移動(dòng)機(jī)器人機(jī)械臂結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
移動(dòng)機(jī)器人機(jī)械臂結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),移動(dòng)機(jī)器人機(jī)械臂結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),移動(dòng),挪動(dòng),機(jī)器人,機(jī)械,結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
說明書 第 31 頁 共 31 頁
1 緒論
1.1 引言
在星球表面探索、地震或事故現(xiàn)場(chǎng)救災(zāi)、自然界未知事物探索等環(huán)境中工作的移動(dòng)機(jī)器人,面臨著復(fù)雜、未知、多變的非結(jié)構(gòu)環(huán)境,應(yīng)具有良好的適應(yīng)性、靈活性。移動(dòng)機(jī)器人應(yīng)當(dāng)能夠依靠自身的功能,克服環(huán)境的不確定性,有效地完成任務(wù)[1]。機(jī)器人不僅可以在粉塵、噪聲、有毒、輻射等有害條件下部分替代人去操作,還能在人所不能及的極限條件下,如深海、外層空間環(huán)境中完成人所賦予的任務(wù),擴(kuò)大了人類改造自然的能力,尤其是近些年來自動(dòng)化和計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展極大地推動(dòng)了工業(yè)機(jī)器人的發(fā)展。
機(jī)器人的研究、開發(fā)、應(yīng)用涉及許多學(xué)科,機(jī)器人技術(shù)是一門跨學(xué)科的綜合性技術(shù)。多剛體動(dòng)力學(xué)、機(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)、傳感技術(shù)、電氣液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)、控制工程、智能控制、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)技術(shù)、人工智能和仿生學(xué)等學(xué)科都和機(jī)器人技術(shù)有密切的聯(lián)系[2]。
1.2國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀
地面移動(dòng)機(jī)器人是脫離人的直接控制,采用遙控、自主或半自主等方式在地面運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體。地面移動(dòng)機(jī)器人的研究最早可追溯到五十年代初,美國Barrett Electronics公司研究開發(fā)出世界第一臺(tái)自動(dòng)引導(dǎo)車倆系統(tǒng)。由于當(dāng)時(shí)電子領(lǐng)域尚處于晶體管時(shí)代,該車功能有限,僅在特定小范圍運(yùn)動(dòng),目的是提高運(yùn)輸自動(dòng)化水平。到了六、七十年代,美國仙童公司研究出集成電路,隨后出現(xiàn)集成微處理器,為控制電路小型化奠定了硬件基礎(chǔ)。到了八十年代,國外掀起了智能機(jī)器人研究熱潮,其中具有廣闊應(yīng)用前景和軍事價(jià)值的移動(dòng)機(jī)器人受到西方各國的普遍關(guān)注[3]。在移動(dòng)機(jī)器人的發(fā)展中,出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)機(jī)器人大國,一個(gè)是日本,另一個(gè)是美國。時(shí)至今日,各種類型的地面移動(dòng)機(jī)器人紛紛研制出來,其應(yīng)用范圍從民用、工業(yè)用到軍用,涉及人類運(yùn)動(dòng)的方方面面。
進(jìn)入90年代,機(jī)器人技術(shù)的發(fā)展由于受到發(fā)達(dá)資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣的影響,專門從事機(jī)器人研究和生產(chǎn)的部門數(shù)目有所減少,但由于人工智能、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)、傳感器科學(xué)的長足進(jìn)步,使得機(jī)器人的研究在高水平上進(jìn)行。機(jī)器人發(fā)展到今天已經(jīng)是燦爛輝煌,隨著信息技術(shù)、電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展,移動(dòng)機(jī)器人作為人工智能的一個(gè)分支也將吸收這些成果,功能將更完善,新的移動(dòng)機(jī)器人也將涌現(xiàn)出來[4]。未來的機(jī)器人技術(shù),將在以下幾個(gè)方面發(fā)展。
(1) 高速操作臂 高速操作臂可以大大提高機(jī)器人的工作效率。為此,必須開展新的手腕機(jī)構(gòu)和伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置,以及能適應(yīng)機(jī)械臂高速運(yùn)動(dòng)的變轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量的動(dòng)態(tài)控制方法等的研究。
(2) 柔性操作臂 目前的操作臂本身質(zhì)量要比它所能抓起的質(zhì)量大的多。如臂自身質(zhì)量為30kg,僅能搬運(yùn)還不到10kg的物體,這與人的手臂相比要小的多,其原因主要是驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置的效率低、輕型材料的強(qiáng)度和韌性不夠。因此,新型材料的開發(fā)成為了研制高效機(jī)器人的重中之重。
(3)多自由度操作臂 要實(shí)現(xiàn)狹小空間的操作,研制超多自由度的機(jī)械手是完全必要的[。
(4)高精度、多自由度控制操作臂 機(jī)器人被越來越多的用在醫(yī)療,軍事等需求高精度的場(chǎng)合,在保證精度的同時(shí)還要追求高自由度,要能完成各種各樣的動(dòng)作,這就要求研制出更穩(wěn)定的系統(tǒng)來保證操作臂動(dòng)作的精度。
(5)微型操作臂 目前的操作臂局限于材料和驅(qū)動(dòng)力,自身的大小不能滿足越來越精密的工作場(chǎng)合。為此,微型操作臂的開發(fā)已在日程中[5]。
1.3 機(jī)械臂介紹
1.3.1 機(jī)器人操作臂的機(jī)構(gòu)和空間描述
機(jī)器人要實(shí)現(xiàn)功能最重要的部件就是機(jī)械臂 (亦稱操作臂),一般是由一系列連桿由旋轉(zhuǎn)關(guān)節(jié)或移動(dòng)關(guān)節(jié)相連接的開式運(yùn)動(dòng)鏈,一端裝在固定的支座上(機(jī)座);另一端自由,安裝手爪、工具,實(shí)現(xiàn)各種操作[6]。
為了描述組成操作臂的各連桿之間的相對(duì)位置和姿態(tài),在每個(gè)連桿上固接一個(gè)坐標(biāo)系,用其來描述相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。機(jī)器人通過機(jī)械臂完成人們交予的任務(wù),從早期齒輪傳動(dòng)只能上下移動(dòng)的垂直臂到后來液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)多自由度自由伸縮的機(jī)械臂,期間一共度過了40年的時(shí)間[7]。如今,機(jī)械臂已經(jīng)更加擬人化,包括安裝了觸覺,視覺,力覺等感受功能部件,使機(jī)械臂運(yùn)動(dòng)起來能夠理性避讓障礙,減少不必要的損失。
1.3.2 操作臂運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、動(dòng)力學(xué)、靜力和變形
把操作臂的連桿近似的當(dāng)成剛體,則相鄰兩連桿坐標(biāo)系之間的位置關(guān)系用連桿變換矩陣來表示。操作臂運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)則討論手臂末端執(zhí)行器的位姿與關(guān)節(jié)變量之間的關(guān)系[8]。操作臂運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)由兩個(gè)基本問題:正向運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)和逆向運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)。
操作臂動(dòng)力學(xué)研究各關(guān)節(jié)驅(qū)動(dòng)力與終端操作器的位置、速度和加速度之間的關(guān)系。操作臂的動(dòng)力學(xué)方程十分復(fù)雜,不僅與操作臂的形位有關(guān),還和連桿的質(zhì)量分布、連桿的結(jié)構(gòu)、關(guān)節(jié)之間的摩擦等有關(guān)[9]。操作臂的動(dòng)力學(xué)方程有多種形式:關(guān)節(jié)空間、操作空間和狀態(tài)空間形式。研究操作臂動(dòng)力學(xué)一方面是為機(jī)器人控制提供精確的動(dòng)力學(xué)模型,計(jì)算驅(qū)動(dòng)力函數(shù)、實(shí)現(xiàn)前饋補(bǔ)償;另一方面是為了仿真,根據(jù)加速度計(jì)算相應(yīng)的關(guān)節(jié)力[10]。
1.3.3 操作臂的軌跡規(guī)劃和運(yùn)動(dòng)控制
機(jī)器人的操作臂在運(yùn)動(dòng)之前,需要明確是否一定要沿特定的路徑運(yùn)動(dòng),還要明確在運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中是否會(huì)與障礙物相碰[11]。如果對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的路徑?jīng)]有特殊的要求,則通常是每個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)按指定的平滑時(shí)間函數(shù),同時(shí)從起點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)到終點(diǎn);如果一定要沿特定的路徑,那么軌跡規(guī)劃器應(yīng)利用函數(shù)插值逼近預(yù)期的路徑[12]。
軌跡控制的目的在于精確地實(shí)現(xiàn)所規(guī)劃的運(yùn)動(dòng)。運(yùn)動(dòng)控制包括:建立操作臂的動(dòng)力學(xué)模型;根據(jù)所建模型確定控制規(guī)律或策略,以達(dá)到預(yù)期的系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)和性能。討論控制規(guī)律的分解和相應(yīng)的控制方案[13]。
1.4 目前主要存在的問題
工業(yè)機(jī)器人是計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)出現(xiàn)后發(fā)展起來的一種新型機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu),工作效率和機(jī)動(dòng)性比傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械高很多[14]。隨之而來的是,機(jī)器人的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)在減少質(zhì)量、提高剛度方面比傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)有更高的要求。在設(shè)計(jì)工作中,結(jié)構(gòu)的最優(yōu)化顯得更為重要。
如今的機(jī)器人手臂存在幾個(gè)急需解決的問題,首先是機(jī)械手臂工作狀態(tài)下的穩(wěn)定性。軍用機(jī)器人特別是防暴拆彈機(jī)器人是用來拆除炸彈,需要用機(jī)械臂夾起炸彈,運(yùn)輸?shù)教囟ǖ姆辣┳o(hù)具中進(jìn)行引爆。這就要求在夾起和運(yùn)輸過程中的平穩(wěn),稍許的震動(dòng)也許就會(huì)是炸彈被引爆,造成不必要的損失。其次是機(jī)械手臂的適應(yīng)性[15]。機(jī)械手臂是機(jī)器人的核心之一,機(jī)器人只有通過機(jī)械手臂才能發(fā)揮各種作用。在很多場(chǎng)合,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)條件都很復(fù)雜,這就需要機(jī)械手臂有很好的適應(yīng)性,能進(jìn)入各種復(fù)雜的管道或者角落進(jìn)行作業(yè),或者對(duì)障礙物柔性避讓。這就對(duì)機(jī)械手臂的結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化有了更大的要求[16]。
1.5 我國機(jī)器人的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略
談及我國的機(jī)器人發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,許多有識(shí)之士己發(fā)表了不少高見。為了使我國機(jī)器人學(xué)有更大的發(fā)展,首先必須進(jìn)一步發(fā)展對(duì)機(jī)器人的認(rèn)識(shí),取得正確和求實(shí)的共識(shí)。對(duì)于具體的一些思路,則涉及在發(fā)展工業(yè)機(jī)器人的同時(shí),注意開發(fā)特種機(jī)器人;培養(yǎng)與發(fā)展國內(nèi)機(jī)器人市場(chǎng);建立機(jī)器人產(chǎn)業(yè)集團(tuán),形成規(guī)模生產(chǎn);開展國際合作,打開國際市場(chǎng),參與國際競(jìng)爭(zhēng);合理選擇主攻戰(zhàn)略方向,開發(fā)有市場(chǎng)有知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的新技術(shù);更加重視基礎(chǔ)研究,加大技術(shù)儲(chǔ)備;穩(wěn)定和擴(kuò)大研究隊(duì)伍等。21世紀(jì)已經(jīng)到來,在新世紀(jì)里,中國機(jī)器人學(xué)必將在世界上占有一席之地,并可望發(fā)展成機(jī)器人大國。
1.6 設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容和要求
全旋轉(zhuǎn)關(guān)節(jié)小型機(jī)器人具有典型的工業(yè)機(jī)器人的運(yùn)動(dòng)特征。唯有體型較小,可以放在桌面上,適宜于教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)和作為自動(dòng)化及控制技術(shù)的研究工具。
該課題在調(diào)研的基礎(chǔ)上完成5自由度步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng),傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。重點(diǎn)工作是電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇和校核及其關(guān)鍵零部件的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算。
2 傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)
2.1 傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的方案設(shè)計(jì)
2.1.1 各種傳動(dòng)方式的比較
(1)帶傳動(dòng):帶傳動(dòng)具有結(jié)果簡(jiǎn)單、傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn)、 造價(jià)低廉、不需要潤滑油及緩沖吸振等特點(diǎn)。
(2)鏈傳動(dòng):鏈傳動(dòng)具有平均傳動(dòng)比準(zhǔn)確、傳動(dòng)效率高、尺寸較緊湊、能在惡劣的條件下工作,但其不能保持瞬間的傳動(dòng)比恒定,工作時(shí)有噪聲、磨損后易發(fā)生跳齒,不適合用于空間,限制要求中心距小及急速反向傳動(dòng)的場(chǎng)合。
(3)齒輪傳動(dòng):齒輪傳動(dòng)能保證瞬間傳動(dòng)比的恒定,傳動(dòng)比范圍大;速度和傳遞的功率的范圍大,可用于高速、中速和低速的傳動(dòng);但制造的成本比較的高,無過載的保護(hù)作用。
綜合以上各特點(diǎn):因?yàn)楸緳C(jī)器人用于科研、教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)、握重3 kg,所以載荷較小,工作也比較的穩(wěn)定,環(huán)境較好。但要求傳動(dòng)準(zhǔn)確,瞬間傳動(dòng)比準(zhǔn)確恒定,且要有較大的傳動(dòng)比。故本機(jī)器人尺寸較小,結(jié)構(gòu)要求緊湊,并且要求傳動(dòng)反應(yīng)靈活、迅速、準(zhǔn)確。所以,綜合考慮選用齒輪傳動(dòng)且多級(jí)齒輪傳動(dòng),以獲得較大的驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩;由于傳動(dòng)比大,也可提高傳動(dòng)精度。
2.1.2機(jī)器人輪廓圖
圖2.1 機(jī)器人輪廓圖
圖2.2 機(jī)器人三維圖
2.1.3大臂部分的傳動(dòng)方式設(shè)計(jì)
圖2.3 大臂傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
齒輪10固定于軸A,。當(dāng)齒輪9旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),同時(shí)齒輪10與A軸不動(dòng),則使得B軸圍繞著A軸產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。這A軸為大臂與腰身連接的關(guān)節(jié)。
初選:此系統(tǒng)的模數(shù)為:1
Z5=18 則d5=18 mm;Z6=99 則d6=99mm ;
Z7=18 則d7=18mm;Z8=109 則d8=109mm;
Z9=18 則d9=18 mm;Z10=109 則d10=109 mm;
步進(jìn)電機(jī)初選:45BF008;
2.1.4小臂部分的傳動(dòng)方式設(shè)計(jì)
方案一:此方案仿大臂部分的傳動(dòng)方式的設(shè)計(jì),步進(jìn)電機(jī)安裝在小臂上。
圖2.4 小臂傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)方案一
方案二:這個(gè)方案的步進(jìn)電機(jī)是安裝在大臂上。
圖2.5 小臂傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)方案二
方案比較:
方案一中因?yàn)殡姍C(jī)是要安裝在小臂上,所以對(duì)于機(jī)器人來說的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量是比較大的。
方案二因?yàn)殡姍C(jī)是安裝在大臂上,所以對(duì)于機(jī)器人來說其的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量來說要比較的小,而且使得機(jī)器人的重心也比較低。
所以選擇方案二:
圖2.6 小臂傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
初選:此系統(tǒng)模數(shù)為:1
Z11=18 則d11=18mm;Z12=79 則d12=79mm;
Z13=18 則d13=18mm; Z14=79則d14=79mm;
Z15=18 則d15=18mm;Z16=79 則d16=79mm;
步進(jìn)電機(jī)為45BF008
2.1.5 手腕部分的傳動(dòng)方式設(shè)計(jì)
圖2.7 手腕傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
分析:
(1)手腕的仰俯動(dòng)作(即繞D軸旋轉(zhuǎn))
如圖2.8:
圖2.8 手腕俯仰動(dòng)作實(shí)行機(jī)構(gòu)(D軸)
若齒輪1和齒輪2以相同的速度(大小和方向)旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),此時(shí)齒輪3被卡死,則迫使手腕繞著D軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。所以此時(shí)手腕實(shí)現(xiàn)了俯仰動(dòng)作。
(2) 手腕的旋轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)作(即繞C軸旋轉(zhuǎn))
如圖2.9:
圖2.9 手腕俯仰動(dòng)作實(shí)行機(jī)構(gòu)(C軸)
若齒輪1和齒輪2以相同大小但不同方向的速度旋轉(zhuǎn),此時(shí)齒輪3也旋轉(zhuǎn),即繞C軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。所以此時(shí)手腕實(shí)現(xiàn)了旋轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)作。
初選:此系統(tǒng)的模數(shù)為:1。因?yàn)榇讼到y(tǒng)的左右完全對(duì)稱,所以我們就只要分析一邊就可以了,即我們選擇左邊。
Z17=18 則d17=18mm;Z18=54 則d18=54mm;
Z19=18則d19=18mm; Z20=65 則d20=65mm;
Z21=18 則d21=18mm;Z22=18則d22=18mm;
注:Z21,Z22位一對(duì)圓錐齒輪。
2.1.6手部夾持器的傳動(dòng)方式設(shè)計(jì)及其結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
(1)傳動(dòng)方式設(shè)計(jì)
圖2.10 手部夾持器的傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
初選:此系統(tǒng)模數(shù)為 1
Z23=18 則d23=18mm;Z24=60 則d24=60mm;
直流電動(dòng)機(jī)選擇為:M08-832
(2)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì):
方案一:
圖2.11 單向傳動(dòng)方案
方案二:
圖2.12 雙向傳動(dòng)方案
方案比較:因?yàn)橐獫M足夾持的物體一直都在手臂的中心線上,所我們應(yīng)該選擇方案二。
2.2各個(gè)部分傳動(dòng)比的計(jì)算
(1)腰身部分:由圖2.2可知腰身部分采用二級(jí)圓柱齒輪,傳動(dòng)比為:
(2)大臂部分:由圖2.3可知大臂采用三級(jí)圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng),傳動(dòng)比為:
(3)小臂部分:由圖2.4可知小臂采用三級(jí)圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng),傳動(dòng)比為:
(4)手腕部分:由圖2.5可知手腕采用二級(jí)圓柱齒輪加上一級(jí)的圓錐齒輪傳動(dòng),傳動(dòng)比為:
注:此傳動(dòng)比既是手腕俯仰運(yùn)動(dòng)的傳動(dòng)比也是手腕旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的傳動(dòng)比。
(5)手部夾持器部分:由圖2.6可知因?yàn)槭肿ヒ笞枣i,且開合速度不宜過快,所以采用螺旋傳動(dòng),傳動(dòng)比:
2.3傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)總圖
綜合以上的計(jì)算和設(shè)計(jì)可以得到下面的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)總圖:
圖2.13 傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)總圖
3 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
由于本機(jī)器人多采用齒輪傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu),而且要保證傳動(dòng)精度,所以齒輪消隙問題要做一定的考慮。
(1)由于大臂、小臂、手腕多處于伸展?fàn)顟B(tài),因重力作用,齒輪的傳動(dòng)能較好保持單齒輪接觸狀態(tài),傳動(dòng)穩(wěn)定,不必另加消隙裝置。
(2)立柱傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)因無靜力矩作用,而齒輪加工誤差會(huì)使齒輪嚙合不穩(wěn)定,嚙合齒面變化,從而使立柱有一個(gè)較小角度的自由擺動(dòng),影響傳動(dòng)定位精度,要加以調(diào)整消除。此處采用了一個(gè)偏心軸和一個(gè)偏心盤來來調(diào)節(jié)兩對(duì)齒輪傳動(dòng)間隙。可通過座體上端蓋板口和底座下口調(diào)節(jié)。(見機(jī)械總圖)
(3)為使控制簡(jiǎn)化,將小臂板中心線與立柱中心軸線放在同一平面上,以保證手爪的中心線與立柱的中心線在同一平面內(nèi),控制,計(jì)算都比較的方便。
3.1零件的密度
根據(jù)《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》查的材料密度如下:
45號(hào)鋼 g/ 取7.85 g/
酚醛層壓板 g/ 取 1.4 g/
尼龍1010 g/ 取 1.05 g/
20號(hào)鋼 g/ 取 7.85 g/
鋁板 g/
普通鋼板 g/ 取7.85 g/
ZL102鑄鋁 g/
鍍鋅鐵板 g/
丁晴橡膠 g/
3.2 零件重量列表
計(jì)算本零件重量忽略小孔及倒角、圓角,對(duì)螺栓作光桿處理,尺寸向較大方向選取。
表3.1 零件重量表
零件序號(hào)
零件名稱
質(zhì)量(克)
1
夾持器手指
41.1
2
螺紋桿
240
3
齒輪24
53
4
外殼
124.5
5
銷
13.5
6
外殼邊
49.5
7
螺絲釘
2.22
8
螺絲釘
2.31
9
卡環(huán)
0.74
10
套筒
0.885
11
齒輪23
21.6
12
直流電動(dòng)機(jī)
195
13
外套
37.5
14
螺栓
97.5
15
螺母
1.17
16
齒輪22
25.2
17
軸
40.2
18
密封器件
7.35
19
齒輪21和20
154.5
20
螺母
1.17
21
齒輪18和19
124.5
22
套筒
3.12
23
軸
31.5
24
密封器件
7.5
25
螺母
1.17
26
步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)
330
27
齒輪17
10.5
28
小臂板
309.75
29
加強(qiáng)筋
46.5
30
軸
186
31
銷
7.5
32
齒輪16
321
33
銷
4.76
34
密封器件
7.5
35
套筒
3
36
螺母
1.17
37
齒輪15和14
271.5
38
軸
31.5
39
套筒
3.45
40
套筒
1.56
41
螺母
1.17
42
齒輪13和12
257.4
43
套筒
3
44
軸
30
45
套筒
1.56
46
螺母
1.17
47
大臂板
519
48
加強(qiáng)筋
39.8
49
步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)
675
50
齒輪11
29.5
51
齒輪8和9
594
52
軸
31.5
53
密封器件
7.5
54
螺母
1.17
55
軸
695.4
56
齒輪6和7
471
57
齒輪10
329.4
58
銷
15
59
螺絲釘
7.5
60
墊片
18
61
密封元件
7.5
62
套筒
1.8
63
步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)
675
64
齒輪5
29.55
大鋁蓋板:39.4 g ;小鋁蓋板:24.9g ;直流電機(jī)M28-832:130g;
步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)45BF008:675g;步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)36BF005:330g;
3.3機(jī)器人受力大小分析
將各個(gè)零件作適當(dāng)?shù)暮?jiǎn)化集中到各軸線上,得到各點(diǎn)的受力圖:
圖3.1 機(jī)器人受力分析圖(取所受力矩最大姿態(tài))
F1= N
F2= N
F3= N
F4= N
F5= N
F6= N
F7= N
F8= N
F9= N
F10= N
F11= N
F12= N
F13= N
F14= N
F15= N
3.4機(jī)器人輪廓基本尺寸的設(shè)計(jì)
要求:總體尺寸為900mm左右
初步設(shè)計(jì)比例為:1.2 :1 :0.5,則可得:
大臂: mm
小臂: mm
手爪: mm
根據(jù)機(jī)器人受力大小分析和機(jī)器人輪廓基本尺寸得設(shè)計(jì)可以得到機(jī)器人受力分析圖(如下頁所示),取得為機(jī)器人所受力矩最大姿態(tài)
3.5靜力矩計(jì)算
(1) 大臂所受重力靜力矩
[
(2)小臂所受重力靜力矩:
]
(3)手腕俯仰所受重力靜力矩:
=
(4)手腕回轉(zhuǎn)所受重力靜力矩:
4伺服系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)和校核
4.1伺服系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)
本機(jī)器人伺服系統(tǒng)若采用直流伺服電機(jī),則要配大降速比的諧波減速器,還要做閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng),要加傳感器,反饋動(dòng)作幅度。而國內(nèi)諧波減速器在工藝、材料、制造等方面還不夠完善,使用效果不夠好,且價(jià)格較貴;外加反饋器件也要增加機(jī)器人的成本。所以綜合考慮不采用閉環(huán)系統(tǒng),不用直流電動(dòng)機(jī),而用步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)。
步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)可通過控制脈沖數(shù)和脈沖時(shí)間來達(dá)到控制動(dòng)作幅度和速度的目的。開環(huán)控制比較的方便,且總體也便宜,動(dòng)作精度也能達(dá)到所要求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
因?yàn)榱⒅?、小臂、大臂所需?qū)動(dòng)力相對(duì)較大,所以采用45BF008步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī),起最大的靜轉(zhuǎn)矩為1.96;但因?yàn)槭滞笏艿降牧剌^小些,所以采用36BF005步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī),起最大的靜力矩為0.784;夾持器采用螺旋傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)且無速度要求,因其降速比大,所以采用M28-832直流電機(jī)。
4.2機(jī)械傳動(dòng)效率概略值
(1) 圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng):
開式傳動(dòng):0.94~0.96 取 0.96;
單級(jí)圓柱齒輪減速器(包括軸承):0.97~0.98;
兩級(jí)圓柱齒輪減速器(包括軸承): 095~0.96 取0.95;
(2)圓錐齒輪傳動(dòng):
開式傳動(dòng):0.92~0.94 取 0.94;
單級(jí)圓錐齒輪減速器(包括軸承):0.95~0.96;、
(3)滾動(dòng)軸承(一對(duì)):0.99~0.95 取0.95;
(4)滑動(dòng)軸承: 0.95~0.98 取0.95;
4.3步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)參數(shù)
表4.1 步進(jìn)電機(jī)參數(shù)
電機(jī)型號(hào)
45BF008
36BF005
相數(shù)
3
3
分配方式
A-AB—B…
A-AB—B…
步矩角()
1.875
1.5
電壓(V)
27
27
最大靜轉(zhuǎn)矩()
1.96
0.784
空載啟動(dòng)頻率(step/s)
2500
3100
重量(kg)
0.68
0.33
使用溫度范圍
—40~+50
—40~+50
溫升(k)
65
65
圖4.1 步進(jìn)電機(jī)啟動(dòng)矩頻特性
4.4 大臂俯仰驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)計(jì)算
(1)設(shè)計(jì)要求:上臂俯仰范圍:;最高運(yùn)動(dòng)速度:。
(2)根據(jù)載荷要求及電機(jī)性能初選步進(jìn)電機(jī)45BF008,其步矩角為。
(3)上臂傳動(dòng)部分為三級(jí)的圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng)
其傳動(dòng)比為:=302.5;
其傳動(dòng)效率為:;
其轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量為: 。
4.4.1起動(dòng)段計(jì)算
由45BF008步進(jìn)電機(jī)起動(dòng)矩頻特性圖(圖5.1)可知:為避免起動(dòng)失步,取該電動(dòng)機(jī)起動(dòng)頻率為 step/s;設(shè)起動(dòng)時(shí)間s,則有:
起動(dòng)過程中上臂轉(zhuǎn)速:
其平均加速度為:
由載荷分析可得上臂所受的靜力矩為:
而加速力矩為:
對(duì)應(yīng)的所需電機(jī)力矩:
由圖5.3可得:步進(jìn)電機(jī)45BF008當(dāng)起動(dòng)頻率為800 step/s時(shí),對(duì)應(yīng)起動(dòng)力矩。
所以,,電機(jī)滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求。
此時(shí),步進(jìn)電機(jī)走過的步數(shù)為: step
4.4.2加速段計(jì)算
由設(shè)計(jì)要求,最高運(yùn)動(dòng)速度,則電機(jī)所需要運(yùn)行頻率:
step/s
取 step/s,加速時(shí)間取 s,則加速過程中,上臂的轉(zhuǎn)速:
其加速度
此時(shí),加速力矩: ,又知靜力矩:
所以 電機(jī)所需的力矩為:
此時(shí),加速段走過的步數(shù):
step
則起動(dòng)、加速段合計(jì)走過步數(shù) step
走過角度
4.4.3降速停止段計(jì)算
設(shè)電機(jī)由運(yùn)行頻率step/s,經(jīng)0.1s降速停止,則其所經(jīng)步數(shù)為: step
所經(jīng)角度:
4.5 小臂俯仰驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)計(jì)算
設(shè)計(jì)要求:小臂俯仰范圍:-120~+30,最高運(yùn)動(dòng)速度。
根據(jù)載荷要求和電機(jī)的性能,初步選步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)45BF45BF008角,上臂驅(qū)動(dòng)部分為三級(jí)圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng),其傳動(dòng)比:,
其傳動(dòng)效率:
小臂轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量:I=1.79
4.5.1起動(dòng)段計(jì)算
由于45BF45BF008機(jī)起動(dòng)矩頻特性圖,為避免起動(dòng)失步,取該電動(dòng)機(jī)起動(dòng)頻率
step/s,設(shè)其起動(dòng)時(shí)間,則有:
起動(dòng)過程中小臂轉(zhuǎn)速
其平均加速度
由前可小臂所受靜力矩
而加速力矩
對(duì)應(yīng)電動(dòng)所需力矩
步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)45BF45BF008率為800step/s時(shí),對(duì)應(yīng)起動(dòng)的力矩[T]=0.5,所以
<[T],,電機(jī)滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求。
此時(shí),電機(jī)走過的步數(shù) step
4.5.2加速段計(jì)算
由設(shè)計(jì)要求最高運(yùn)動(dòng)速度,則電動(dòng)機(jī)所需運(yùn)行的頻率step/s
取,加速時(shí)間為,則加速過程中:
小臂的轉(zhuǎn)速:
其加速度:
此時(shí),小臂的加速力矩為:
所以,
加速段走過的步數(shù) :
step
起動(dòng)、加速段合計(jì)走過的步數(shù) step
走過的角度
4.5.3降速停止段計(jì)算
設(shè)該電機(jī)有運(yùn)行頻率 setp/s,經(jīng)過0.1s降速停止,
其所經(jīng)過的步數(shù)為:step
所經(jīng)過的角度:
4.6 手腕俯仰驅(qū)動(dòng)電動(dòng)機(jī)計(jì)算
設(shè)計(jì)的要求:手腕的俯仰角,最高速度:手臂俯仰。
根據(jù)載荷的要求和電動(dòng)機(jī)性能 初選兩個(gè)步進(jìn)電機(jī)36BF005,其步矩角。手腕部分為兩組兩級(jí)的圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng),加一級(jí)圓錐齒輪傳動(dòng)。則其的傳動(dòng)效率,
由前面可知,手腕的俯仰的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量。其傳動(dòng)比為:i=16.25
當(dāng)兩電動(dòng)機(jī)以相同的速度和方向旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),則此時(shí)手腕將實(shí)現(xiàn)俯仰運(yùn)動(dòng)。
4.6.1起動(dòng)段計(jì)算
由36BF005步進(jìn)電機(jī)起動(dòng)矩頻特性圖,取該電動(dòng)機(jī)的起動(dòng)頻率為:step/s,以避免在到470 step/s 頻率間的力矩突降,此時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)的起動(dòng)力矩[T]=0.43,設(shè)其起動(dòng)時(shí)間
,則有:
啟動(dòng)過程中手腕俯仰速度為:
其平均加速度:
由前知道手腕俯仰的靜力矩
而加速力矩為:
對(duì)應(yīng)所需要的電機(jī)力矩:<[T]
所以電機(jī)滿足要求。
4.6.2加速段計(jì)算
由設(shè)計(jì)要求最高運(yùn)動(dòng)速度,則電動(dòng)機(jī)所需運(yùn)行的頻率step/s
取,加速時(shí)間為,則加速過程中:
手腕的轉(zhuǎn)速:
其加速度:
此時(shí),手腕的加速力矩為:
所以,
加速段走過的步數(shù) :
step
起動(dòng)、加速段合計(jì)走過的步數(shù) step
走過的角度
4.6.3降速停止段計(jì)算
設(shè)該電機(jī)有運(yùn)行頻率 setp/s,經(jīng)過0.2s降速停止,
其所經(jīng)過的步數(shù)為:step
所經(jīng)過的角度:
4.7 手爪開合驅(qū)電機(jī)計(jì)算
設(shè)計(jì)要求:最大載荷量 3kg,最大的夾持直徑為40mm。
因手爪夾持物體過程中無速度的要求,考慮,簡(jiǎn)化控制,初選用直流電動(dòng)機(jī)M28-841,其額定電壓為24v,額定轉(zhuǎn)矩為1000,.
則額定轉(zhuǎn)速,額定功率。
由機(jī)械總圖可知:傳動(dòng)的螺桿為M120.75,45號(hào)鋼制;左右手指為鑄鋁ZL102,采用雙向螺旋加緊,一級(jí)圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng),傳動(dòng)比為i=5。傳動(dòng)效率:
4.7.1電動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力計(jì)算
因已知頭數(shù)n=1,螺距t=0.75mm,直徑d=12mm
所以,升角,螺紋牙的牙型角,則牙型斜角。
鋼和鋁的摩擦系數(shù)為f=0.17,則摩擦角
假設(shè)手爪和物體直接接觸,靠其之間的摩擦力來夾住物體,取一較小的摩擦系數(shù),則:手爪夾緊正壓力,同時(shí)為螺桿軸向壓力Q=98N。
則螺桿所需要的扭矩:
則所需電動(dòng)機(jī)力矩<[T]
所以電機(jī)滿足要求。
4.7.2螺紋傳動(dòng)自鎖性計(jì)算
因?yàn)樯?,摩擦角,升角小于摩擦角,則滿足自鎖條件。
4.7.3傳動(dòng)比驗(yàn)算
手爪開合速度 mm/s
手爪由最大開度47mm到閉合所需的時(shí)間t=47/2*7.5=3.13 s
螺紋傳動(dòng)效率
所以,此傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)能滿足設(shè)計(jì)的要求。
5 零件的強(qiáng)度和剛度計(jì)算
由載荷計(jì)算和動(dòng)力計(jì)算可知,大臂傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)中的傳動(dòng)齒輪受載較大。因此,此處僅對(duì)大臂傳動(dòng)中的Z109/Z18中的小齒輪作彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度校核。
因?yàn)榇蟊郯迨莾蓧K矩形薄板,其在縱向抗彎強(qiáng)度,剛度均較大,但因大臂板受到小臂板側(cè)向載荷,有一定的扭矩,其抗扭剛度較差,因此對(duì)大臂作抗扭剛度校核,以免扭轉(zhuǎn)變形過大,阻礙臂板之間的齒輪傳動(dòng)。
5.1零件的強(qiáng)度校核計(jì)算
根據(jù)《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》有公式:
計(jì)算應(yīng)力:
許用應(yīng)力:
強(qiáng)度條件:
齒輪材料為45號(hào)鋼,硬度為162——217HBS,取200HBS。
5.1.1大臂部分強(qiáng)度校核
對(duì)大臂部分的Z18、Z109(第三級(jí)傳動(dòng))進(jìn)行校核
mm,mm;
有前面可知:靜力矩,加速段最大的力矩
則總力矩為:
所以,,又知b=5mm,;
查表可得:
,,,,,;
則帶入公式:
設(shè)本機(jī)械手臂每天工作1.5個(gè)小時(shí),壽命為10年,則
所以,
查表可得:
,,,,
帶入公式可得:
由上可知滿足強(qiáng)度條件,即
5.2零件抗扭剛度校核計(jì)算
校核大臂板的抗扭剛度。由《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》,可得薄壁板的抗扭模量:
(b為板的長,a為板的寬)
則,可得大臂板的抗扭模量:
將大臂板簡(jiǎn)化為l=580mm,W=150mm,d=6mm的均質(zhì)矩形板,則其所受扭矩為(由受力圖可得):
g
圖5.1 臂板受力情況
由上圖可以得到:
M1=6.075×9.8×0.125=7.44
M2=675×(42+75)×9.8×=0.7740
M3=M2=0.7740
則前端合扭矩 M=M1-M2=7.44-0.7740=6.666
查表可以得到:酚醛塑料E=8.14~16.73 取16.0GPa,近似取0.3,則:
則單位扭轉(zhuǎn)角:
大臂板前端扭轉(zhuǎn)角度為:
前端下移距離:
由上可看出轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)位移相對(duì)較小。
因?yàn)閮杀郯逯g又有6個(gè)緊固螺栓及5根傳動(dòng)軸和多個(gè)齒輪,有緊固作用,可大大的提高臂板抗扭剛度,使的前端扭轉(zhuǎn)角和下移距離大幅度的減少,固剛度滿足要求。
致 謝
這次設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)能夠最終圓滿完成,我得感謝所有在設(shè)計(jì)過程中給我?guī)椭娜恕J紫?,要感謝我的導(dǎo)師周建平教授,沒有他的耐心指導(dǎo)和嚴(yán)格把關(guān),我的論文不可能準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成;其次,我們這次設(shè)計(jì)小組是四個(gè)人,其他三位,秦海翔、俞星和劉之剴同學(xué)在設(shè)計(jì)的過程中,始終都很認(rèn)真,我有些不懂的地方,經(jīng)過他們的指點(diǎn),最后都一一化解;此外,還有我可愛的同班同學(xué),他們每次都是熱心地給我提供參考資料以及設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè),我在設(shè)計(jì)過程中給他們添了不少麻煩,衷心的感謝你們!我會(huì)更加努力,奮發(fā)向上,為社會(huì)做出更大的貢獻(xiàn)!
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英文原文
THE STRUCTURE DESIGN AND KINEMATICS OF A ROBOT
MANIPULATORml. THEORY
KESHENG WANG and TERJE K . LIEN
Production Engineering Laboratory, NTH-SINTEF, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway
A robot manipulator with six degrees of freedom can be separated into two parts: the arm with the first three joints for major positioning and the wrist with the last three joints for major orienting. If we consider theconsecutive links to be parallel or perpendicular, only 12 arm and two wrist configurations are potentially usefuland different for robot manipulator mechanical design. This kind of simplification can lead to a generalalgorithm of inverse kinematics for the corresponding configuration of different combinations of arm and wrist.The approaches for calculating the inverse kinematics of a robot manipulator are very efficient and easy.The approaches for calculating the inverse kinematics of a robot manipulator are very efficient and easy.
1. INTROUCTION
A robot manipulator consists of a number of linksconnected together by joints. In robot manipulatordesign, the selection of the kinematic chain of therobot manipulator is one of the most importantdecisions in the mechanical and controller designprocess.
In order to position and orient the end effector ofthe robot manipulator arbitrarily, six degrees offreedom are required: three degrees of freedom forposition and three degrees of freedom for orient-ation. Each manipulator joint can provide onedegree of freedom, and thus a manipulator musthave a minimum of six joints if it is to provide sixorthogonal degrees of freedom in position andorientation.
The construction of manipulators depends on thedifferent combination of joints. The number of poss-ible variations of an industrial robot structure can bedetermined as follows:
V =6
where
V= number of variations.
D F = n u m b e r of degrees of freedom
These considerations show that a very largenumber of different chains can be built, for examplesix axis 46,656 chains are possible. 6 However, alarge number is not appropriate for kinematicreasons.
We may divide the six degrees of freedom of arobot manipulator into two parts: the arm whichconsists of the first three joints and related links; andthe wrist which consists of the last three joints andrelated links. Then the variations of kinematic chainswill be tremendously reduced. Lien has developedthe constructions of arm and wrist, i.e. 20 differentconstructions for the arm and eight for the wrist.2
In this paper, we abbreviate the 20 different armsinto 12 kinds of arms which are useful and different.We conclude that five kinds of arms and two kinds ofwrists are basic constructions for commercial indus-trial robot manipulators. This kind of simplificationmay lead to a general algorithm of inverse kinema-tics for the corresponding configuration of differentcombinations of arm and wrist.
2.STRUCTURE DESIGN OF ROBOT MANIPULATORS
In this paper, for optimum workspace and sim-plicity, we assume that:
(a) A robot with six degrees of freedom may beseparated into two parts: the linkage consistingof the first three joints and related links is calledthe arm; the linkage of the remaining joints andrelated links is called the wrist.
(b) Two links are connected by a lower pair joint.Only revolute and linear joints are used in robotmanipulators.
(c) The axes of joints are either perpendicular or
According to the authors' knowledge, thisassumption is suitable for most commercially usedindustrial robot manipulators. We can consider thestructure of arm and wrist separately.
2.1. The structure o f the arm o f robot manipulator
(a) Graphical representation. To draw a robot inside view or in perspective is complicated and doesnot give a clear picture of how the various segmentsmove in relation to each other. To draw a robot in aplane sketched diagram is too simple and does notgive a clear construction picture. We compromisethis problem in a simple three-dimensional diagramto express the construction and movements of arobot manipulator. A typical form of representationfor different articulations is shown in Table 1.
(b) Combination of joints. We use R to representa revolute joint and L to represent a linear joint.Different combinations of joints can be obtained asfollows:
According to the different combinations with theparallel or perpendicular axes, each previous combin-ation has four kinds of sub-combination. Thus, 32combinations can be arrived at:
If the second joint is a linear joint and both the otherjoints are perpendicular to it, two choices in relationto the first and the third joints are considered paral-lel or perpendicular.
In all, there are 36 possible combinations of a simplethree-joint arm.
Nine of 36 possible combinations degenerate intoone or two degrees of freedom.
Seven of the remainder are planar mechanisms.Thus, there are 20 possible spatial simple arms.
Let us consider R1 [1 L2 I L3 in whichthe first joint permits rotation about the vertical axis,the second joint is a vertical linear joint (i.e. parallelto the first), and the third joint is a horizontal linearjoint (i.e. perpendicular to the second). This armdefines a typical cylindrical robot. Changing thesequential order of the joints so that either (a) thevertical linear joint precedes the rotary joint, or (b)the vertical linear joint follows the horizontal one,will result in no change in the motion of the arm. Inthis case there are two linkages which are both"equivalent" to the standard cylindrical linkage. Inall such cases where two or more equivalent linkagesexist, the representative of the group will be the onein which the linear joint that is parallel to a rotaryjoint is in the middle (joint No. 2). Counting onlyone linkage to represent the group of equivalentswill eliminate eight of the 20 combinations. Theremaining 12 categories of links are useful and dif-ferent shown in Fig. 1. We get the same results as inRef. 4.
(c) Five basic types o f manipulator arm. Althoughthere are 12 useful and different arm-configurationswhich can be used in the design of a robot man-ipulator arm, in practice only some of them arepractical and commonly used. We find that mostcommercially available industrial robots can bebroken down into only five groups according to the.
characteristics of their arm motion and geometricalappearance.The five groups can be defined as follows and areshown in Fig. 6.
1. Cartesian ( L I L I L)
2. Cylindrical (R II L 1 L)
3. Spherical (R I R I L)
4. Revolute (R I RII R)
5. Double cylindrical ( LII R II R).
2.2. The structure o f a manipulator wrist
(a) Joint type. We have used the first three joints,i.e. the arm of the robot manipulator, to completethe major task of positioning. Then we use the lastthree joints to provide the three degrees of freedomof orientation and refer to the related linkages as thewrist.
The wrist of a complete manipulator must containthree revolute joints, since the orientation of a rigidbody has three degrees of freedom, for example firstrotation about the X axis, then rotation about the yaxis, and finally rotation about the z axis.
(b) Combination or joints and links. Because theorientation of a wrist which only has three rotationaljoints is simplest, its combination is much simpFrom the combination R R R , we know that onlyone of the four configurations can be used for com-pleting the orientation of robot wrist. R II R II R is aplanar mechanism. R 1 R II R and R II R 1 R cannotexpress three degrees of freedom in the orientationof the robot wrist. So only the R 1 R 1 R construc-tion can be used to complete the orientation task.
If we have a different sequence of x, y, z axes, ofcourse we can get many kinds of wrist configuration.But many of them are "equivalent". We only con-sider the relationship between the first and the thirdjoint: parallel and perpendicular. Two differentcombinations can be arrived at, i.e. the Euler angleand r o l l - p i t c h - y a w angle expressions that are shownin Fig. 2. The sequence of x, y, z axes does, however,have an influence on the complexity of the inversekinematic solution.
2.3. Typical robot manipulator structure
We can use five categories of arm configurationand two kinds of wrist configuration to combine 10different kinds of robot manipulators with the sixdegrees of freedom which exist in industrial practice.Of course, we can also consider the other seven outof 12 arm categories with one out of two wristcategories to build a new robot manipulator. Butmost of them have not appeared in industrial prac-tice yet.
3. SOLUTION FOR INVERSE KINEMATICS OF ROBOT MANIPULATOR
3.1. General principlesTo find the inverse kinematic equations of a robotmanipulator at first appears to be a difficult task. Butwhen the manipulator is separated into two parts, itbecomes relatively simple.The relationship between the position and orien-tation of manipulator links connected together byrotational joints shown in Fig. 3, can be described by
Where
0i is the ith joint variable;
di is the ith joint offset;
ai is the ith link length; and
ai is the ith link twist angle.
The position and orientation of the end effector ofthe robot manipulator °T is the matrices product. 3,
T = A I A 2 A 3 A 4 A s A 6 . (2)
By the associative law the product of matrices can beregrouped into two subsets which represent the armand wrist respectively
Where
And
The superscripts designate the reference frame; arepresents the tip of the arm; and w represents thetip of wrist, i.e. the center of the end effector of themanipulator.°T given for the end effector can be written as a4 x 4 homogeneous matrix composed of a orienta-tion submatrix R and a position vector p5.6
We can obtain the vector OaPdirectly using a vectoranalysis method. The detail will be mentioned in thenext section.
from Eq. (4),
We can get 01, 02, 03, the first three joint variablesfrom the solution of the following equation:
The orientation of the end effector of the robotmanipulator can be considered as the product of theorientation of the arm and the orientation of the wrist:
From Eqs (12) and (5), we can obtain
where
We can get the last three joint variables 04, 05, 06 by solving Eq. (13).
3.2. Different methodsThere are two kinds of solutions for the robot
manipulator: closed form solutions and numericalsolutions. Because of their iterative nature, numeri-cal solutions are generally much slower than thecorresponding closed form solutions, so much so that for most uses, we are not interested in the numerical approach to solution of kinematics. But, in general, it is much easier to obtain the numerical algorithm
than to obtain the closed form solution.
In this paper we propose algorithms of both solu-tions.
(a) Closed form solution. In the closed form solu-tion, the key problem is to obtain the position of thetip of the arm P. It is simple to obtain the position ofthe arm tip for the wrist axis intersecting at onepoint. But it is complex for the wrists where there isan axis offset, because the movement of the wristwill greatly affect the position of end effector of themanipulator
In the following, we use the RRR + Euler angleand RRR + R - P - Y angle as examples to describehow to get the position of the tip of arm separately. RRR + Euler angleFigure 4 shows a sketch diagram of a
R R R + Euler angle
robot manipulator (PUMA 600) and the co-ordinate system which is represented by the D - Hexpression. The figure shows the relationship be-tween the arm and wrist vectors. ~r, is the positionvector from the base coordinate frame to the centerof the end effector of the robot manipulator. Arepresents the approach direction of the end effec-tor, °aPis the arm vector measured from the origin tothe connecting point of the arm and wrist, gP is thewrist vector having the same direction as the Avector and length measured from the connectionpoint of the arm and wrist to the center of the endeffector.
With reference to frame 0, the product ~R gP issimply gP, i.e. the position of the center of the endeffector of robot manipulator measured from the tipof the arm, all with respect to frame 0. We canobtain
This states that the total translation of the endeffector is the sum of the translation from the base to
the tip of the arm plus the transformation from thetip of the arm to the center of the end effector.
From Eq. (17), we can easily obtain the positionof the arm tip ~P as follows:
Then we can use Eqs (10) and (11) to obtain the firstthree joint variables 0:, 02, 03 and Eq. (13) to obtainthe last three joint variables 04, 05,06. The detailedsolution is shown in Part II. t0
Figure 5 shows a sketch diagram of a RRR +R - P - Y angle robot manipulator (Cincinatti Mila-
cran T 3) and the coordinate system. Euler anglesare different from R - P - Y angles because the vector0p is affected by the movement of joint 4. Here is anexample showing how to treat the wrist axis offset.gPt:is the wrist vector having the same direction asthe A vector and length measured from the point ofjoint 4 to the center of the end effector, i.e. d+. ~P2 isthe other wrist vector having length measured frompoint of joint 4 to point of joint 5, i.e. a4. oP, theposition of arm, can be computed from the se-quential solution of the following set of equations:
Then we can obtain 01, 02, 03 from Eqs (10) and (11)and obtain 0+, 05, 06 from Eq. (13).
? General closed form solution algorithm
Step 1. Finding the approach vector of the endeffector
Step 2.If there is some off-set in the wrist construc-tion, use the vector algebra to determine the
off-set gP, and get the arm vector, i.e. theposition of arm tip, then go to step 4.Otherwise go to Step 3. Compute the arm vector ~P directly usingapproach vector A.
Step 4. Compute the first three joint variables 01,02, 03, using the arm vector gP from Eqs
(10) and (11).
Step 5. Compute the last three joint variables 04, 05,06 from Eq. (13).This approach shows that the number of computa-tions is kept to a minimum by reducing the overallproblem into separate steps which in turn lowers thelikelihood of errors and helps to reduce the tedious-ness of the work.
(b) Numerical solution. The algorithm for thenumerical solution:
Step 1. Assume the last three joint variables 04, 05,06 by the best available approximation,perhaps from a previous computed point.
Step 2. Compute the arm joint variables 81, 02, 03from Eqs (10) and (11).
Step 3. Compute wrist joint variables 04, 05, 06 from
Eq. (13), using the values of the arm jointvariables obtained from step 2.
Step 4. Compute the position and orientation of theend effector of robot manipulator using the
values of all joint variables obtained fromstep 2 and step 3.
Step 5. If the errors between the given values andthe calculated values is less than a pre-
specified value, then the procedure stops.Otherwise go to step 2 to repeat the pro-
cedure.The physical interpretation of the above pro-cedure is alternately to move the arm and wrist, oneto satisfy the positional and other to satisfy theorientational specification of the end effector, eachtime moving only the arm (or the wrist) while hold-ing the wrist (or the arm) fixed.
This method has been implemented in a PUMA600 robot manipulator. It has been found that four is a sufficient number of iterations to reach therequired accuracy (A < 0.01 mm) and the number has been fixed in the inverse kinematic solution.This algorithm has the advantage of treating the different kinds of robots with the same algorithm.But this method needs so much more computing time than the closed form solution, that it is notsuitable for real-time control of robot manipulators.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The variety of possible robot configurations isvery large. A step towards generalization has been made by emphasizing that robot manipulators ofpractical importance are separable into primary sub-systems, the arm and the wrist. Mathematical treat-ment of various robots may be modularized and thusgreatly simplified by giving a separate description ofvarious arms and various wrists in common use.It has been discovered that only 12 useful and different categories of arm construction and twokinds of wrist construction exist. Using thehomogeneous transformation matrix method, theinverse kinematic solution is easily derived.The two algorithms which consist of the closedform and numerical solution of the inverse kine-matics have been given in this paper.
REFERENCES
1. Denavit, J., Hartenberg, R.S.: A kinematic notationfor law pair mechanisms based on matrices. J. Appl.Mech. Trans. ASME 77: 215-221, 1955.
2. Lien, T.K.: Banestyring for universelle handterings-automater. Trondheim, August 1980.
3. Lien, T.K.: Coordinate transformations in CNC sys-tem for automatic handling machines, llth CIRPSeminar on Manufacturing Systems, Nancy, France,June 1979.
4. Milenkovic,V., Huang, B.: Kinematicsof major robotlinkage. 13th International Symposium on IndustrialRobots and Robotics 7, Vol. 2, pp. 31-46, 1983.
5. Paul, R.P.: Robot Manipulators: Mathematics, Pro-gramming, and Control. MIT Press, Cambridge,1982.
6. Lee,. C.G.S.: Fundamentals of Robotics. Addison-Wesley, New York, 1983.
7. Warnecke, H.J., Schraft, R.D.: Industrial Robots. IFS,Bedford, 1982.
8. Pieper, D.L.: The kinematics of manipulators undercomputer control. AIM 72, Stanford, CA. StanfordUniversity Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
9. Coiffet, P., Chirouze, M.: An Introduction to RobotTechnology. Kogan Page, London, 1983.
10. Wang, K., Lien T.K.: Closed form solution for theinverse kinematics of a PUMA robot man-ipulator--II. Demonstration. Robotics Comput.-Integr. Mfg. 5: 159-163, 1989.
中文原文
一個(gè)機(jī)器人結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)
機(jī)械臂毫升.理論
KESHENG WANG and TERJE K . LIEN
生產(chǎn)工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室,NTH-SINTEF,N-7034,挪威特隆赫姆
六自由度機(jī)器人可以分為兩個(gè)部分:與前三個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)為主要定位,最后三個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)為主要面向腕臂。如果我們考慮連續(xù)的鏈接是平行或垂直的,只有12的臂和兩個(gè)手腕結(jié)構(gòu)可能是有用的而且不同于對(duì)機(jī)器人機(jī)械手的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)。這種簡(jiǎn)化可以導(dǎo)致對(duì)手臂和手腕的不同組合配置相應(yīng)的逆運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)算法。對(duì)于一個(gè)機(jī)器人逆運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)是非常有效和簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算方法。
簡(jiǎn)介
一個(gè)機(jī)器人由若干環(huán)節(jié)通過接頭連接在一起。在機(jī)器人的機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)鏈的選擇是器人一個(gè)最重要的決定在機(jī)械和控制器的設(shè)計(jì)過程。
為了定位和定向的機(jī)器人末端執(zhí)行器的任意,六自由度的要求:方向三度的位置和三自由度的自由。每個(gè)機(jī)械手關(guān)節(jié)可以提供一個(gè)自由度的機(jī)械手,因此必須要提供在六個(gè)自由度的位置和方向正交的至少有六的接頭。
機(jī)械手的結(jié)構(gòu)取決于節(jié)點(diǎn)的不同組合。對(duì)工業(yè)機(jī)器人的結(jié)構(gòu)的可能變化的數(shù)量可以確定如下。
V=6DF;那么V=數(shù)量的變化;DF=自由度
這些因素表明,不同鏈可建數(shù)量非常大,例如六軸46656鏈?zhǔn)强赡艿?。然而,這是大量不適合運(yùn)動(dòng)的原因。
我們可以將一個(gè)機(jī)器人六自由度分為兩部分:臂由前三個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)和相關(guān)鏈接;與手腕由過去的三節(jié)點(diǎn)和相關(guān)鏈接。然后運(yùn)動(dòng)鏈的變化將極大地減少。即留置了手臂和手腕的結(jié)構(gòu)。20種不同的手臂和8種手腕設(shè)計(jì)。
在文本中,我們有20種不同的手臂,有12中手臂是不同的,很有用的。我們得出這樣的結(jié)論:五種手臂和兩種手腕是商業(yè)工業(yè)機(jī)器人的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。這種簡(jiǎn)化可能導(dǎo)致對(duì)手臂和手腕的不同組合的相應(yīng)配置逆運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)算法。
機(jī)器人的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)械手
在本文中,最佳的工作空間和簡(jiǎn)單,
我們假設(shè):
(一)具有六個(gè)自由度的機(jī)器人可以分為兩部分:連接組成的前三個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)和相關(guān)的鏈接被稱為ARM;剩余的關(guān)節(jié)聯(lián)動(dòng)相關(guān)鏈接是所謂的手腕。
(二)兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)由一個(gè)聯(lián)合低副連接。旋轉(zhuǎn)和直線連接中使用的機(jī)器人機(jī)械手。
(三)接頭的軸線是垂直或相互平行。
據(jù)作者所知,這種假設(shè)是適用于大多數(shù)的商業(yè)工業(yè)機(jī)器人。我們可以考慮結(jié)構(gòu)的手臂和手腕的分別。
對(duì)機(jī)器人的手臂結(jié)構(gòu)
(1) 圖形表示。畫一個(gè)機(jī)器人在側(cè)視圖或透視是復(fù)雜的和不放棄的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)中的相互關(guān)系,如何清晰的照片。在一個(gè)平面上畫一個(gè)機(jī)器人繪圖過于簡(jiǎn)單,并沒有給出一個(gè)明確的施工圖。我們妥協(xié)的這個(gè)問題的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的三維圖表示的機(jī)器人機(jī)械手的結(jié)構(gòu)和動(dòng)作。對(duì)不同關(guān)節(jié)表示的一種典型形式顯示在表:
表1 一個(gè)機(jī)器人的圖形表示
類型 運(yùn)動(dòng) 自由度 符號(hào)
1. 固定梁 固定 0
2. 轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng) 旋轉(zhuǎn) 1
3 線性 翻譯 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
RRR RRL RLR RLL LRR LRL LLR LLL
(二)相結(jié)合的關(guān)節(jié)。我們使用R來表示一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)關(guān)節(jié)和L代表一個(gè)線性聯(lián)合。接頭不同的組合可以得到如下:
根據(jù)與平行或垂直的軸的不同組合,每一組合有四種亞相結(jié)合。因此,32的組合可以到達(dá):
(1) RRR R⊥R⊥R (2)RRL R⊥R⊥L
R⊥R‖R R⊥R‖L
R‖R⊥R R‖R⊥L
R‖R‖R R‖R‖L
(3) RLR R⊥L⊥R (4)RLL R⊥L⊥L
R⊥L‖R R⊥L‖L
R‖L⊥R R‖L⊥L
R‖L‖R R‖L‖L
(4) LRR L⊥R⊥R (5)LRL
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