2019高考英語(yǔ) 語(yǔ)法突破四大篇 第二部分 專題1 名詞講義.doc

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名詞 名詞、形容詞和副詞在語(yǔ)法填空中的考查 在語(yǔ)法填空中，對(duì)于名詞的考查主要涉及可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)、名詞的所有格以及詞形變換；形容詞和副詞相關(guān)的詞形變換以及形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)考查較為頻繁。 應(yīng)對(duì)策略 1.首先要弄清名詞的數(shù)與格，即名詞是否該用復(fù)數(shù)，是否要用所有格；其次，注意有關(guān)名詞的構(gòu)詞法，即有關(guān)名詞的詞形變換。 2.作表語(yǔ)(系動(dòng)詞之后)、定語(yǔ)(修飾名詞)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(表性質(zhì)狀態(tài))時(shí)，通常用形容詞形式。注意?？紕?dòng)詞分詞的形容詞化，其形容詞的形式有：-ing結(jié)尾的和-ed 結(jié)尾的兩種。 3.若括號(hào)中所給的是形容詞或副詞，有可能考查其比較等級(jí)或最高級(jí)；注意than或比較級(jí)的修飾詞等標(biāo)志性詞或上下文中暗含的比較；其次還要注意一些特殊句式，如：the＋比較級(jí)...，the＋比較級(jí)...，“否定詞(can’t/couldn’t)＋比較級(jí)”表示最高級(jí)等。 名詞、形容詞和副詞在短文改錯(cuò)中的考查 短文改錯(cuò)中對(duì)于名詞的考查最可能考查名詞的數(shù)與格；其次名詞的考查還會(huì)涉及詞形變換方面的錯(cuò)誤。對(duì)于形容詞和副詞的考查主要涉及詞性混亂或錯(cuò)用(含-ed形容詞與-ing形容詞之間的誤用)、修飾詞錯(cuò)用或多余以及比較等級(jí)的誤用等方面。 應(yīng)對(duì)策略 1.遇到名詞首先注意區(qū)分它是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞；其次還可以根據(jù)名詞前的修飾語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)來(lái)判斷。此外，還要注意名詞的所有格以及名詞的句法功能，判斷是否存在詞性轉(zhuǎn)換方面的錯(cuò)誤。 2.對(duì)于形容詞和副詞的考查，注意以下幾點(diǎn)： (1)作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，用形容詞； (2)作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、全句，用副詞； (3)注意比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)的比較對(duì)象或范圍；單音節(jié)形容詞的比較級(jí)前，不可再加more； (4)注意many，much，(a) few，(a) little；very，so，(n)ever，hardly等修飾詞的用法。 專題1　名詞 框架結(jié)構(gòu)圖 名詞的分類 普通名詞 可數(shù)名詞 個(gè)體名詞 表示單個(gè)人或物的名詞 集體名詞 表示若干個(gè)人或物的名詞 不可數(shù)名詞 物質(zhì)名詞 表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)、材料的名詞 抽象名詞 表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、行為、情感、心理等抽象概念的名詞 專有名詞 表示洲、國(guó)、地、人名等 表示團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織、節(jié)日、報(bào)刊、朝代等的名稱 名詞的核心考點(diǎn) 1.可數(shù)名詞的數(shù) 這里主要講其不規(guī)則變化。 (1)單、復(fù)數(shù)同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工廠)。 (2)合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。如：boyfriend→boyfriends，go-between→go-betweens(中間人)，grown-up→grown-ups；passer-by→passers-by，looker-on→lookers-on；woman doctor→women doctors。 (3)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞。此類名詞往往以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，表示“衣服”“工具”等的總稱，不能用具體的數(shù)字修飾，也不能加不定冠詞a/an，但可以用a pair of/two pairs of，many等修飾。如：clothes衣服，tights緊身褲，jeans牛仔褲，pajamas睡衣，pants(長(zhǎng))褲子，shorts短褲，socks短襪，stockings長(zhǎng)襪，trousers褲子，glasses眼鏡，chopsticks筷子，passes圓規(guī)，pincers鉗子，scissors剪刀，scales天平等；另外一類總是以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但不能用具體的數(shù)字修飾，也不能用a/an，a pair of等修飾，只能用many，a great many, a lot of等修飾。如：belongings所有物，congratulations祝賀，contents目錄，earnings收入，fireworks煙火，goods商品，leavings剩余物，pains辛勞，spirits情緒，savings積蓄，stairs樓梯，surroundings環(huán)境，wages工資，arms武器等。 (4)集體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)，如：people，cattle，police；有些名詞只用作單數(shù)，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù)，單數(shù)看作整體，復(fù)數(shù)看作集體的各個(gè)成員。如：The crew is large.船員人數(shù)很多(指整體)。The crew are all tired.船員們都累壞了(指?jìng)€(gè)體)。 2.不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù) (1)一般說來(lái)抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但當(dāng)抽象名詞表示具體的東西時(shí)，可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化，主要類型如下： ①抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。 抽象名詞(不可數(shù)) 具體化(表達(dá)個(gè)體概念時(shí)，是可數(shù)名詞) in surprise驚訝地 a surprise一件令人驚訝的事 win success獲得成功 a success一個(gè)(件)成功的人(事) win honour贏得榮譽(yù) an honour一個(gè)(件)引起尊敬的人(事) failure失敗 a failure一個(gè)(件)失敗的人(事) by experience靠經(jīng)驗(yàn) an experience一次經(jīng)歷 with pleasure樂意 a pleasure一件樂事 ②抽象名詞與a(n)連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動(dòng)作、行為或類別。 A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me? It is a waste of time reading such a novel. She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings. (2)有些物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類時(shí)，可以用作可數(shù)名詞。 如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些飲料，a drink一杯飲料，three drinks三杯飲料；his hair他的頭發(fā)，a few grey hairs幾根白發(fā)；glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。 3.名詞所有格 (1)-’s所有格 the boy’s mother，the children’s toys，the teachers’ books，Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(共用)，Lucy’s and Lily’s bedrooms(各自的) (2)“of＋名詞”所有格 the roof of the house，the cover of the book，the name of the girl，a picture of my father (3)雙重所有格 a friend of my brother’s(＝one of my brother’s friends)，a picture of my father’s(＝one of my father’s pictures) (4)-’s所有格的特殊表示形式有： ①用于表示人的名詞或表集體、機(jī)構(gòu)的名詞后，如：Tom’s home，the doctor’s，the pany’s new factory等。 ②用于表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞后，如：today’s newspaper，five minutes’ walk(drive)，five pounds’ weight，ten dollars’ worth of coffee。 ③用于表示國(guó)家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后，如：the world’s population，China’s industry，New York’s parks。 (5)所有格的句法功能 ①表所有關(guān)系 Jack’s brother ②表主謂關(guān)系 Mr Wang’s praise ③表動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 the famous star’s admirers ④表修飾關(guān)系 a doctor’s degree ⑤表同位關(guān)系(只用of所有格)the city of Beijing 4.名詞的功能 (1)可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) Mary is to meet you at the airport. My brother is a worker. He bought a new book. We made him monitor of our class. (2)作定語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)中有些名詞沒有其對(duì)應(yīng)的同根形容詞，這些名詞可以直接用來(lái)作定語(yǔ)修飾另一個(gè)名詞。 ①分類意義 air pollution空氣污染 coffee cup咖啡杯 body language身體語(yǔ)言 road accident交通事故 the Nobel Prize諾貝爾獎(jiǎng) ②時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱呼等 Doctor Jack杰克醫(yī)生 Professor Li李教授 evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠 ③表目的、來(lái)源、材料、所屬意義 reception desk接待臺(tái) sports field田徑場(chǎng) stone table石桌 color TV彩電 (3)作狀語(yǔ) 名詞作狀語(yǔ)多為表時(shí)間或距離等概念的名詞。 The war lasted eight years. (4)作同位語(yǔ) Tom，our monitor，left school last year. 1.書面表達(dá)中對(duì)于復(fù)數(shù)名詞易疏漏-s或-es 2.部分名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化錯(cuò)誤 如：familys，knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，woman doctors，tooths，childrens，medias。 3.部分詞性易混作名詞 動(dòng)詞誤作名詞 形容詞誤作名詞 動(dòng)詞 名詞 形容詞 名詞 succeed success honest honesty affect effect healthy health 4.可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞混淆 不可數(shù) 可數(shù) take action take measures some advice some suggestions take exercise eye exercises make progress make mistakes information contributions 考向1　名詞的數(shù)與格 Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes(cause).(2018全國(guó)Ⅰ) 解析　cause表示“原因，起因”時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞，前面有all，故填cause的復(fù)數(shù)形式。 2.Making Chinese dishes(dish) is seen as especially troublesome.(2018浙江) 解析　中式菜肴有很多種，故此處用dish的復(fù)數(shù)形式。 3.This trend has had some unintended side effects(effect) such as overweight and heart disease. (2017全國(guó)Ⅰ) 解析　side effect副作用，由前面的some和下文中的兩個(gè)例子overweight and heart disease可知名詞effect用復(fù)數(shù)形式effects。 4.In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.(2017全國(guó)Ⅱ) 解析　crowd是可數(shù)名詞，且前面沒有限定詞，故應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 5.She has turned down several invitations(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.(2017全國(guó)Ⅲ) 解析　several幾個(gè)，其后的可數(shù)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 6.Last October，while tending her garden in Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small carrots(carrot) and was about to throw them away.(2017浙江) 解析　a handful of一把，幾個(gè)，后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。a handful of carrots幾個(gè)胡蘿卜。 7.The nursery team switches him every few days(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed，the other is with mum—she never suspects.(2016全國(guó)Ⅰ) 解析　few用來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，故答案為days。every few days每隔幾天。 8.Recent studies(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.(2016全國(guó)Ⅱ) 解析　根據(jù)后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞show可知，主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是復(fù)數(shù)形式。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks，and as well.(2018全國(guó)Ⅲ) 解析　mistake是可數(shù)名詞，此處所指的“錯(cuò)誤”不止一個(gè)，應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 2.When I was little， night was our family game night.(2018全國(guó)Ⅱ) 解析　Friday morning/afternoon/night星期五的上午/下午/晚上。 3.After supper，we would play card games of all in the sitting room. (2018全國(guó)Ⅱ) 解析　of all sorts各種各樣的。 4.The instructor kept repeating the ，“Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn left！” (2017全國(guó)Ⅰ) 解析　根據(jù)后面引號(hào)內(nèi)的內(nèi)容可知word應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式words。 5.Besides，they often get some useful from the Internet.(2017全國(guó)Ⅱ) 解析　information是不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。 6.If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden our view and gain we cannot get from books.(2016全國(guó)Ⅱ) 解析　knowledge為不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。 7.The teenage from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.(2016全國(guó)Ⅲ) 8.The we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.(2015全國(guó)Ⅰ) 解析　由后面的定語(yǔ)從句we breathe in可知，此處先行詞的意思是“空氣”，air當(dāng)“空氣”講時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞。句中的be動(dòng)詞is也是提示。故把a(bǔ)irs改為air。 9.As I told you last time，I made three new here.(2015四川) 解析　名詞friend為可數(shù)名詞，其前有three修飾，需要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故把friend改成friends。 10.My old classroom was interesting because three of the classroom were made of glass. (2015浙江) 解析　名詞side為可數(shù)名詞，且前面有three修飾，故side要用復(fù)數(shù)形式sides。 考向2　詞形變換之名詞 Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1.My name is Mireya Mayor.I’m a scientist(science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.(2018全國(guó)Ⅲ) 解析　由空后的who可知，定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是表示人的名詞。scientist科學(xué)家。 2.This switch has decreased pollution(pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.(2018全國(guó)Ⅱ) 解析　decrease降低，減少，后接名詞作賓語(yǔ)，pollute的名詞形式是pollution。 3.Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in weight(weigh) problems.(2018浙江) 解析　此處應(yīng)用名詞作定語(yǔ)修飾problems，weight problems意為“體重問題”。 4.This development was only possible with the introduction(introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.(2017全國(guó)Ⅱ) 解析　空格前是the，其后接名詞。introduce的名詞形式是introduction。 5.She is determined to carry on with her education(educate).(2017全國(guó)Ⅲ) 解析　形容詞性物主代詞her應(yīng)該用來(lái)修飾名詞，educate的名詞形式是education。 6.Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires，Asia’s biggest building，and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me，pandas are its top attraction(attract).(2016全國(guó)Ⅰ) 解析　空格前有形容詞和物主代詞，因此要用名詞形式。 7.Then，handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of achievement(achieve). (2016全國(guó)Ⅱ) 解析　介詞of后要用名詞作賓語(yǔ)。固定表達(dá)a sense of achievement成就感。 8.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.，influenced the development(develop) of chopsticks.(2016全國(guó)Ⅲ) 解析　空前有冠詞，此處應(yīng)用名詞作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。 9.In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.(2015全國(guó)Ⅱ) 解析　形容詞性物主代詞their之后應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞，故將able轉(zhuǎn)化為其名詞形式ability。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.My uncle tells me that the key to his success is .(2016全國(guó)Ⅰ) 解析　由句意“他成功的關(guān)鍵是誠(chéng)信”可知應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞形式。 2.This made for the in the porcelain industry.(2013新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ) 解析　定冠詞the后面應(yīng)跟名詞形式，故grow應(yīng)改為growth。 Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1.He had witnessed too many deaths(die) and wounds at the Battle of Solferino in Italy four years earlier，in which 40,000 people were killed，wounded or missing. 2.Apple’s new machine，the Lisa，proved to be an expensive failure(fail). 3.I ran into my neighbor，Dennis，yesterday afternoon.He asked if I wanted two tickets to the theater.He had season tickets but couldn’t go to this performance(perform). 4.Tourism should also advance the wealth and happiness(happy) of local inhabitants. 5.These people have made great contributions(contribute) to China with their work. 6.They get advice from “strangers(strange)”.When they need advice，they don’t usually go to people they know. 7.My first impression(impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man. 8.Those who suffer from headache will find they get relief(relieve) from this medicine. 9.—Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency? —Well，you know，English is my strength(strong).So it is my best choice. 10.I made a decision(decide) to look at the flight monitors to see if there was an earlier flight to San Francisco. Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤) 1.Within the next few ，my grandfather also caught a fish. 2.You told me the of different plants and their characteristics. 3.Mom，I know I have never expressed my to you before. 4.The food was wonderful with reasonable prices，and we enjoyed several local . 5.Another way is to watch our everyday use of water and at home. 6.From the time I was about four until I was about six，I destroyed each of my . 7.We，as well as ，cannot live without water and neither agriculture nor industry can go without it. 8.In early January this year，the rate of UFO reports was steady，around three per . 9.Tom was having much getting up in the morning and was always late for work. 10.It felt very strange to travel without any . Ⅲ.語(yǔ)法填空(名詞專練) Born on August 23,1988 in America，Jeremy Shu-How Lin is a professional basketball 1.player(play) with the Huston Rockets 2.of the National Basketball Association (NBA).But，to some degree，many Chinese fans and 3.coaches(coach) take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him as 4.a Chinese just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were born in China. Jeremy Lin has recently bee 5.a success and attracted the world’s attention，which gives Chinese people a lot of 6.imagination(imagine) and 7.pride(proud).As we know，in most 8.people’s(people) eyes，Jeremy is a miracle. In June,2012，when Jeremy took his third trip to China，a large crowd came to meet him，among whom there were various fans including some 9.families(family)，some children and even some 10.women(woman) players.