John Snow defeats King cholera,閱讀ppt課件

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Unit1Greatscientists 1 Pre reading 1 Whatimpressesyoumostin2003 2 WhichpersonimpressesyoumostduringtheSARS 3 Whatotherinfectiousdiseasesdoyouknow Forexample Whenyoueatsomefoodthatisnotfresh Youmayfeel Maybeyouhavegot Cholera 4 drawaconclusion thinkofamethod collectresults makeaquestion findaproblem analysetheresults findsupportingevidence findaproblem makeaquestion thinkofamethod collectresults analysetheresults drawaconclusion Howtoproveanewideainscientificresearch findsupportingevidence 5 JohnSnowdefeats Kingcholera Reading 6 JohnSnowdefeats kingcholera Whatcanyoulearnfromthetitle 人物 事件 defeatscholera 7 WhoisJohnSnow Whathappenedtothem QueenVictoria 8 JohnSnow約翰 斯諾 1813 1858 英國(guó)麻醉學(xué)家 流行病專(zhuān)家 他首次提出了預(yù)防霍亂的措施 1854年 倫敦霍亂流行 斯諾通過(guò)研究霍亂病死者的日常生活情況 尋找到他們的共同行為模式 發(fā)現(xiàn)了霍亂與飲用不潔水的關(guān)系 由于及時(shí)切斷了二者的聯(lián)系 有效制止了霍亂的流行 9 Fouroutbreaksofcholerainthe1830sand1840skilledmanypeopleinEngland In1854 themostterribleoutbreakofcholerawhicheveroccurredinthekingdom began Itwassoviolentandsuddenthat127peoplediedinthefirstthreedays Theterriblecholera 10 Bacteria germsofcholera 11 Whatwasthecauseofthisillness HowdidJohnSnowfinditout 12 Skimthetextandfindthemainideaofthetext Thepassageismainlyabout HowJohnSnowfoundthecauseofthecholeraanddefeatedit Fast reading 13 Readthepassagequicklyandfindthenumberbelowandtherelevanthappeningsinthepassage 14 Thefirstsuggestedthat multipliedintheair Thesecondsuggested absorbedthisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals AnotheroutbreakhitLondon Morethan500peoplehaddiedin10days 15 ThesenumbersinBroadStreetnearthewaterpumphadmanyofthedeaths 20and21BroadStreetand8and9CambridgeStreethadnodeaths Theydidn tdrinkthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpump Thesefamiliesworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet 16 16 37 20 8 9 pump 38 40 BROADSTREET CAMBRIDGESTREET 21 JohnSnow sCholeraMap 7 Pub 17 Whatistheproblem Thecholerawasthemostdeadlydiseaseofitsday Neitheritscause noritscurewasunderstood Whatcausedcholera 18 Makeaquestion Whichtheorytobelievein Idea1 Idea2 Choleramultipliedintheairwithoutreason Acloudofdangerousgaswouldfloatarounduntilitfounditsvictims Peopleabsorbeditwiththeirmeals Whichonedoyoubelievemore WhataboutJohnSnow 19 AmapofBroadStreet Whatmethoddidheuse BroadStreet Manydeathshappenedhere Nodeathhappenedhere Itseemedthewaterfromthepumpwastoblame Whatdidhedonext Publichouse 20 analyzetheresults Whathappenedtothepumpwater ThewaterwasfromtheriverwhichhadbeenpollutedbythedirtywaterfromLondon Paragraph5 21 findsupportingevidence Whatextraevidencedidhefind twootherdeaths Awomanandherdaughterwholivedfarawaybutdrankthewateralsodied drawaconclusionwithcertainty Thepollutedwatercarriedthedisease Paragraphs6 7 22 Para6 Whatwasanothersupportingevidence Para5 Helookedintothesourceofthewater JohnSnowwasabletoannouncewithcertaintythatpollutedwatercarriedthevirus 23 Readthepassageandnumbertheseeventsintheorderthattheyhappened JohnSnowbegantotesttwotheories AnoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854 Heannouncedthatthewatercarriedthedisease JohnSnowmarkedthedeathsonamap 2 1 4 7 Careful reading 24 KingCholerawasdefeated Hefoundthatmostofthedeathswerenearawaterpump Hehadthehandleremovedfromthewaterpump JohnSnowinvestigatedtwostreetswheretheoutbreakwasverysevere 3 8 5 6 25 1 Drawaconclusion 得出結(jié)論 2 Thinkofamethod 找出研究方法 3 Collectresults 收集材料 4 Makeaquestion 形成研究主題 5 Findaproblem 發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題 6 Analyseresults 分析材料 7 Findsupportingevidence 找到能確證的證據(jù) 5 4 2 3 6 7 1 Stagesinexamininganewscientificidea 26 Whatcausedcholera Whichtheoryiscorrect Collectdataonthosewhowereillordiedandwheretheygottheirwater Fillintheblanks 27 Plotinformationonamaptofindoutwherepeoplediedordidnotdie Analysethewatertoseeifthatisthecauseoftheillness Findotherevidencetosupporttheanalysis Thewateristoblame Thesourceofalldrinkingwatershouldbeexaminedsothatitissafe 28 Matchthem Para7 PreventionofCholera 29 1 JohnSnowbelievedIdea2wasright Howdidhefinallyproveit JohnSnowfinallyprovedhisideabecausehefoundanoutbreakthatwasclearlyrelatedtocholera collectedinformationandwasabletotiecasesoutsidetheareatothepollutedwater Readandanswerthequestions 30 2 DoyouthinkJohnSnowwouldhavesolvedthisproblemwithoutthemap Giveareason No ThemaphelpedJohnSnoworganizehisideas Hewasabletoidentifythosehouseholdsthathadmanydeathsandchecktheirwater drinkinghabits Heidentifiedthosehousesthathadnodeathsandsurveyedtheirdrinkinghabits Theevidenceclearlypointedtothepollutedwaterbeingthecause 31 3 Cholerawasa19thcenturydisease Whatdiseasedoyouthinkissimilartocholeratoday Fourdiseases whicharesimilartoday areSARS AIDS TB 肺結(jié)核 andbird flu becausetheyarebothveryserious haveanunknowncauseandneedpublichealthcaretosolvethem 32 1 Thepassagemainlytellsusthat thecauseofcholerawaspollutedwaterB JohnSnowwasawell knowndoctorinLondonC thesourceofalldrinkingwatershouldbeexaminedD JohnSnowdidsomeresearchandhelpedtosolve KingCholera Choosethebestanswer D 33 2 WhatwasthekeyhelpforJohnSnow sdiscovery A Thegovernment B ThewomanmovingawayfromBroadStreet C Thewatercompany D Themapmadebyhimself D 34 Summary JohnSnowwasawell known inLondoninthe century Hewantedtofindthe ofcholerainorderto it In1854whenacholera out hebegantogatherinformation doctor 19th cause defeat broke 35 He onamapwhereallthedeadpeoplehadlivedandhefoundthatmanypeoplewhohaddrunkthedirtywaterfromthe died Sohedecidedthatthepollutedwatercarriedcholera Hesuggestedthatthe ofallwatersupplybe andnewmethodsof withpollutedwaterbefound Finally KingCholera wasdefeated marked pump source examined dealing 36 Whatshouldwepayattentiontoinourdailylifeinordernottogetinfectedwithcholera Heatthefoodleftovernight Cookrawfoodthoroughly Washhandsoften Keepawayfromflies choosefreshseafood Keepthekitchenclean Disposerubbishproperly Drinkboiledwater Discussion 37 38 1 knowabout了解有關(guān) 的情況 knowof聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò) 1 有些事我想了解一下 ThereissomethingIwanttoknowabout 2 我聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)那件事 但不很清楚 Iknowofit butIdidn tknowitwell Languagepoints 39 2 conclude v 作結(jié)論 斷定Thejuryconcludedthathewasguilty 陪審團(tuán)認(rèn)定他有罪 toconclude 總而言之 總之Toconclude Iwanttothankyouforyourhelp conclusion n 結(jié)論 得出結(jié)論 arriveatdraw reachcometo aconclusion 40 1 那些都是事實(shí) 你能從中得出什么結(jié)論 Thosearethefacts whatdoyouconcludefromthem 2 我得出結(jié)論你在說(shuō)謊 Icameto drew reachedtheconclusionthatyouwerelying 3 根據(jù)這些事實(shí) 我們能對(duì)金字塔是如何建成的得出一些結(jié)論 Fromthesefacts wecandrawsomeconclusionsabouthowthepyramidswerebuilt 41 3 defeatv n Hedefeatedthechampioninthreesets Hiswordscompletelydefeatedme ThePartyfacesdefeatintheelection 擊敗 戰(zhàn)勝 使困惑 win beat defeatwin 贏得 獲勝 后接獎(jiǎng)品 獎(jiǎng)金 名譽(yù) 財(cái)產(chǎn)beat 擊敗 戰(zhàn)勝 后接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)隊(duì)伍或者對(duì)手 敵人defeat 擊敗 戰(zhàn)勝 后接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)隊(duì)伍或者對(duì)手 敵人 此用法同beat 疾病等 42 1 Mary thefirstplaceinthecompetition 2 Ourschool theirschoolatfootball 3 I Johnatchessyesterday won beat defeated beat defeated 4 JohnSnowwasafamousdoctorinLondon soexpert indeed thatheattendedQueenVictoriaasherpersonalphysician 約翰 斯諾曾經(jīng)是一位著名的醫(yī)生 他的確醫(yī)術(shù)精湛 因而成了維多利亞女王的私人大夫 43 1 expertn 專(zhuān)家 高手 權(quán)威anagriculturalexpert農(nóng)業(yè)專(zhuān)家anexpertwiththecomputer電腦高手 expert也可以作形容詞 熟練的 老練的 經(jīng)驗(yàn) 或知識(shí) 豐富的 anexpertrider熟練的騎手anexpertopinion內(nèi)行的意見(jiàn) 44 照看 照料如 醫(yī)生照看病人 Thedoctorattended on upon thepatients 出席 到場(chǎng)如 attendschool上學(xué)attendalecture聽(tīng)講座attendchurch去教堂attend at awedding出席婚禮 2 attendv 注意 留意如 We llattendtothesolutionofthatproblemlater 45 attendto處理 辦理我有許多事情要處理 照顧 照料先生 有人接待你嗎 Areyoubeingattendedto Ifyougoout I llattendtothebaby 專(zhuān)心 注意Ifyoudon tattendtotheteacher you llneverlearnanything attendancen 照顧 出席 Ihavesomeimportantthingstoattendto 46 5 Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopleexposedtocholera exposedtocholera在句子中是過(guò)去分詞用作后置定語(yǔ) 表示被動(dòng) 意為 患霍亂的 如 ThebookwrittenbyLuXunisverypopular 魯迅寫(xiě)的書(shū)是很受歡迎的 昨天我們看見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人是史密斯先生 ThemanseenbyusyesterdayisProfessorSmith 47 發(fā)散思維 exposedadj 暴露的 暴露于風(fēng)雨中的 無(wú)掩蔽的exposednessn 暴露 顯露 開(kāi)放思維 exposeto使暴露 揭穿exposesthtothelightofday把某事暴露于光天化日之下exposeafraud揭穿騙局 48 1 Milesofsandareexposedatlowtide 2 ThepeopleofsomeAsiancountrieswereexposedtothetsunamiin2004 3 Heexposedthecrimetothepolice 4 Heexposedtheplantothenewspaper touncover tomakesuffer tomakeknown tomakeknown 49 5 Thewolfopeneditsmouthto arowofsharpteeth 6 Don t yourskintothesunoryourskinwillbehurt expose expose 50 6 Thiswasthedeadlydiseaseofitsday die v dead adj death n deadlyadj 1 dangerous likelytocausedeath危險(xiǎn)的 致命的adeadlydisease weapon 2 highlyeffectiveagainststh orsomeone強(qiáng)有力的 致命的adeadlyremark擊中要害的評(píng)論 51 3 aimingtokillordestroy意在殺死的 不共戴天的 adeadlyenemy不共戴天的敵人deadlyadv 1 very極度 非常 十分deadlyserious十分認(rèn)真 2 likedeath死一般地deadlypale死一般蒼白 52 7 Somanythousandsofterrifiedpeoplediedeverytimetherewasanoutbreak everytime在這里是連詞 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 意為 每次 每當(dāng) e g EverytimeImeethim Ialwaysthinkofthethingshappenedbetweenus 每次見(jiàn)到他 我就想起發(fā)生在我們之間的事情 53 注意 immediately themoment directly instantly等與everytime一樣 都可以用作連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 意為 一 就 如 IwillgivethelettertohimimmediatelyIseehim 我一見(jiàn)到他就把這封信給他 IcamedirectlyIgotyourletter 我一接到你的信就來(lái)了 54 8 Thesecondsuggestedthatpeopleabsorbedthisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals absorb into吸收如 e g Thebigcompanyhasgraduallyabsorbedthesesmallcompaniesintoitsownorganization 這家大公司逐漸將這些小的公司吞并了 55 absorbv 1 吸收 液體 Waterabsorbsoxygen 2 Thecleverboyabsorbedalltheknowledgehisteachercouldgivehim 3 Thebookabsorbedhisattention 4 Thesurroundingsmalltownshavebeenabsorbedintothecity 理解 接受 吸引 注意力 興趣等 使并入 吞并 56 beabsorbedin 被 吸引 專(zhuān)心于 全神貫注于某事如 Heisabsorbedinhisbook Thelittlegirlwasabsorbedinreadingatale 57 suggest經(jīng)常有 建議 的意思 但在這個(gè)句子里的意思是 暗示間接表明 如 Thedisorganizedmeetingsuggestedbadpreparation 混亂的會(huì)場(chǎng)表明準(zhǔn)備工作很差 suggest還有 建議 的意思 在后文中有體現(xiàn) Topreventthisfromhappeningagain JohnSnowsuggestedthatthesourceofallthewatersuppliesbeexamined 為防止這種情況再度發(fā)生 58 Isuggestedthatheshouldgiveupsmoking 我建議他戒煙 Thechairmansuggestedthemeetingbeputoffuntilnextweek 主席建議會(huì)議延遲到下周舉行 suggest后面還可以接 ing形式或名詞 如 Shesuggestedapicnicattheweekend 她提議周末去野餐 Kanesuggestedleavingearlyfortheairport 凱恩提議早些出發(fā)去機(jī)場(chǎng) 59 他發(fā)現(xiàn)在兩條街道上霍亂流行得特別厲害 在十天之內(nèi)就死去了五百多人 9 Intwoparticularstreets thecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplehaddiedin10days severeadj 1 unsparingorharsh asintreatmentofothers strict嚴(yán)厲的 苛刻的 嚴(yán)格的 如 60 Theseveretrainerhasgoneabroad Youcanbreathefreelyagain 2 causingsharpdiscomfortordistress extremelyviolentorintense veryserious 劇痛的 劇烈的 嚴(yán)重的 難熬的如 asevereattackoftoothache 要求苛嚴(yán)的教官已經(jīng)出國(guó) 你可以完全放心 牙痛的劇烈發(fā)作 61 這張地圖提供了一條說(shuō)明霍亂起因的很有價(jià)值的線索 10 Thisgavehimavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease valuable 1 adj worthalotofmoney值錢(qián)的 貴重的如 Thewatchisvaluable 這表很值錢(qián) avaluablediamond 貴重的鉆石 62 2 adj havinggreatusefulnessorvalue如 valuableinformation 3 n 常用復(fù)數(shù)形式 sththatworthalotofmoney如 Cathykepthervaluablesinasafe 重大的消息 凱西把她的貴重物品藏在保險(xiǎn)箱里 63 泵 油泵 氣泵 抽水機(jī) 打氣筒 11 pump 64 12 Itseemedthatthewaterwastoblame 看來(lái)霍亂的流行要?dú)w罪于飲水了 be 動(dòng)詞不定式 可以表示該做或不該做的事情 相當(dāng)于must should oughtto等 如 Nooneistoleavethisbuildingwithoutthepermissionofthepolice 沒(méi)有警察的允許誰(shuí)也不準(zhǔn)離開(kāi)這棟樓 Youarenottodroplitterinthepark 公園里不允許亂丟紙屑 受到責(zé)備 主動(dòng)表被動(dòng) 65 13 Next JohnSnowlookedintothesourceofthewaterforthesetwostreets 其次 約翰 斯諾調(diào)查了這兩條街的水源 lookinto往 里面看 toinvestigate檢查 了解 如 We lllookintothismattertogether 我們將一起調(diào)查這個(gè)問(wèn)題 66 開(kāi)放思維 lookon觀看 面向 旁觀 看待lookout面朝 留神 照料lookover從上面看 察看 檢查lookaround環(huán)顧 觀光 察看lookthrough看穿 審核 瀏覽 溫習(xí)lookupanddown仔細(xì)打量 到處尋找lookafter尋求 照顧 關(guān)心 67 14 handlen 柄 把手 68 Handlev Choosethecorrectexplanations 1 MsHawkins thechiefaccountantofthecompanyhandlesthecompany saccounts 2 ThechildrenaresonaughtythatIcan thandlethem 3 Shehandledadifficultargumentskillfully C F E 4 Handlechildrenkindly ifyouwantthemtotrustyou 5 Thisshophandlespaperandstationery 6 Helearnthowtohandletheaxe D B A 69 link to 把 與 連接 聯(lián)系如 Fingerprintslinkedthesuspecttothecrime 指紋證實(shí)了嫌疑犯的犯罪事實(shí) belinkedto連接如 Thetwotownsarelinkedbyarailway 15 InanotherpartofLondon hefoundsupportingevidencefromtwodeathsthatwerelinkedtotheBroadStreetoutbreak 在倫敦的另一個(gè)地區(qū) 他從兩個(gè)與BroadStreet爆發(fā)的霍亂有關(guān)聯(lián)的死亡病例中又發(fā)現(xiàn)了有力證據(jù) 70 linkn 聯(lián)系 關(guān)系研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了吸煙和心臟病之間的關(guān)系 Researchershavedetectedalinkbetweensmokingandheartdisease 71 16 WiththisextraevidenceJohnSnowwasabletoannouncewithcertaintythatpollutedwatercarriedthevirus announcev tomakeknownpublicly如 Thecaptainannouncedthattheplanewasgoingtoland 有了這個(gè)證據(jù) 約翰 斯諾就能夠肯定地宣布 這種被污染的水?dāng)y帶病毒 機(jī)長(zhǎng)宣布飛機(jī)就要著陸了 72 1 Whoinstructsyourclassinhistory MrBlack Heisourinstructor 2 Sheinstructedmeintheuseofthistelephone 3 I vebeeninstructedtowaithereuntilthelecturerarrives v toteach toorder 17 instruct 73 n detaileddirectionsonprocedure anorder teaching instruction 1 ThebossgavemesomanyinstructionsatonetimethatIgotmuddledup 2 Weforgottoreadtheinstructions aninstructionbook 3 UnderBerry sinstruction Islowlymasteredtheartofglassblowing 74 1 Don t 暴露 yourskintothesunfortoolong 2 you 既不 也不 heisright 3 每當(dāng) Imeethim Ialwaysthinkofthethingshavinghappenedbetweenus 4 好像 shewaslying 5 Whois 責(zé)備 forthemistake 6 It 暗示 thatitwasgoingtorain 7 Isuggestedthathe 戒煙 smoking expose Neithernor Everytime Itseemedthat toblame should giveup suggested Fillintheblanks 75 SurftheinternettofindoutmoreinformationaboutJohnSnowandcholera 2 DoExercise3 4onP3 Homework 76 ThankYou 77