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車輛與動力工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書
4座微型客貨兩用車設(shè)計（前懸架、轉(zhuǎn)向系設(shè)計）
摘 要
在這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計中，我主要負責(zé)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)及前懸架系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計。經(jīng)過收集各類型的懸架的資料，實車觀測，老師的指導(dǎo)。在研究了各類型的獨立，非獨立懸架系統(tǒng)之后，總結(jié)了其各自特點，認識到了各自優(yōu)劣，分析對比之后，最終確定本車懸架系統(tǒng)：麥弗遜前獨立懸架。
在前懸的設(shè)計中主要圍繞麥弗遜獨立懸架展開。前期的工作主要是收集相關(guān)資料，信息，在此過程中，其結(jié)構(gòu)是研究的重點。計算主要集中在了彈性元件—普通圓形螺旋彈簧的各個重要參數(shù)。如，彈簧剛度，中徑，彈簧鋼絲直徑等等。隨后對這些數(shù)據(jù)進行了必要的校核。
最后對減振器和橫向穩(wěn)定器的結(jié)構(gòu)以及它們在整個懸架系統(tǒng)中的作用進行了一些探討。
轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)設(shè)計內(nèi)容主要包括轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)形式的選擇、轉(zhuǎn)向器的選擇、轉(zhuǎn)向梯形的選擇及其布置。
我們所設(shè)計的車型是小排量車，鑒于我國路面質(zhì)量的逐步提高和作用于方向盤的作用力(144.865N-177.06N)不是很大，故在設(shè)計中考慮采用機械式轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)。
由于齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器與其他的轉(zhuǎn)向器相比，雖然其逆效率很高，但其具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、緊湊、殼體采用鋁合金或者鎂合金壓鑄而成，轉(zhuǎn)向器質(zhì)量比較小、傳動效率高達90％以上，因此本設(shè)計選用齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器。
由于我們設(shè)計的車前懸比較短，發(fā)動機占有的空間相對來說很大，且由于轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)向梯形最小傳動角和轉(zhuǎn)向器的安裝距離有很大的關(guān)系，綜合以上因素我采用后置式轉(zhuǎn)向梯形。
關(guān)鍵詞：獨立懸架，麥弗遜式，機械式轉(zhuǎn)向系，齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器。
THE DESIGN OF THE FRONT SUSPENSION AND STEERING SYSTEM OF THE MINIATURE MOTORCAR TO CARRY PERSONS AND GOODS WITH 4 SEATS
ABSTRACT
In this graduation design, I am responsible for automobile's steering system and the front suspension system design of the miniature motorcar to carry persons and goods with 4 seats mainly..In weeks ,I work hard to get the more useful information to do my work better. With the helping of Mr Li and other teachers ,and observation on vehicle in laboratory .I got a conclusion : the front independent McPherson suspension is the best form for this automotive .
All focus on elastic part .Because elastic is the most important part in them .And I have got some important data for my design work . If I can’t get those data ,I could not do my work in the following days .I get many data ,but for front independent McPherson suspension the main thing is about spring , such as spring rate ,middle diameter ,spring wire diameter and so on .spring rate is the most important data for my independent suspension ,it do many influence about suspension.
In the last I discussion shock absorber and anti-roll-bar a little,and involve the basic of them and the important usefully in modern car’s suspension.
Because the motortcar we design is a kind of small output volume, seeing that the gradual improvement of the road surface quality of our country and effort of acting on the steering wheel are not very large, so I choose the manual steering system.
Compared with others steering gear, though the negative efficiency of the rack and pinion steering gear is high, but it have of simple structure, compactness, shell adopt aluminum alloy or magnesium alloy die casting, the weight of the rack and pinion steering system is much smaller than others, transmission efficiency is up to more than 90%, so in this design I choose the rack and pinion steering system.
Because the front overhang of the car is very short and the engine occupied comparatively very big space, what is more, the minimum transmission angle of the Ackerman steering has a very close relation with installation distance of the steering gear, so I choose fit the Ackerman steering in the back of the car conceding all those factor above.
KEY WORDS : independent suspension,MacPherson，the manual steering system, the rack and pinion steering gear
目 錄
第一章 前言．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1
第二章 汽車轉(zhuǎn)向系設(shè)計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．3
§2.1 概述．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．3
§2.2 轉(zhuǎn)向系的設(shè)計要求．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．7
第三章 轉(zhuǎn)向器、轉(zhuǎn)向傳動操縱機構(gòu)、轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)．．．．．．．．．9
§3.1 轉(zhuǎn)向器．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．9
§3.2 轉(zhuǎn)向操縱機構(gòu)．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．9
§3.3 轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)和布置．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．10
第四章 轉(zhuǎn)向系有關(guān)的計算及校核．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．11
§4.1 轉(zhuǎn)向系主要性能參數(shù)．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．11
§4.2 轉(zhuǎn)向器有關(guān)參數(shù)的設(shè)計計算及校核．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．14
§4.3 轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)的設(shè)計計算與強度校核．．．．．．．．．．．．．．15
第五章 懸架結(jié)構(gòu)方案分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．19
§5.1 懸架的功用．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．19
§5.2 懸架系統(tǒng)的組成．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．19
§5.3 懸架的類型及其特點．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．21
第六章 前懸架的設(shè)計計算．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．25
§6.1 彈簧形式的選擇．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．25
§6.2 彈簧參數(shù)的計算．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．25
§6.3 彈簧的校驗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．27
第七章 減震器的結(jié)構(gòu)原理及其功用．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．28
§7.1 減震器的作用．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．28
§7.2 減震器的結(jié)構(gòu)．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．29
§7.3 減震器的工作原理．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．29
§7.4 減振器主要尺寸的確定．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．29
第八章 橫向穩(wěn)定器的作用．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．32
第九章 結(jié)論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．34
參考文獻．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．35
致謝．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 36
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