小型碼垛機(jī)器人的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)-機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì)【三維SW】
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畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）
外文翻譯
題 目： 機(jī)器人
系部名稱： 機(jī)械工程系 專業(yè)班級：
學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號：
指導(dǎo)教師： 教師職稱：
2014年 3 月 28 日
譯文資料：
機(jī)器人
首先我介紹一下機(jī)器人產(chǎn)生的背景，機(jī)器人技術(shù)的發(fā)展，它應(yīng)該說是一個(gè)科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展共同的一個(gè)綜合性的結(jié)果，同時(shí)，為社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)重大影響的一門科學(xué)技術(shù)，它的發(fā)展歸功于在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中各國加強(qiáng)了經(jīng)濟(jì)的投入，就加強(qiáng)了本國的經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。另一方面它也是生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的需求的必然結(jié)果，也是人類自身發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果，那么隨著人類的發(fā)展，人們在不斷探討自然過程中，在認(rèn)識和改造自然過程中，需要能夠解放人的一種奴隸。那么這種奴隸就是代替人們?nèi)ツ軌驈氖聫?fù)雜和繁重的體力勞動，實(shí)現(xiàn)人們對不可達(dá)世界的認(rèn)識和改造，這也是人們在科技發(fā)展過程中的一個(gè)客觀需要。
機(jī)器人有三個(gè)發(fā)展階段，那么也就是說，我們習(xí)慣于把機(jī)器人分成三類，一種是第一代機(jī)器人，那么也叫示教再現(xiàn)型機(jī)器人，它是通過一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)，來控制一個(gè)多自由度的一個(gè)機(jī)械，通過示教存儲程序和信息，工作時(shí)把信息讀取出來，然后發(fā)出指令，這樣的話機(jī)器人可以重復(fù)的根據(jù)人當(dāng)時(shí)示教的結(jié)果，再現(xiàn)出這種動作，比方說汽車的點(diǎn)焊機(jī)器人，它只要把這個(gè)點(diǎn)焊的過程示教完以后，它總是重復(fù)這樣一種工作，它對于外界的環(huán)境沒有感知，這個(gè)力操作力的大小，這個(gè)工件存在不存在，焊的好與壞，它并不知道，那么實(shí)際上這種從第一代機(jī)器人，也就存在它這種缺陷，因此，在20世紀(jì)70年代后期，人們開始研究第二代機(jī)器人，叫帶感覺的機(jī)器人，這種帶感覺的機(jī)器人是類似人在某種功能的感覺，比如說力覺、觸覺、滑覺、視覺、聽覺和人進(jìn)行相類比，有了各種各樣的感覺，比方說在機(jī)器人抓一個(gè)物體的時(shí)候，它實(shí)際上力的大小能感覺出來，它能夠通過視覺，能夠去感受和識別它的形狀、大小、顏色。抓一個(gè)雞蛋，它能通過一個(gè)觸覺，知道它的力的大小和滑動的情況。第三代機(jī)器人，也是我們機(jī)器人學(xué)中一個(gè)理想的所追求的最高級的階段，叫智能機(jī)器人，那么只要告訴它做什么，不用告訴它怎么去做，它就能完成運(yùn)動，感知思維和人機(jī)通訊的這種功能和機(jī)能，那么這個(gè)目前的發(fā)展還是相對的只是在局部有這種智能的概念和含義，但真正完整意義的這種智能機(jī)器人實(shí)際上并沒有存在，而只是隨著我們不斷的科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，智能的概念越來越豐富，它內(nèi)涵越來越寬。
下邊我簡單介紹一下工業(yè)機(jī)器人的一些情況。到目前為止，工業(yè)機(jī)器人是最成熟，應(yīng)用最廣泛的一類機(jī)器人，世界總量目前已經(jīng)銷售110萬臺，這是1999年的統(tǒng)計(jì)，但這110萬臺在已經(jīng)進(jìn)行裝備使用的是75萬臺，這個(gè)量也是不小的?？傮w情況看，日本在工業(yè)機(jī)器人這一塊，是首位的，成為機(jī)器人的王國，美國發(fā)展也很迅速，目前在新安裝的臺數(shù)方面，已經(jīng)超過了日本，中國剛開始進(jìn)入產(chǎn)業(yè)化的階段，已經(jīng)研制出多種工業(yè)機(jī)器人樣機(jī)，已有小批量在生產(chǎn)中使用。
點(diǎn)焊機(jī)器人主要是針對汽車生產(chǎn)線，提高生產(chǎn)效率，提高汽車焊接的質(zhì)量，降低工人的勞動強(qiáng)度的一種機(jī)器人。它的特點(diǎn)是通過機(jī)器人對兩個(gè)鋼板進(jìn)行點(diǎn)焊的時(shí)候，需要承載一個(gè)很大的焊鉗，一般在幾十公斤以上，那么它的速度要求在每秒鐘一米五到兩米這樣的高速運(yùn)動，所以它一般來說有五到六個(gè)自由度，負(fù)載三十到一百二十公斤，工作的空間很大，大概有兩米，這樣一個(gè)球形的工作空間，運(yùn)動速度也很高，那么自由度的概念，就是說，是相對獨(dú)立運(yùn)動的部件的個(gè)數(shù)，就相當(dāng)于我們?nèi)梭w，腰是一個(gè)回轉(zhuǎn)的自由度，我們大臂可以抬起來，小臂可以彎曲，那么這就三個(gè)自由度，同時(shí)腕部還有一個(gè)調(diào)整姿態(tài)來使用的三個(gè)自由度，所以一般的機(jī)器人有六個(gè)自由度，就能把空間的三個(gè)位置，三個(gè)姿態(tài)，機(jī)器人完全實(shí)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)然也有小于六個(gè)自由度的，也有多于六個(gè)自由度的機(jī)器人，只是在不同的需要場合來配置。
第二類是服務(wù)機(jī)器人，隨著工業(yè)化的發(fā)展，尤其近十年以來，機(jī)器人的發(fā)展的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域在不斷拓寬，目前一個(gè)很重要的特征，大家都知道，機(jī)器人已經(jīng)從制造業(yè)逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向了非制造業(yè)和服務(wù)行業(yè)，剛才談的汽車制造屬于是制造業(yè)，但服務(wù)行業(yè)包括清潔、加油、救護(hù)、搶險(xiǎn)、救災(zāi)這些等等，都屬于非制造行業(yè)和服務(wù)行業(yè)，那么這里邊跟工業(yè)機(jī)器人相比，它有一個(gè)很重要的不同，它主要是一個(gè)移動平臺，它能夠移動、去運(yùn)動，上面有一些手臂進(jìn)行操作，同時(shí)還裝有一些像力覺傳感器和視覺傳感器、超聲測距傳感器等等。它對周邊的環(huán)境進(jìn)行識別，來判斷它的運(yùn)動，完成某種工作，這是服務(wù)機(jī)器人的基本的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。
例如，家務(wù)機(jī)器人主要體現(xiàn)在像一些對地毯和地板定期的它能夠進(jìn)行清掃和吸塵，它這個(gè)機(jī)器人很有意思，它有傳感器，它能夠把家具和人能識別出來，它自動的按照一種規(guī)律，能根據(jù)路徑把地面全部的清掃干凈，這也是家務(wù)中一些機(jī)器人的表現(xiàn)。
那么醫(yī)療機(jī)器人，是近五年來發(fā)展比較迅速的一個(gè)新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。如果人手術(shù)的時(shí)候，醫(yī)生來手術(shù)，一個(gè)是疲勞，另一個(gè)人手操作的精度還是有限的。在德國一些大學(xué)里面，面向人的脊椎，如腰間盤突出這種病，進(jìn)行識別以后，能夠自動地用機(jī)器人來輔助進(jìn)行定位，進(jìn)行操作和手術(shù)。像美國已經(jīng)有一千多例機(jī)器人對人眼球進(jìn)行手術(shù)，這樣的機(jī)器人，還包括通過遙控操作的辦法，實(shí)現(xiàn)對人的胃腸這種手術(shù)，大家在電視里邊看到，一個(gè)機(jī)械手，大概有手指這樣粗細(xì)的一個(gè)機(jī)械手，通過插入腹臟以后，人在屏幕上操作這個(gè)機(jī)器手，同時(shí)對它用激光的方法對病灶進(jìn)行激光的治療，這樣的話，人就不用很大幅度地破壞人的身體，這實(shí)際對人的一種解放，是非常好一種機(jī)器人，醫(yī)療機(jī)器人它也很復(fù)雜，一方面它完全自動去完成各種工作，是有困難的，一般來說都是人來參與，這是美國開發(fā)的一個(gè)林白手術(shù)這樣一個(gè)例子，人通過在屏幕上，通過一個(gè)遙控操作手來控制另一個(gè)機(jī)械手，實(shí)現(xiàn)通過對人的腹腔進(jìn)行手術(shù)，前幾年我們國家展覽會上，美國已經(jīng)成功的實(shí)現(xiàn)了對人的心臟瓣膜的手術(shù)和搭橋手術(shù)，這已經(jīng)在機(jī)器人領(lǐng)域中，引起了很大的轟動，還包括，AESOP的這種外科手術(shù)機(jī)器人，它實(shí)際上通過一些儀器能夠?qū)θ说囊恍┎∽冞M(jìn)行檢查，通過一個(gè)機(jī)械手就能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)對人的某些部位進(jìn)行手術(shù)，還包括遙操作機(jī)械手，以及多個(gè)醫(yī)生可以在機(jī)器人共同參與下進(jìn)行手術(shù)，包括機(jī)器人給大夫醫(yī)生拿鉗子、鑷子或刀子來代替護(hù)士的工作，同時(shí)把照明能夠自動的給醫(yī)生的動作聯(lián)系起來，醫(yī)生的手到哪兒，照明就去哪兒，這樣非常好的，一個(gè)醫(yī)生的助手。
機(jī)器人是人類的得力助手，能友好相處的可靠朋友，將來我們會看到人和機(jī)器人會存在一個(gè)空間里邊，成為一個(gè)互相的助手和朋友。機(jī)器人會不會產(chǎn)生飯碗的問題。我們相信不會出現(xiàn)“機(jī)器人上崗，工人下崗”的局面，因?yàn)槿藗冸S著社會的發(fā)展，實(shí)際上把人們從繁重的體力和危險(xiǎn)的環(huán)境中解放出來，使人們有更好的崗位去工作，去創(chuàng)造更好的精神財(cái)富和文化財(cái)富。
Robots
First, I explain the background robots, robot technology development. It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development. But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need.
Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, for instance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that with all kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size of feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, color Grasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide. Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advanced stage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do, it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of this man-machine communication function and function Well, this current development or relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance of the integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we continued the development of science and technology, the concept of intelligent increasingly rich, it grows ever wider connotations.
Now, I would like to briefly outline some of the industrial robot situation. So far, the industrial robot is the most mature and widely used category of a robot, now the world's total sales of 1.1 million Taiwan, which is the 1999 statistics, however, 1.1 million in Taiwan have been using the equipment is 75 million, this volume is not small. Overall, the Japanese industrial robots in this one, is the first of the robots to become the Kingdom, the United States have developed rapidly. Newly installed in several areas of Taiwan, which already exceeds Japan, China has only just begun to enter the stage of industrialization, has developed a variety of industrial robot prototype and small batch has been used in production.
Spot welding robot is the auto production line, improve production efficiency and raise the quality of welding car, reduce the labor intensity of a robot. It is characterized by two pairs of robots for spot welding of steel plate, bearing a great need for the welding tongs, general in dozens of kilograms or more, then its speed in meters per second a 5-2 meter of such high-speed movement. So it is generally five to six degrees of freedom, load 30 to 120 kilograms, the great space, probably expected that the work of a spherical space, a high velocity, the concept of freedom, that is to say, Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom. Have more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to configure.
The second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristics.
For example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and vacuuming. The robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned up. This is also the home of some robot performance.
The medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application areas. If people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is limited. Some universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robot-aided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remote-controlled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television inside. a manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, people would not have a very big damage to the human body.
In reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very complex, while it is fully automated to complete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to participate. This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.
Robot is mankind's right-hand man; friendly coexistence can be a reliable friend. In future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and friend. Robots will create the jobs issue. We believe that there would not be a "robot appointment of workers being laid off" situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural wealth.
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