TH250-斗式提升機設計（含13張CAD圖紙、說明書）
TH250-斗式提升機設計（含13張CAD圖紙、說明書）,th250,提升,晉升,設計,13,cad,圖紙,說明書,仿單
畢業(yè)設計（論文）英語翻譯
學生姓名：
學 院: _ 機電工程學院
專業(yè)年級：
設計題目： 斗式提升機設計
起迄時間：
指導教師：
教研室負責人：
201 年 月 日
Analyses of architectural engineering welding work safety management
According to the construction of the accident happened during construction, place and craft main links, we will often elements such as safety inspection work was divided into safety management, civilized construction of foundation excavation, scaffolding, and template engineering, the triple gem four mouth protection and construction of electricity, material hoist and topical elevator, crane, hoisting and construction machinery, etc, and ten projects to check in this 10 supervision and inspection work, we can see that the construction of electricity safety inspection work is the only thing runs throughout the whole construction phases, either in construction preparatory stage or basic subject stage, even adornment and completion of its inseparable, round off the phases of construction of electricity the importance of safety inspection work which is visible.
In the construction of electricity work, electric welding operations wide application. For welding work workers and harmful gas, metal steam and dust, radiation, high frequency electromagnetic field, to overcome such contact, noise and rays to own and other health and safety, if great harm in equipment or operation on existing problems, could cause burns, fire, explosion, electric shock, poisoning accidents. Not only harm welding work personnel and other construction personnel's life safety and body health, but also can make production unit and state property suffered heavy losses. Overview of the construction site safety accident in recent years, the more electric shock accidents happened in welding work process, how to strengthen the safety protection movement type electric, perfecting the homework personnel safety management should must also is the one of the key work of safety supervision. So carefully analyzes welding work brings hidden trouble is imminent, let's its electric arc welding characteristics, safe hidden trouble, accident causes, safety operation management these four aspects to unfold.
One, the characteristics of electric arc welding
1. Arc characteristic
Welding is using electricity converted to heat energy to metal heat welding method, electric arc welding is a melting welding arc, it use hot, place the electrode welding clearance movement along the front-end and workpiece formed local melting, weld connection. Arc is between the poles and workpiece in electrode in gas medium for discharge phenomenon, but also one of conductive form gas. Gas conductive phenomenon is in the outside world, under the action of high voltage electric field that gas "formed ionization". Arc discharge, current can amount to hundreds of amps or more, but the voltage is not high only dozens of volts. Produced a great deal of heat, temperature arc can be as high as 80 ℃, meanwhile, emits an intense ultraviolet, visible and infrared etc radiation.
2. The characteristics of welding machine
Electric arc power, is must meet the requirements and arc starting steady arc burning and it is convenient to adjust current size etc. Characteristics. The power output voltage and current relationship called "outside characteristics". The characteristic curve of electric sharply down type, i.e. current is equal to 60 ~ 80V no-load voltage ignition, as long as there are current arc, the voltage drop quickly, just change the distribution of electric welder place characteristic curve, can adjust welding current purpose, to meet the different thickness and different welding workpiece material requirements.
Second, no security risk
1. Get an electric shock
Welder contact electricity opportunity more, often charged homework, such as replacement electrodes and contact welding parts and welding torch, weld-ing clipper, contact artifacts (especially in the pipeline, container homework) and welding cable etc, as well as adjusting current and change frequently welding electrodes etc, some live working to stand in the welding operation, some even in humid basement or pit welding process, say in the electric in welder hands, feet and surrounding, if electrical failure or violate operating rules might have caused the electric shock accidents. And around the homework personnel how the external situation around, let us see the hidden danger lies:
1) in order to achieve the input cable diameter requirements, construction site into line electric by four core cable often combined into two root (phase line), lack of protection neutral (PE line).
2) welding use undeserved, sparks splash with feet if exposure will hand piece etc inflammables fire.
3) will cause short-circuit or overload electrical fire.
4) wire high operating more directly from falling, except the dangerous outside, still possible out of control, electric shock from falling secondary accidents.
2. ChenDu
In arc welding and welding temperature, will happen evaporation and condensation and gasification, resulting in massive dust, ozone, nitrogen hydride etc and harmful smoke and toxic gases, poor ventilation if working environment, the long-term work make easily person poisoning.
3. Radiation
The ultraviolet and infrared ray electric arc such radiation, if attention protection can cause eye and skin damage.
4. Fire
Electric arc welding process, the high temperature and for welding arc welders and lines happen roadblocks, line old, overworked, cable connector caused by edm and high temperature and overheating slag splashing a danger such as fire, when near a flammable and explosive substances, will cause a fire and explosion accidents.
Third, the cause
1. Get an electric shock accidents
Current damage to human body is mainly electric shocks and electrical injury. Shock refers to the current through the body's internal, damage the heart, lungs and neurological damage; Electrical injury refers to current chemistry or overheats, mechanical effect damage to human body, mainly directly or indirectly arc burns: usually said for electric shock accidents refers to shock, the overwhelming majority of shock and death accident is caused by electric shock. The welding process of electric shock accidents happened in reason has many and varied, general electric shock and basically has direct indirect shock two:
1) direct reasons: electric shock accidents
(1) change electrodes and operation, hand or a bit contact electrodes and body parts, in the soldering turret etc charged while feet or other parts of the body to the ground and metal components and no insulation between protective measures, especially in steel surface or metal components on homework, the body of profuse sweating in shallowness, wet or welding damp places when electric shock accidents, easy to happen;
(2) in wiring or adjust welding equipment, hand or a bit encounter wiring pile body, plate etc charged body and shock.
2) indirect electric shock accidents reasons
(1) the welding equipment shell leakage, human body contact equipment shell and shock
(2) the welding transformer with a winding between secondary winding insulation damage, transformer reverse connect or wrong pick high-voltage power, hand or a bit body naked conductor touch secondary circuits;
7 assignments of damaged cable, touch insulation of damaged switch electric power distribution box;
(4) because of using metal structure or other metal objects lap as welding circuit and electric shock accidents happened;
2. Fire accident
Welding work site does not make strict isolation inflammable goods, protective measures does not reach the designated position, monitoring and whole does not reach the designated position.
1) in the welding process parts around or below for hand piece, cooling tower: feet though, but can't prevent isolated welding sparks flowed. Especially high temperature summer season, the welding process prior to the feet wet hand piece under the condition of water protects the homework; Can shift (move) flammable items, does not make the move.
2) no earnestly implementing use flame examination system, the construction site high welding process or directly endanger the homework fire site is not implement safety guardian. Safety operation and management in order to protect ourselves and others operating worker safety, we must do the following:
1) to electric installation requirements
(1) to the site or electric before use by the competent department, should be accepted, outdoor place should be stable and has rainproof measures have special welding machine, each machine the switch box and just one brake control, wiring and grounding work should be completed by the electrician.
(2) should adopt the automatic switch control, cannot use manual switch (such as glue guy knife switch). Due to the general electric capacity is fairly large, and manual switch arcing ability is poor, connect and disconnect the power supply speed is slow, prone to arc and alternate with, so the fault codes, power line more than 5.5 kW, should use automatic switch control.
(3) shall be ac welders except in switch cabinet furnish a leakage electricity protector beyond, still should be installed in the secondary side electric shock protector.
(4) communication arc welding machine a side the power cord, and shall not anywhere insulation good must be dilatory, shall not be more than was the length, into line is in must set shield. Because a line relative secondary line speaking, voltage, high risk, so its length shall be controlled as far as possible, don't sweep the floor, and short add protective casing, prevent reinforced metal hang, smashing, pressure and other accidents. If must be extended when, should erect height in 2.5 m above, and fixed firm. Also requires lines connected with electric firm, the top tweeters, to prevent accidental injury should be shields and shock.
(5) secondary circuit appropriate USES YHS welding type rubber slope sheath TongXin many strands, the length of cable flexible cable should be no more than as well.
6 welding work shall first check before the soldering machine and tools are in good condition and safe, such as soldering tweezers and welding cable insulation if there is any breakage place, welder shell should do protect grounding or meet zero and each termipoint of soldering are good, forbidden before security inspection began to operate.
7 in order to prevent hypertension (measure) into a low-pressure (second side) causing harm, exchange welder secondary side grounding or pick up shall be nil.
2 ) construction welder security operation
In order to eliminate the electric insecure element and avoid electric shock accidents, welder should press the following points requirements operating welders.
(1) homework personnel
Welding work belongs to the special assignments, homework personnel must be approved by the professional safety technical training, examination, hold "certificate of special operations shall be independent operation work. Must the prescribed protective work overalls, protective gloves and insulating shoes, still should keep homework site dry and clean.
(2) the electric tweezers
Use qualified electric tweezers. Can firmly clamping electrode and cable reliable connect, this is keep the key tweezers not abnormal fever. The soldering turret to have good insulation and forbids the use of homemade simple weld-ing clipper.
(3) welding cable
Welder input side using the three core cable cables shall be mm2), line diameter (in compliance with regulations. According to the electric welding current rating, match the input and output terminal cable and automatic air switch tripping device current:
Table 1
A. welding cable in use multiple strands of fine copper wire electric cable, and without connectors by wiring nasal connection tweeters, prevent compaction twine at will cause looseness of contact undesirable, overheating, sparks phenomenon. Binding posts should set shield.
B. welding cable length generally not more than 20 ~, a long will increase as conductor pressure drop.
C. welding cable channel, must take across add sheath pipe etc, wear protective measures.
D. verboten scaffold, metallic baluster, track and other metals lap instead of wires, prevent by bad contacts using electric shock accidents caused by fire and cause.
(4) welding don't allow overloaded
Electric use process does not allow overload, otherwise will in overheating and burned welders or cause a fire. Damage caused by overload, and insulation can also cause leakage and electrical shock hazards.
(5) before welding equipment on the equipment, should first pick neutral grounding or pulled down after welding. Again
6 summer or high temperature operation, the body perspires and make clothes wet, forbidden on charged steel components or workpiece, avoid shock.
7 for welding work, should check before working environment, clear risk factors and setting fuarding personnel; As with other personnel and related facilities after close, should use screen protection and security interval etc assure the operation safety;
When high welding operations, must hang your safety belt.
7 you must wear replace welding rods insulation glove, don't be barehanded; In charged cases you shouldn't put the soldering tweezers under your armpit to move welding workpieces or put welding cable hanging in head and neck.
9 in the basement or floor reinforced operations and other workplace narrow, damp environment, electric shock risk when soldering biggest, must take special protective measures. If use foot cushion by rubber sheets or other insulating liner, wear leather glove, wear insulating shoes, etc, in order to ensure the welder between body and welding insulation. Prohibit the use simple no insulation case electric tweezers; In the foundation pit welding based steel structure column oxided pole, oblique bar etc level, must have fuarding personnel present, can work.
⑩ change welder welding joints, replace need to change after secondary circuits, transfer working place, welding machine maintenance work or when such as work suspension, must cut off power supply rear can operate.
- + welding shall set up in rainproof and well ventilated place. Welding field not pile up flammable and explosive substances. According to the construction need, according to regional or standard welder appropriate setting, and high-level focus should be Numbers.
- the bare electric conductive part + rotational part should be installed with safety cover, dc welders pose after the regulator is removed, the cabinet on the three-story exposed holes should be added.
/ - + electric power switch should separate Settings, dc electric power should adopt starter control.
0 - + decorate in outdoor welders shall set up in a dry place, and should set up tents cover.
1 - + welders shell should be reliable grounding, not many sets of tandem grounded.
Combining with the above project site in the operation of reaction comes out specific feeling
Condition, we will minimize security hidden danger until to zero, need me
All participants are common unremitting efforts, the construction strictly according to provisions Ann
The operation is imminent, after all human life only have once, lost
Could not regenerate.
分析了建筑工程焊接工作的安全管理
根據(jù)施工的意外事件的發(fā)生,在施工過程中,地方和工藝主要環(huán)節(jié),我們常常要元素,例如安全檢查工作分為安全管理、文明施工的基坑、腳手架、模板工程、三寶四口保護與建設的電力,物料提升機和局部電梯、吊車、起重運輸機械、工程機械等,在10個項目監(jiān)督檢查這個10和驗收工作,我們可以看到,電力建設的安全檢查工作是唯一貫串整個施工階段,不管是在施工準備階段或基礎學科的階段,甚至裝飾和完成它的密不可分,圓了電力建設階段的安全檢查工作的重要性是可見的。
在施工過程中,電焊接作業(yè)時電工作獲得了廣泛的應用。進行電焊作業(yè)工人和有害氣體,金屬蒸汽和灰塵、輻射、高頻電磁場,來克服這種接觸、噪音、光線到自身和他人的健康和安全,如果巨大的傷害在設備或操作上存在的問題,就可能引起燒傷、火災、爆炸、電擊,中毒事故。不僅危害焊接工作人員和其他施工人員的生命安全和身體健康,而且能夠使生產(chǎn)單位和國家財產(chǎn)遭受重大損失。概述施工現(xiàn)場的安全事故近年來,更觸電事故發(fā)生在焊接工作的過程中,如何加強安全保護動作型電力、完善作業(yè)人員安全管理應該也必須是一種安全監(jiān)督管理工作的關鍵所在。仔細分析焊接工作所以所帶來的隱患是迫在眉睫的,讓它的電弧焊接特點、安全隱患,事故原因、安全生產(chǎn)管理這四個方面來展開。
一、電弧焊接的特點
1。電弧特性
焊接是采用電轉(zhuǎn)換為熱能金屬熱焊方法,電弧焊接是一種融焊接電弧,它是利用熱,將電極焊接間隙運動形成沿前端和工件熔化、焊縫局部連接。電弧是一種兩極之間在電極與工件在氣體介質(zhì)為放電現(xiàn)象,也是一個導電的形式氣體。氣體導電的現(xiàn)象是在外面的世界的作用下,高壓電場氣”形成電離”。電弧放電法、電流可達數(shù)百安培或更久,而不是高電壓只有幾十個伏特。產(chǎn)生大量熱量,溫度弧可高達80℃,與此同時,發(fā)出強烈的紫外線,可見光和紅外線等輻射。
2。焊接機的特點
電弧電源,必須滿足的需求和弧穩(wěn)定電弧燃燒和方便地調(diào)節(jié)電流大小等。特征。功率輸出電壓和電流的關系稱為“外特性”。電氣特性曲線類型,即急劇下降到現(xiàn)在的電流等于60 ~ 80V空載電壓點火,只要有了當前弧,電壓會迅速下降,只要改變位置的分布特性曲線、電焊機焊接電流的目的,可以調(diào)整,以滿足不同厚度、不同焊件材料要求。
第二,沒有安全隱患
1。觸電
電焊接機的機會較多,經(jīng)常接觸帶電作業(yè),如更換零件和電極和接觸焊焊炬、焊鉗、接觸工件(特別是在管道、容器等)和焊接電纜作業(yè),還有調(diào)節(jié)電流和頻繁改變焊條等,有的生活工作始終站在焊接操作,有些人甚至在潮濕的地下室或坑內(nèi)焊接過程中,電在焊工說手、腳和周邊,如果電氣故障或違反操作規(guī)程,有可能引起觸電事故。作業(yè)人員如何和周圍的外部局面,讓我們看到了隱藏的危險在于:
1)為了實現(xiàn)輸入電纜直徑的要求,施工現(xiàn)場進線電纜通常由四個核心電組合成兩根(相線),缺乏保護中性(PE線)。
2)焊接使用不當,火花濺著腳如果暴露,將手片等易燃的火。
3)將導致短路和過載電氣火災。
4)線的高操作更直接從下跌,除了危險外,還可能失去控制,電擊掉落二次事故。
2。成都
在電弧焊接和焊接溫度,會發(fā)生蒸發(fā)、凝結(jié)和氣化,導致大量塵埃、臭氧、氮氫化物等有害煙塵和有毒氣體,通風不良的工作環(huán)境,如果長期工作易使人中毒。
3。輻射
紫外線和紅外線輻射時,電弧這樣若不注意保護可以引起眼睛和皮膚損傷。
4。火
電弧焊接工藝,氣溫高,對焊接電弧焊機和線條,線條老了,發(fā)生障礙引起的勞累,電纜連接電火花加工和高溫過熱濺渣護爐是一種危險的如火,當附近有易燃易爆物品,將會引起火災和爆炸事故。
第三，原因
1。觸電事故
目前對人體的傷害主要電擊和電損傷。休克指的是當前通過身體的內(nèi)部,造成心、肺和神經(jīng)損傷;電氣傷指的是當前化學或過熱時,力學效應對人體的傷害,主要是直接或間接電弧燒傷:通常說為觸電事故是指休克,絕大多數(shù)的休克及死亡事故是由于電擊。在焊接過程中觸電事故發(fā)生的原因有多種多樣,通用電氣的震驚和主要有兩種:直接間接沖擊
直接原因:1)觸電事故
(1)改變電極和操作、手或有點接觸電極和身體部位,在焊鉗等指控而腳或身體的其他部分到地面和金屬部件和非絕緣材料之間的保護措施,特別是在鋼的表面或者金屬部件在家庭作業(yè)上,身體大量出汗、潮濕或在水潭潮濕的地方,當焊接觸電事故,容易發(fā)生;
(2)在接線或調(diào)整焊接設備、手或有點遇到布線樁身、盤等帶電體和休克。
2)間接觸電事故的原因
(1)焊接設備外殼泄漏,人體接觸設備外殼和休克
(2)之間的焊接變壓器繞組絕緣損壞,二次繞組變壓器反接或錯接高壓、手、有點身體赤裸的導體接觸二次回路;
7作業(yè)受損的電纜的絕緣損壞,觸摸開關電力配電箱;
(4)因用金屬結(jié)構(gòu)或其他金屬物品一圈焊接電路和觸電事故發(fā)生;
2?；馂氖鹿?
焊接工作場所不做嚴格隔離可燃物資、防護措施不到位,監(jiān)測和整體不到位。
一)在焊接過程中部分為手周圍或低于冷卻塔:腳塊,雖然,但不能阻止隔離焊接火花四濺。尤其是夏季高溫季節(jié),焊接過程中事先對腳濕手塊的條件下,水保護作業(yè);轉(zhuǎn)移(移動)易燃品,不作動。
2)不認真執(zhí)行用火焰檢測系統(tǒng),施工現(xiàn)場焊接過程中或者直接危及高作業(yè)火災現(xiàn)場不實施安全的監(jiān)護人。安全操作和管理,以保護自己和他人操作工人的安全,我們必須做到以下幾點:
1)電氣安裝的要求
(1)現(xiàn)場或電動使用前,應經(jīng)主管部門驗收合格,戶外的地方應該是穩(wěn)定的,具有防雨措施都有特殊的焊接機,每臺機器開關盒,只是一個制動控制、接線和接地工作應該完成的電工來。
(2)應該采用自動切換控制,不能使用手動開關(如膠的家伙閘刀開關)。由于通用電氣容量比較大,而手動開關滅弧能力差,連接和斷開連接速度較慢,易于弧和相間,因此故障碼,電力線路超過5.5千瓦,應該使用自動開關控制。
(3)應交流電焊機除了在開關柜泄漏電保護器提供一份以外,還應安裝在二次側(cè)的電擊的保護者。
(4)交流弧焊機一側(cè)電源線,不得在任何地方絕緣良好必須拖拉,不應超過是長度,進線處必須設置的盾牌。因為一個線相對二次線來說,電壓、大風險,所以它的長度應盡量控制,不要掃地,和短加保護套管,防止增強金屬吊、粉碎、壓力和其他事故。假如一定要延長豎立高度時,要在2.5米以上,而固定牢靠。也需要用電動電話線連接牢固,頂部高音喇叭,防止意外傷害應盾牌和休克。
(5)二次回路宜采用焊接式橡膠套YHS侗許多股時,坡柔性電纜電纜的長度不應超過。
6焊接工作前先檢查焊機和工具是否完好和安全,如焊鉗和焊接電纜的絕緣是否有破損的地方,焊機的外殼接地或滿足應該做零和保護的各接線點接觸是否都很好,禁止未進行安全檢查就開始操作。
7為了預防高血壓病(量)到低壓(第二側(cè))造成危害,交流焊機二次側(cè)的接地還是接應當為零。
二)建設焊工安全操作
為了消除不安全因素和避免電觸電事故、焊工應按以下幾點要求操作焊機。
作業(yè)人員(1)
焊接工作屬于特種作業(yè),作業(yè)人員必須得到安全專業(yè)技術(shù)培訓、考試、舉辦“證書的特別行動應獨立營運工作。必須按規(guī)定穿戴防護工作服、防護手套和絕緣鞋,還應保持干燥和清潔作業(yè)地點。
電動鑷子(2)
使用合格的電動鑷子。能牢牢鎖模電極和電纜連接可靠,這是把鑰匙鑷子不正常的發(fā)燒。焊鉗有良好的保溫效果,禁止使用自制簡單焊鉗。
(3)焊接電纜
焊工輸入側(cè)采用三芯電纜的電纜應平方毫米)、線徑(符合規(guī)定。根據(jù)電焊接電流評級,匹配輸入和輸出端電纜和空氣自動開關跳閘裝置電流:
表1
a:焊接電纜在使用多股細銅線電纜布線,無接頭連接的高音喇叭,防止壓實鼻腔隨意纏繞引起的松動接觸不良、過熱、火花的現(xiàn)象。接線栓應該設立的盾牌。
b .焊接電纜長度一般不超過20 ~,悠久的增加,導體的壓降。
焊接有線頻道
c在增加,必須采取套管等,穿戴防護措施。
d . verboten腳手架、金屬欄桿,跟蹤及其他金屬圈而不是電線,防止因接觸不良利用火災造成觸電事故而引起的。
(4)焊接不允許超載
電動使用過程中不允許過載,否則將因過熱而燒毀焊機或引起火災。造成損害的過載、絕緣也會引起泄漏,發(fā)生觸電事故。
(5)焊前設備設備時,應先挑中性接地或拆除焊接后。又
6夏天或高溫運行,身體出汗,使衣服弄濕了,嚴禁帶電鋼構(gòu)件或工件上,以防觸電。
7因為焊接工作,應檢查之前的工作環(huán)境,清晰的危險因素和設置監(jiān)護人員;當與其他員工,及相關設施在結(jié)束,應該使用屏幕保護和安全間隔等保證作業(yè)安全;
當高焊接作業(yè)時,必須掛你的安全帶。
7你必須穿更換焊條絕緣手套,不要赤手操作;在起訴案件焊鉗不得夾在腋下移動焊工件或?qū)⒑附与娎|掛在頭部和頸部。
9在地下室或地板鋼筋手術(shù)和其他工作場所狹小,潮濕環(huán)境下,電擊危險焊接時,必須特別最大的保護措施。如果用腳墊橡膠板或其他保溫內(nèi)襯,穿皮手套,穿戴絕緣鞋等,以確保焊機焊接絕緣和大身之間是否有色差。禁止使用簡單的無絕緣外殼電動鑷子焊;在基坑基礎鋼結(jié)構(gòu)柱桿、斜桿等氧化水平,必須有監(jiān)護人員現(xiàn)在,都能工作。
⑩焊工、焊接接頭改變需要改變后,代替二次回路、轉(zhuǎn)讓工作地點、焊接機的維護工作,或者當如工作懸掛,必須切斷電源后方可操作。
- +焊接應設置在防雨和通風良好的地方。焊接領域不是堆放的易燃易爆物品。根據(jù)施工需要,根據(jù)地域或標準設置和高級焊工合適就應集中編號。
裸露的金屬導電部分- +轉(zhuǎn)動部分應裝設安全蓋,直流電焊機后被移走,內(nèi)閣調(diào)節(jié)閥孔的三層樓高的暴露應補充說。
/ - +電力開關都要分開設置,直流電力應采用的先發(fā)投手控制。
在戶外的0 +裝修焊機應設置在乾旱之地,應該建立起帳篷的封面。
1 - +焊機殼,不應可靠的接地多臺串聯(lián)接地。
結(jié)合以上工程項目的工地的操作中反應出來具體的感覺
條件下,我們將最大限度地減少安全隱患,直到為零,需要我
所有的參與者都是常見的不懈努力,嚴格按照規(guī)定建設安
這樣的手術(shù)是迫在眉睫的,畢竟人類生命只有一次,迷路了
無法再生。
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