting time reduced, the processing efficiency enhanced, thus reduced the product manufacture cycle, enhanced the product market competitive power. At the same time, the high speed processing small amount entered quickly causes the cutting force to reduce, the scrap high speed discharged reduced the work piece cutting force and the thermal load distorts, enhances the rigidity to be bad and the thin wall components machining possibility. Because cutting force reducing, the rotational speed enhancement causes the cutting system the operating frequency to be far away the engine bed the low step natural frequency, but the work piece surface roughness is most sensitive to the low step frequency, from this reduced the surface roughness. In mold high hard steel stock (HRC45~HRC65) in the processing process, uses the high-speed cutting to be possible to substitute for the working procedure which the electrical finishing and rubs truncates polishes, thus has avoided the electrode manufacture and the time-consuming electrical finishing, large scale reduced fitter's polishing with to throw the light quantity. Thin wall mold work piece more and more needs which regarding some markets in, the high speed milling also may smoothly complete, moreover in the high speed milling CNC processing center, a mold attire clamps may complete the multiplex step of processing.
The high speed processing technology has had the huge influence to the mold processing craft, changed the traditional mold processing to use "the annealing → milling processing → heat treatment → to rub truncates" or "the electric spark machining →manually polishes, polishes" and so on the complex long technical process, even might use the high-speed cutting processing substitution original complete working procedure. The high speed processing technology besides may apply in the hard mold cavity direct processing (in particular half precision work and precision work), in EDM aspect and so on electrode processing, fast type manufacture also obtained the widespread application. The mass productions practice indicated that, the application high-speed cutting technology may save in the mold following processing 80% handwork to grind the time approximately, saves the processing cost expense nearly 30%, the mold face work precision may reach 1 m, the cutting tool cutting efficiency may enhance one time.
Second, high speed milling processing engine bed
The high-speed cutting technology is one of machining technology main development directions, it along with foundation technology the and so on CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new material and new structure development but steps a higher stair. Because the mold processes particular as well as high speed processing technology own characteristic, (processed engine bed, numerical control system, cutting tool to the mold high speed processing related technology and the craft system and so on) proposed processed a higher request compared to the traditional mold.
1. High stable engine bed strut part
The high-speed cutting engine bed lathe bed and so on supports the part to be supposed to have very well moves, the static rigidity, hot rigidity and best damping characteristic. The majority of engine beds all use high grade, the high rigidity and Gao Kangzhang the gray iron took the strut part material, some engine bed companies also increase the high damping characteristic in the foundation polymer concrete, by increases its vibration-proof and the thermostability, this not only may guarantee the engine bed precision is stable, also may prevent when cutting the cutting tool inspires trembles. Uses the enclosed lathe bed design, the overall casting lathe bed, the symmetrical lathe bed structure and has the densely covered stiffener and so on also enhances the engine bed stable important measure. Some engine bed companies' research and development departments in design process, but also uses the modality analysis and the finite element structure computation and so on, optimized the structure, stably causes the engine bed strut part to be reliable.
2. Engine bed main axle
The high speed engine bed main axle performance is the realization high-speed cutting processing important condition. The high-speed cutting engine bed main axle rotational speed scope is 10000~100000m/Min, the main axle power is bigger than 15kW. Is not bigger than 0.005mm through the main axle compressed air of or axial play between the cooling system control hilt and the main axle. Also requests the main axle to have the fast vertical speed, to assign the performance which the position is fast stops (namely to have extremely high angle addition and subtraction speed), therefore the high speed main axle often uses the liquid static pressure bearing type, the air static pressure bearing type, the thermo-compression nitriding silicon (Si3N4) the ceramic bearing magnetism aerosol bearing type isostructuralism form. Lubricates uses technology and so on oil gas lubrication, splash lubrication. The main axle cools uses the main axle interior water cooling generally or air cooled.
3. The engine bed actuates the system
In order to satisfy the mold high speed processing the need, high speed processes the engine bed the actuation system to be supposed to have the following characteristic:
(1) high entering for speed.
The research indicated that, regarding the minor diameter cutting tool, enhances the rotational speed and each tooth enters for the quantity is advantageous in reduces the cutting tool attrition. At present commonly used entering for the speed range is 20~30m/Min, like uses leads greatly the ball bearing guide screw transmission, enters may reach 60m/ for the speedMin; Uses the straight line electrical machinery then may enable to achieve 120m/ to the speedMin.
(2) high acceleration.
Has the good acceleration characteristic to the three dimensional complex curved surface silhouette high speed processing request actuation system, the request provides the driver which the high rapid advance or progress gives (to enter speed approximately 40m/ quicklyMin, the 3D outline processing speed is 10m/Min), can provide 0.4m/S2 to 10m/The s2 acceleration and reduces the speed.
The engine bed manufacturer mostly uses the entire closed loop position servo-control slightly to lead, the great size, the high grade ball bearing guide screw or leads greatly many guide screws. Along with the electrical machinery technology development, the advanced straight line electric motor already was published, and the success applied in the CNC engine bed. The advanced straight line direct motor drive enable the CNC engine bed no longer to have the mass inertia, in advance, question and so on lag and vibration, sped up the servo speed of response, increased the servo-control precision and the engine bed processing precision.
4. Numerical control system
The advanced numerical control system is guaranteed the mold complex curved surface high speed processing quality and the efficiency key aspect, the mold high-speed cutting processing to the numerical control system basic request is:
A. High speed numerical control return route (Digital control loop), including: 32 or above 64 bit parallel processors and 1.5Gb hard disk; Extremely short straight line electrical machinery sampling time.
B. Speed and acceleration feed-forward control (Feed forward control); Digital actuation system crawling control (Jerk control).
C. Advanced inserts makes up the method (to insert based on the NURBS transect makes up), by obtains the good surface quality, the precise size and the high geometry precision.
D. Pretreatment (Look-ahead) function. The request has the large capacity cushion register, may read in advance and inspects many segments (for example the DMG engine bed to be possible to reach 500 segments, the Simens system may reach a 1000~2000 segment), in order to when is processed the superficial shape (curvature) changes may promptly adopt changes for measure and so on speed by avoids cutting and so on.
E. The error compensatory function, including because the straight line electrical machinery, the main axle and so on gives off heat the hot error which causes to compensate, the quadrantal error compensates, the measurement system error compensates and so on the function. In addition, the mold high-speed cutting processing very is also high to the data transmission speed request.
F. The traditional data connection, like the RS232 serial mouth transmission speed is 19.2kb, but many advanced processings centers have used the ether local area network (Ethernet) to carry on the data transmission, the speed may reach 200kb.
5. Cooling lubrication
The high speed processing uses the belt coating the hard alloy tools, in high speed, the high temperature situation does not need the cutting compound, the cutting efficiency to be higher. This is because: The milling main axle high speed revolves, the cutting compound if achieved the cutting area, first must overcome the enormous centrifugal force; Even if it overcame the centrifugal force to enter the cutting area, also was possible as a result of the cutting area high temperature but to evaporate immediately, the cooling effect very small did not even have; At the same time the cutting compound can cause the cutting tool edge of a sword the temperature intense change, is easy to cause the crack the production, therefore must pick the oil used/Gas cooling lubrication dry type cutting way. This way may use the compressed gas rapidly the cutting which the cutting area produces, thus the massive cuttings hotly will carry off, at the same time might forms extremely thin microscopic protective film after the atomization lubricating oil in the cutting tool edge of a sword and the work piece surface, but effectively will lengthen the cutting tool life and enhances the components the surface quality.
Third, high-speed cutting processing cutting tool
The cutting tool is in the high-speed cutting processing one of most active important factors, it is affecting the processing efficiency, the production cost and the product processing precision directly. The cutting tool must withstand load and so on high temperature, high pressure, friction, impact and vibration in the high speed processing process, the high-speed cutting cutting tool should have the good machine capability and the thermostability, namely has the good anti- impact, the wearability and resists heat the weary characteristic. The high-speed cutting processing cutting tool technological development speed is very quick, application many like diamonds (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic cutting tool, coating hard alloy, (carbon) titanium nitrides hard alloy TIC (N) and so on.
In the processing cast iron and in the alloy steel cutting tool, the hard alloy is the most commonly used cutting tool material. Hard alloy tools resistance to wear good, but the solidity ratio cube boron nitride and the ceramics are low. In order to enhance degree of hardness and the superficially attractive fineness, uses the cutting tool coating technology, the coating material for the titanium nitrides (TiN), the aluminium nitride titanium (TiALN) and so on. The coating technology causes the coating by the sole coating development for multilayered, the many kinds of coating material coating, has become one of enhancement high-speed cutting ability essential technical. The diameter in the 10~40mm scope, also has the carbon titanium nitrides coating the hard alloy bit to be able to process the Luo river degree of hardness to be smaller than 42 materials, but the titanium nitrides aluminum coating cutting tool can process the Luo river degree of hardness is 42 even higher materials. When high-speed cutting steel products, the cutting tool material should select the hot rigidity and the fatigue strength high P kind of hard alloy, the coating hard alloy, the cubic boron nitride (CBN) and the CBN compound cutting tool material (WBN) and so on. The cutting cast iron, should select the fine grain K kind of hard alloy to carry on the rough machining, selects the compound nitrided silicon ceramics or the crystal combination cube boron nitride (PCNB) the compound cutting tool carries on the precision work. When precise processing non-ferrous metal or nonmetallic material, should select crystal combination diamond PCD or the CVD diamond coating cutting tool. When choice cutting parameter, in view of the circular shear blade and a ball milling cutter, should pay attention to the effective diameter the concept. The high speed milling cutting tool should press the balance design manufacture. The cutting tool front angle must be smaller than the conventional cutting tool front angle, the clearance angle is slightly big. The host vice- cutting edge attachment point should the cavetto or the lead angle, increases the vertex angle, prevents the knife point place hot attrition. Should enlarge nearby the knife point the cutting edge length and the cutting tool material volume, enhances the cutting tool rigidity. Is safe in the guarantee and satisfies the processing request under the condition, the cutting tool hangs extends as far as possible short, cutter body central toughness is friends with. The hilt must be sturdier than the cutting tool diameter, connects the handle to assume but actually the pyramidal, by increases its rigidity. As far as possible central the refrigerant hole in the cutting tool and the cutting tool system. A ball end mill must consider effectively cuts the length, the cutting edge must be as far as possible short, two spiral grooves balls end mill usually uses in the thick mill complex curved surface, four spiral grooves balls end mill usually uses in the fine mill complex curved surface.
Fourth, mold high speed processing craft
The high speed processing including take removes the remainder as the goal rough machining, the residual rough machining, as well as take gains the high grade processing surface and the slight structure as the goal half precision work, the precision work and the mirror surface processing and so on.
1. Rough machining
The mold rough machining essential target is pursues in the unit time material removing rate, and is half precision work preparation work piece geometry outline. In the high speed processing rough machining should adopt the craft plan is the high cutting speed, Gao Jin giving rate and the small cutting specifications combination. The contour processing way is one processing way which the multitudinous CAM software uses generally. Using is spiral contour and so on the Z axis contour two ways which are many, also is in processes the region only time to feed, in does not lift the knife in the situation to produce continuously the smooth cutting tool way, enters, draws back the knife way to use the circular arc to cut into, to cut. The spiral contour way characteristic is, has not waited the high level between the knife road migration, may avoid frequently lifting the knife, feeding to the components surface quality influence and mechanical device nonessential consuming. To is steep and the flat site processes separately, the computation suits contour and suits the use similar 3D bias the region, and may use the spiral way, in very little lifts the cutting tool way which the knife in the situation produces optimizes, obtains the better surface quality. In the high speed processing, certainly must adopt the circular arc to cut into, to cut the connection way, as well as the circular arc transition, avoids changing the cutting tool to enter suddenly for the direction, the prohibition use direct under knife connection way, avoids burying the cutting tool the work piece. When processes the mold cavity, should avoid the cutting tool vertical insertion work piece under, but should use inclines the knife way (commonly used angle of bank for 20°~30°), best uses the screw type under knife by to reduce the cutting tool load. When processes the mold core, should under the knife then level cut into the work piece as far as possible first from the work piece. The cutting tool cuts into, cuts when the work piece should use as far as possible inclines the type (or round arc-type) cuts into, cuts, vertically avoids cutting into, cutting. Uses climbs up the type cutting to be possible to reduce the cutting heat, reduces the cutting tool stress and the work hardening degree, improves the processing quality.
2. Half precision work
The mold half precision work essential target is causes the work piece outline shape smoothly, surface finish remainder even, this especially is important regarding the tool steel mold, because it will affect time the precision work cutting tool layer of cutting area change and cutting tool load change, thus influence cutting process stability and precision work surface quality.
The rough machining is based on the volume model, the precision work then is based on the face mold. Before develops CAD/The CAM system to the components geometry description is not continual, after because has not described in front of the rough machining, the precision work processes the model the average information, therefore the rough machining surface surplus processing remainder distribution and the great surplus processing remainder is unknown. Therefore should fifty-fifty the precision work strategy carry on the optimization after to guarantee half precision work the work piece surface has the even surplus processing remainder. The optimized process includes: After the rough machining the outline computation, the great surplus processing remainder computation, the biggest permission processing remainder determination,