350型復(fù)合管螺旋式脫模裝置設(shè)計-20t螺旋式脫模裝置【含7張CAD圖帶開題報告-獨家】.zip

350型復(fù)合管螺旋式脫模裝置設(shè)計-20t螺旋式脫模裝置【含7張CAD圖帶開題報告-獨家】.zip,含7張CAD圖帶開題報告-獨家,350,復(fù)合管,螺旋式,脫模,裝置,設(shè)計,20,CAD,開題,報告,獨家 開題報告 畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）題目 350型復(fù)合管脫模裝置（螺旋式）設(shè)計 學(xué)生姓名 專業(yè)班級 指導(dǎo)教師姓名 職稱 一、 課題背景 （一）研究背景 進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)以來，我國模具銷售額以年平均20%左右的速度增長，2006年模具銷售額達(dá)到720億元人民幣，居日本、美國之后第三位；模具出口突破了10億美元。我國模具生產(chǎn)廠、點達(dá)到了約3萬家，從業(yè)人員近100萬人。這些都說明我國模具工業(yè)有了相當(dāng)?shù)囊?guī)模。 但是，我國現(xiàn)在每年還要從境外進(jìn)口20多億美元的模具，這些大都是國內(nèi)尚不能生產(chǎn)的高中檔模具。國內(nèi)中高檔模具的自配率只占50%左右；大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命等技術(shù)含量較高的模具只占到模具總量的30%左右。我國模具行業(yè)全員勞動生產(chǎn)率還較低，平均只有15萬元/人·年左右；我國模具商品化率還只有50%多(發(fā)達(dá)國家達(dá)70%以上)；模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件使用覆蓋率也較低，只有50%左右；模具生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化水平還較低。這些都說明我國的模具工業(yè)還不夠強大，我國還不是模具強國。 近些年來，中國模具的設(shè)計和制造水平有了很大提高，CAD/CAE/CAM等計算機輔助技術(shù)、高速加工技術(shù)、熱流道技術(shù)、氣輔技術(shù)、逆向工程等新技術(shù)得到廣泛應(yīng)用。現(xiàn)在，中國已能生產(chǎn)精度達(dá)到2微米的多工位級進(jìn)模，壽命可達(dá)3億沖次以上。個別企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的多工位級進(jìn)模已可在2000次/分的高速沖床上使用，精度可達(dá)1微米。在大型塑料模具方面，中國已能生產(chǎn)43英寸大屏幕彩電和65英寸背投式電視的塑殼模具、10公斤大容量洗衣機全套塑料件模具以及汽車保險杠、整體儀表板等塑料模具等。在精密塑料模具方面，中國已能生產(chǎn)照相機和手機塑料件模具、多型腔小模數(shù)齒輪模具及精度達(dá)5微米的7800腔塑封模具等。在大型精密復(fù)雜壓鑄模方面，國內(nèi)已能生產(chǎn)自動扶梯整體踏板壓鑄模、汽車后橋齒輪箱壓鑄模以及汽車發(fā)動機殼體的鑄造模具等。在汽車覆蓋件模具方面，國內(nèi)已能生產(chǎn)中檔新型轎車的覆蓋件模具。子午線輪胎活絡(luò)模具、鋁合金和塑料門窗異型材擠出成形模、精鑄或樹脂快速成形拉延模等，也已達(dá)到相當(dāng)高的水平，制造出來的模具可與進(jìn)口模具媲美。我國生產(chǎn)的最大模具單套重量已超過100噸。 但是，我國模具的制造從總體上看，產(chǎn)品還只是以中低檔為主，中高檔模具很多還要依賴進(jìn)口；企業(yè)雖然重視推廣應(yīng)用新技術(shù)，但這些新技術(shù)應(yīng)用的水平還不夠高。我國模具產(chǎn)品水平總體上與發(fā)達(dá)國家相差有10～15年的差距。 （二）研究目的及意義 脫模結(jié)構(gòu)是塑料模具的主要部件，脫模結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計的好壞，直接影響到注塑制品的表面質(zhì)量和物理性能。如果脫模結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計不合理，即使制品或模具設(shè)計的再好，在脫模時也會出現(xiàn)翹曲變形和泛白甚至頂穿等缺陷，嚴(yán)重影響到制品的品質(zhì)。因此，注塑模具的脫模結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計絕不能忽視，研制和開發(fā)塑料模脫模結(jié)構(gòu)CAD系統(tǒng)是十分必要的。目前國內(nèi)常用的脫模方式有兩種，一是直接拉出，二是脫模頂芯裝置。兩種脫模方式脫模時均不能有效地控制脫模力和脫模速度。為了保證脫模過程的安全性，脫模過程必須嚴(yán)格控制脫模力、脫模速度和脫模行程。 我們進(jìn)行的畢業(yè)設(shè)計是復(fù)合管脫模裝置（螺旋式）設(shè)計，雖然是模具大家庭中的一個小部分，但是通過此次設(shè)計學(xué)習(xí)會拓寬我們的專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)，增加我們的專業(yè)知識，了解一些典型零件的模具設(shè)計準(zhǔn)備工作、過程、必要的知識等，對我們以后的工作發(fā)展有很大的作用。 參考文獻(xiàn)： [1] 賀永，傅建中，陳子辰. 微熱壓成型脫模缺陷分析及其脫模裝置[J]. 機械工程學(xué)報，2008，44（11）：59-64. [2] 黃笑梅，張培培，唐開菲. 離心鑄造MC尼龍管道脫模裝置機械手的設(shè)計[J]. 機械設(shè)計與制造，2013（2）：32-35. [3] 劉愛兵. 車輪鍛模脫模裝置的設(shè)計[J]. 模具工業(yè)，2010，36（12）：66-68. [4] 鄭偉剛，束昊，何欣等. 新型精密冷擠成形脫模裝置設(shè)計與應(yīng)用[J]. 模具工業(yè),2009,35(4)：63-66. [5] 李勇，趙麗麗，趙傳飛. 鑄鐵機自動脫模機構(gòu)的改造設(shè)計[J]. 中國制造裝備與技術(shù)，2005（6）：66-67. [6] 王新生. 內(nèi)環(huán)槽型芯脫模裝置[J]. 模具工業(yè)，2000（1）：40-41. [7] 張培培. 離心鑄造管自動脫模裝置的研究[D]. 合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)：黃笑梅，2013. 1-72. [8] 張鵬. 基于組態(tài)王的脫模裝置監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)[J]. 機械，2007，34（2）：118-119. [9] 都興武. 注射成型橡膠制品的自動脫模裝置[J]. 橡膠工業(yè)，2008（8）：511. [10] 周志近. 線路板用沖床液壓脫模裝置設(shè)計與維修[J]. 機電工程技術(shù)，2013（10）：46-48. 二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計方案或畢業(yè)論文研究方案 （一）基本內(nèi)容 本課題主要闡述了復(fù)合管脫模裝置的工作原理、機構(gòu)組成、傳動方案設(shè)計、脫模力計算及零件尺寸確定。生產(chǎn)為了提高生產(chǎn)效率，因此在設(shè)計時要求力求結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，但是一定要保證其精度要求。本文主要講述了對350型復(fù)合管脫模裝置（螺旋式）設(shè)計，通過對脫模裝置功能分析設(shè)計出符合其功能要求的結(jié)構(gòu)，并用二維和三維的方式表現(xiàn)出來。 通過對脫模裝置的功能分析，主要有以下幾個部件：推桿、推出固定板、推板、拉料桿、復(fù)位桿等。推出機構(gòu)應(yīng)頂出可靠，復(fù)位準(zhǔn)確，運動靈活，制造方便，更換容易，且具有足夠的強度和剛度。推出機構(gòu)在頂出時要和模具發(fā)生摩擦，良好的推出機構(gòu)應(yīng)使其磨損最小，壽命最高。為減少頂針和司筒等磨損，宜增加頂針板導(dǎo)柱。塑件推出方法受塑件材料及形狀等影響，由于塑件復(fù)雜多變，要求不一，導(dǎo)致膠件的脫模機構(gòu)也多種多樣。按動力源分類有手動脫模、機動脫模、液壓和氣動脫模。350型復(fù)合管脫模裝置設(shè)計中采用螺旋式傳動，所以本課題選用機動脫模為主，液壓輔助的方式。機動模具結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，多由于生產(chǎn)批量大的情況，是目前采用最廣泛的一種推出機構(gòu)，而液壓驅(qū)動運行，運行過程平穩(wěn)，安全可靠，使制品質(zhì)量完好，配合起來比較理想。按照模具的結(jié)構(gòu)特征分，脫模機構(gòu)可分為：一次脫模機構(gòu)、定模脫模機構(gòu)、二次或多次脫模機構(gòu)、澆注系統(tǒng)水口料的脫模機構(gòu)、帶螺紋塑件的脫模機構(gòu)等。在選定脫模機構(gòu)傳動方式及類型后，再對脫模力進(jìn)行計算及推出零件尺寸進(jìn)行確定。計算脫模力應(yīng)該考慮塑料在模腔內(nèi)冷卻收縮會對型芯產(chǎn)生包緊力。包緊力產(chǎn)生的正壓力垂直于型芯表面，脫模溫度越低正壓力越大。塑件脫模時必須克服包緊力所產(chǎn)生的摩擦阻力。 （二）研究方案 1.通過參考大量的文獻(xiàn)，掌握課題的實現(xiàn)方案，調(diào)研國內(nèi)外相關(guān)課題的研究現(xiàn)狀、發(fā)展趨勢和實際應(yīng)用情況，明確課題的目的、意義、任務(wù)及內(nèi)容。 2.了解脫模裝置在進(jìn)行脫模時所要進(jìn)行的動作，并從中對脫模機構(gòu)的工作原理以及構(gòu)成結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析。 3.根據(jù)脫模機構(gòu)的工作原理對其結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行拆分，在考慮精度的基礎(chǔ)上，合理的選用傳動方式及機構(gòu)。 4.對脫模裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行設(shè)計，并對各個方案進(jìn)行分析，從中選擇最合適的結(jié)構(gòu)。 5.對選擇好各個裝置進(jìn)行合理的布置，使其在完成脫模動作的基礎(chǔ)上，盡量的減少裝置的體積，并使各機構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，而且便于安裝維修。 6.參考機械設(shè)計手冊等資料，合理的選擇各個零件，盡量選用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零件。并在一些受力或應(yīng)力比較大的地方進(jìn)行分析，從而對機構(gòu)的材料及尺寸進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。 7.熟練二維及三維作圖軟件，根據(jù)以上做出并完善脫模裝置的二維和三維圖。 （三）進(jìn)度安排 1.閱讀相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)資料，明確研究內(nèi)容 2周 2.撰寫開題報告，確定設(shè)計方案 1周 3.繪制模具總裝配圖 3周 4.繪制非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件零件圖 2周 5.編寫設(shè)計說明書 1周 6.經(jīng)老師審閱后，修改說明書和圖紙 1周 7.外文翻譯 1周 三、畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）預(yù)期成果及創(chuàng)新 本文主要講述了對350型復(fù)合管脫模裝置（螺旋式）設(shè)計，通過對脫模裝置功能分析設(shè)計出符合其功能要求的結(jié)構(gòu)，并用二維和三維的方式表現(xiàn)出來。設(shè)計時要求力求結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，但是一定要保證其精度要求。 學(xué)部審核意見 學(xué)部主任（簽字） 年 月 日 注：此表中的一、二、三項，由學(xué)生在教師的指導(dǎo)下填寫。 XXXXXX 20XX屆XXX 英文資料翻譯 專業(yè)班級 XXXXX 學(xué) 號 XXX 學(xué)生姓名 XXX 指導(dǎo)教師 XXX 指導(dǎo)教師職稱 XXX 學(xué)院名稱 XXX 完成日期： 20XX 年 4 月 15 日 資料來源： 文章名：Compression and Transfer Molds 書刊名：《English for Die & Mould Design and Manufacturing》 作 者：JianXiong Liu 出版社：北京大學(xué)出版社，2006 章 節(jié)：2.4 Compression and Transfer Molds 頁 碼：P43~P49 文 章 譯 名： 壓縮和轉(zhuǎn)移模具 《模具設(shè)計及制造英語》 Compression and Transfer Molds 外文原文： Compression Molding Compression molding is the basic forming process where an appropriate amount of material is introduced into a heated mold, which is subsequently closed under pressure. The molding material, softened by heat, is formed into a continuous mass having the geometrical configuration of the mold cavity. Further heating (thermosetting plastics) results in hardening of the molding material. If thermoplastics are the molding material, hardening is accomplished by cooling the mold. Fig. 2-6 illustrates types of compression molding. Here the molding compound is placed in the heated mold. After the plastic compound softens and becomes plastic, the punch moves down and compresses the material to the required density by a pressure. Some excess material will flow (vertical flash) from the mold as the mold closes to its final position. Continued heat and pressure produce the chemical reaction which hardens the compound. The time required for polymerization or curing depends principally upon the largest cross section of the product and the type of molding compound. The time may be less than a minute, or it may take several minutes before the part is ejected from the cavity. Since the plastic material is placed directly into the mold cavity, the mold itself can be simpler than those used for other molding processes. Gates and sprues are unnecessary. This also results in a saving in material, because trimmed-off gates and sprues would be a complete loss of the thermosetting plastic. The press used for compression molding is usually a vertical hydraulic press. Large presses may require the full attention of one operator. However, several smaller presses can be operated by one operator. The presses are conveniently located so the operator can easily move from one to the next. By the time he gets around to a particular press again, that mold will be ready to open. The thermosetting plastics which harden under heat and pressure are suitable for compression molding and transfer molding. It is not practical to mold thermoplastic materials by these methods, since the molds would have to be alternately heated and cooled. In order to harden and eject thermoplastic parts from the mold, cooling would be necessary. Transfer Molding The transfer molding process consists of placing a charge of material (extrudate or preheated preform) into the chamber, referred to as the pot. The press is activated and travels upward making contact with the floating plate, which closes the two halves of the mold. Further travel of both plates causes contact of the plunger with the material in the pot. Material is then forced through a sprue or sprues directly into the closed cavity. When the cavity is completely filled, the excess material forms a cull in the pot (excess waste material). After the part is cured, the press is opened and the floating plate and bottom plate separate from the top plate, exposing the plunger and cull. As the press travel continues, the floating plate motion is stopped by straps fastened to the top plate. This separates the two halves of the mold, and the part remains in the lower half until knockout pins extract it. Since the process requires that the single charge (shot) of material be transferred from the pot to the cavities, it is known as pot-type transfer (Fig. 2-7). An operator is needed to remove the cull from the pot plunger, remove the part or parts, clean the mold, charge a single shot of preheated material into the pot area, and activate the press. A relatively short time after the patenting of the transfer mold; transfer presses were developed. These consist of a main clamping ram located at either the top or the bottom of the press, with one or more auxiliary rams mounted opposite the clamping ram. The clamping rams activate the movable platen. The auxiliary rams are fastened to the stationary platen and are used to activate a plunger, which moves within a transfer sleeve or cylinder. For the plunger in the bottom half of the mold, the process consists of placing preheated preforms or extrudates in the transfer sleeve or cylinder, closing the two halves of the mold, and activating the plunger, which forces material out through channels, known as runners, and through the restricted gate area into the mold halves. When the cavities are completely filled, the excess material remains as a cull at the face of the plunger. After the material is cured, the press is opened at the parting line, parts are removed and the gate, runner and cull. This molding process is commonly called the plun- ger-transfer method. A typical mold construction is shown in Fig. 2-8. If the bottom plunger- transfer mold is constructed, the operation may be automated, since auxiliary devices may load the preheated preforms, and unloading trays may be utilized to receive and separate the parts, runner, gates, and plunger culls. In all other cases an operator is required for each press. The two-stage plunger transfer process requires a conventionally designed hydraulic or toggle top clamp press, with a bottom transfer cylinder and plunger. A reciprocal screw within a heated barrel is mounted horizontally next to the press. The granular material charge is preheated in the barrel and is discharged into the transfer cylinder or sleeve through an opening in its side. The material flow from the same way as described in the plunger-transfer molding process. The two-stage plunger-transfer molds are similar in construction to the plunger transfer, except that a special transfer cylinder or sleeve and plunger are required. Compression Molds Thermosetting compression-molding compounds can be molded into articles of excellent rigidity and shape retention by supplying heat and pressure. Apart from the molding material, the mold itself is of great importance. Compression molds nowadays are heated electrically exclusively. The mold is loaded with molding compound, by hand, with the aid of a filling device, or with pellets. A construction drawing should be mandatory for every mold to be newly produced. Any new ideas concerning the mold, such as stability of the mold construction, optimum heating, aids to demolding and ejection, e.g., slides, split cavities, cores, etc., can be included in advance and given due consideration. The cost of such drawings will be more than justified as a rule by the ensuing efficient mold production and by fewer alterations and less finishing work on the completed mold. The more accurately details are incorporated in the design, the more finishing work is avoided, e.g., specification of the draft angle required and dimensional tolerances. Because alterations to compression molds are always very expensive, it is of particular importance that the detail drawings be completely clear. The mold must be of sufficiently solid and rigid construction to enable it to withstand the high pressures required with compression molding. The outer walls should be only slightly flexible. If the mold is too flexible, the result could be jamming of the two mold halves on opening, or troublesome ejection. High-walled parts may well exert the total compression a pressure on the side walls. The bottom of the mold must be well supported to absorb the pressure exerted on it and to avoid deflection. As the material costs are comparatively low compared to wages, one can afford to have the mold solidly constructed without incurring any significant increase in cost. The higher steel content ensures a more uniform temperature distribution and temperature control, apart from the greater rigidity. A good polish of the molding areas is absolutely essential for trouble-free ejection and to give a satisfactory surface to the molded article. The mold surface should be glass-hard so that it can withstand the wearing effect the molding material exerts when flowing under pressure and so that it retains its polish. On the other hand, the tool steel needs to possess a tough core, as a slight distortion of the mold walls and the ribs is unavoidable. It is recommended to use a carburizing steel for the shape-giving mold parts. This has already proved itself in the construction of molds for the plastics-processing industry. The mold surface must be resistant to constant attack by chemicals, which is particularly prevalent with certain types of compression-molding compounds. A mold can be protected from chemical attack and frictional wear by chrome plating of the molding surfaces. A further important requirement is that the mold consists of as few interlocking parts as possible. The fitting of several parts into each other is always fraught with danger because of the possible distortion caused by the high compression pressures employed. Should it not be possible to avoid working with inserts, it is then essential that the inserts always be fitted into the compression mold in line with the pressure and never across it. A compression mold basically consists of an upper and a lower part. In normal cases the lower half is fitted to the table of the press and the upper half to the ram. Both mold halves are guided by hardened dowels. Asymmetrical parts cause large one-sided pressure loads to be exerted on the mold. They require compensation through special guides. Ejection usually calls for special equipment. Parts such as flat dishes or plates are easily ejected by compressed air, which is already available on the machine for cleaning flash and material residue from the molds. In all other cases, ejection by ejector pins or ribs is feasible. For parts with a multitude of fibs and openings, ejector pins are essential because of the material shrinkage. Transfer Molds Thermosetting molding compounds can be processed by the transfer molding process. The hot injection cylinder, however, should not contain material reserves for several parts since the material would, only cure in the heat. Thermosets can only be transfer molded if the material volume corresponds to the volume of the part to be produced plus the sprue. It would be expedient to mold with material that has been predried in a high-frequency oven, to be taken out of the oven only just before it is metered into the transfer cylinder. The most favorable and most accurate type of metering in this case——as with conventional compression moldingis——also achieved with precompressed pellets. As they are already of a certain density, greater leeway can be given to the dimensions of the injection cylinder, which has a decisive influence on the injection pressure required. Because the material is injected through a small nozzle bore very uniform heat permeation is achieved. Whereas in compression molding-even with well prewarmed pellets——the material does not flow very easily, thoroughly plasticized material enters the cavities in transfer molding. The material is additionally warmed by the heated mold walls. Heat permeation is therefore better than with compression molding. A considerably shorter cure time is needed for the transfer molding process than for the compression molding method. The transfer molding process also is of particular advantage when long cores have to be employed due to the nature of the parts. In this instance, their guidance and support against unilateral pressure is considerably easier to design than for compression molding. This is also the reason why injection around sensitive metal parts is possible. The cores and the inserts must be advantageously positioned in the flow path of the material by arranging the runners accordingly. The requirements to be met by a transfer mold are basically the same as those for a compression mold. Due to the injection pressure required, which lays around 1,000 to 1,800 bar in the injection cylinder but is somewhat lower inside the mold cavity, although still higher than with ordinary compression molding, the mold must be more solidly constructed. Particular care must be taken with the venting of the shape-giving cavities as the mold is already fully clamped during injection. If this is not observed, voids and incomplete parts will result in the same manner as can be experienced when injection molding thermoplastics material. However, as venting of the mold is not possible in the same way as it is done on standard compression molds, air vents have to be positioned and dimensioned so that they permit the gases to escape from the material without allowing the latter to clog up the venting channels. The construction of a transfer mold differs from that of a compression mold in that the charging chamber does not exist. This has been replaced by an injection cylinder and piston positioned in the center of the mold. One differentiates between the two basic types of transfer mold as follows: transfer mold with top injection cylinder and piston. These molds can be operated on standard presses, in which case the restriction in the opening stroke has of course to be taken into consideration. Transfer mold with bottom injection cylinder and piston. For molds of this type of construction a press with a separate injection unit is compulsory. This is usually a press with a hydraulic cylinder mounted centrally underneath the mold table to operate the injection piston, which is interlocked with the timers on the machine (transfer molding). The shape-forming mold parts and cavities are executed in the same manner as those on standard compression molds.  壓縮和轉(zhuǎn)移模具 譯文： 壓縮成型 壓縮成型是基本的成型過程，其中將適量的材料引入加熱的模具中，隨后在 壓力下將其關(guān)閉。 通過加熱軟化的模制材料形成具有模腔幾何構(gòu)型的連續(xù)物質(zhì)。 進(jìn)一步加熱（熱固性塑料）導(dǎo)致模塑材料硬化。如果熱塑性塑料是模塑材料，則通過冷卻模具來完成硬化。 圖 2-6 顯示了壓縮成型的類型。這里將模塑料放置在加熱的模具中。塑料復(fù)合物軟化并變成塑料后，沖頭向下移動并通過壓力將材料壓縮到所需密度。當(dāng) 模具接近其最終位置時，一些多余的材料將從模具流出（垂直閃光）。 持續(xù)的熱量和壓力產(chǎn)生使化合物硬化的化學(xué)反應(yīng)。聚合或固化所需的時間主要取決于產(chǎn)物的最大橫截面和模塑料的類型。時間可能不到一分鐘，或者可能需要幾分鐘時間才能將零件從腔體中彈出。 由于塑料材料直接放入模腔內(nèi)，所以模具本身可以比用于其他模塑工藝的模 具更簡單。Gates和sprues是不必要的。這也節(jié)省了材料，因為修剪的澆口和澆口會完全損失熱固性塑料。用于壓縮成型的壓機通常是立式液壓機。大型印刷機可能需要一位操作員的全面關(guān)注。但是，一個操作員可以操作幾臺較小的印刷機。 這些印刷機位置便利，因此操作員可以輕松地從一個移動到另一個。當(dāng)他再次接觸特定媒體時，該模具將準(zhǔn)備打開。 在熱和壓力下硬化的熱固性塑料適用于壓縮成型和傳遞模塑。用這些方法模塑熱塑性材料是不實際的，因為模具必須交替加熱和冷卻。為了硬化并從模具中排出熱塑性部件，需要冷卻。 傳遞模塑 傳遞模塑工藝包括將一定量的材料（擠出物或預(yù)熱的預(yù)成型件）放入稱為鍋 的腔室中。壓機啟動并向上移動，與浮動板接觸，從而關(guān)閉模具的兩半。 兩個板的進(jìn)一步行程導(dǎo)致柱塞與罐中的材料接觸。然后材料被迫直接通過澆口或澆口進(jìn)入封閉的空腔。當(dāng)空腔被完全填滿時，多余的材料在罐中形成剔除（多余的廢料）。部件固化后，打開壓機，浮板和底板與頂板分離，露出柱塞并剔除。隨著印刷機行程的繼續(xù)，浮板運動通過固定在頂板上的帶子停止。 這將模具的兩個半部分分開，并且該部分保持在下半部分，直到挖空銷拔出。 由于該工藝要求材料的單次裝料（噴丸）從罐轉(zhuǎn)移到腔，所以稱為罐式轉(zhuǎn)移（圖 2-7）。操作人員需要從痰壺柱塞上取下剔除器，取下零件或部件，清潔模具，將預(yù)熱材料注入罐區(qū)并啟動壓機。 在轉(zhuǎn)移模具申請專利之后相對較短的時間; 轉(zhuǎn)印機開發(fā)。 它們包括一個位于壓力機頂部或底部的主夾緊滑塊，一個或多個輔助滑塊安裝在夾緊滑塊對面。 夾緊頂桿激活可移動壓板。輔助壓頭固定在固定壓板上，用于啟動一個柱塞，該柱塞在傳輸套筒或氣缸內(nèi)移動。對于模具下半部的柱塞，該過程包括將預(yù)熱的預(yù)成型件或擠出物放置在傳送套筒或圓筒中，關(guān)閉模具的兩半，并啟動柱塞，該柱塞迫使材料通過通道被稱為流道，并通過限制的門區(qū)進(jìn)入半模。當(dāng)空腔完全填充時，多余的材料在柱塞的表面保持為剔除狀態(tài)。材料固化后，壓機在分模線處打開，零件被移除，澆口，澆道和剔除。這種成型工藝通常被稱為浸入式轉(zhuǎn)移法。 典型的模具結(jié)構(gòu)如圖 2-8 所示。如果底部柱塞傳遞模具被構(gòu)造，則操作可以是自動的，因為輔助裝置可以裝載預(yù)熱的預(yù)成型件，并且卸載盤可以用于接收和分離部件，流道，閘門和柱塞剔除。在所有其他情況下，每臺印刷機都需要操作員。 兩級柱塞傳送過程需要傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計的液壓或肘節(jié)頂部夾鉗壓力機，帶有底部傳 送滾筒和柱塞。加熱桶內(nèi)的往復(fù)螺絲水平安裝在印刷機旁邊。顆粒物料在料筒中被預(yù)熱，并通過其側(cè)面的開口排入轉(zhuǎn)移圓筒或套筒。材料以與柱塞傳遞模塑工藝中所述相同的方式流動。 兩級柱塞傳輸模具的結(jié)構(gòu)與柱塞傳輸相似，只是需要特殊的傳輸圓柱體或套 筒和柱塞。 圖2-7熱固器的罐型或澆口型傳熱成型 圖2-8熱固性塑料柱塞傳遞成型 壓縮模具 通過提供熱量和壓力，熱固性壓縮模制化合物可以模制成具有優(yōu)異剛性和形 狀保持的制品。除了成型材料外，模具本身也非常重要。 當(dāng)今的壓縮模具僅通過電加熱。手工借助填充裝置或顆粒將模具裝載模塑 料。 對于每個新生產(chǎn)的模具都應(yīng)該強制施工圖紙?？梢灶A(yù)先考慮關(guān)于模具的任 何新觀點，例如模具結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性，最佳加熱，輔助脫模和噴射，例如載玻片， 分裂腔，型芯等。通過高效的模具生產(chǎn)以及對完成的模具進(jìn)行更少的改造和更少的精加工工作，這些圖紙的成本將超過合理程度。 更精確的細(xì)節(jié)被納入設(shè)計中，避免了更多的精加工工作，例如規(guī)定所需的拔模角度和尺寸公差。 由于對壓縮模具的改造總是非常昂貴，因此細(xì)節(jié)圖完全清晰是特別重要的。 模具必須具有足夠堅固和剛性的結(jié)構(gòu)，以使其能承受壓縮成型所需的高壓。 外墻應(yīng)該只是稍微有些彈性。如果模具過于柔軟，則結(jié)果可能是兩個半模在打開時卡住，或者彈出很麻煩。高壁部件可能在側(cè)壁上施加總壓縮壓力。模具的底部必須很好地支撐以吸收施加在其上的壓力并避免撓曲。 由于材料成本與工資相比相對較低，因此可以使模具結(jié)構(gòu)堅固而不會導(dǎo)致成 本顯著增加。除了更高的剛性外，更高的鋼材含量確保更均勻的溫度分布和溫度控制。模塑區(qū)域的良好拋光對于無故障排出以及為模制品提供令人滿意的表面是絕對必要的。模具表面應(yīng)該是玻璃堅硬的，以便它能夠承受模壓材料在壓力下流動時施加的磨損效應(yīng)并且因此保持其拋光。另一方面，由于模具壁和肋條的輕微變形是不可避免的，所以工具鋼需要具有堅韌的芯。建議使用滲碳鋼作為賦形模具零件。這已經(jīng)在塑料加工行業(yè)的模具制造中得到了證明。模具表面必須耐受化學(xué)物質(zhì)的不斷侵襲，這對于某些類型的壓縮模塑化合物尤其普遍。模具可以通過成型表面的鉻鍍層來防止化學(xué)侵蝕和摩擦磨損。 另一個重要的要求是模具由盡可能少的互鎖部件組成。由于所采用的高壓 縮壓力可能導(dǎo)致變形，因此將多個部件相互配合總是充滿危險。如果不能避免使用刀片，那么插入件必須始終與壓力一致地安裝到壓模中，并且永遠(yuǎn)不會穿過它。 壓縮模具基本上由上部和下部組成。在正常情況下，下半部分安裝在壓機的工作臺上，上半部分安裝在沖壓機上。兩個半模均由硬化銷釘引導(dǎo)。非對稱部件會在模具上產(chǎn)生較大的單側(cè)壓力負(fù)載。他們需要通過特別指南進(jìn)行賠償。 彈射通常需要特殊設(shè)備。平盤或盤子等部件很容易通過壓縮空氣排出，機器上已有該壓縮空氣用于清潔模具上的閃蒸和材料殘留物。在所有其他情況下，可以通過頂針或肋條進(jìn)行噴射。對于具有多個纖維和開口的零件，由于材料收縮，頂針是必不可少的。 轉(zhuǎn)移模具 熱固性模塑料可以通過傳遞模塑工藝加工。然而，熱注射筒不應(yīng)該含有多個部件的材料儲備，因為材料只能在熱量中固化。如果材料體積與待生產(chǎn)零件的體積以及澆口相匹配，則熱固性塑料只能進(jìn)行傳遞模塑。用已經(jīng)在高頻爐中預(yù)干燥的材料進(jìn)行模制將是有利的，僅在其被計量到傳送滾筒中之前才從烘箱中取出。 在這種情況下，最有利和最準(zhǔn)確的計量類型——與傳統(tǒng)壓縮成型一樣——也 可通過預(yù)壓縮顆粒實現(xiàn)。由于它們已經(jīng)具有一定的密度，所以可以給注射缸的尺寸帶來更大的余地，這對注塑壓力具有決定性的影響。由于材料通過小噴嘴孔注入，所以可以實現(xiàn)非常均勻的熱滲透。而在壓縮成型中——即使預(yù)熱好的丸?！牧弦膊灰琢鲃?，完全塑化的材料在傳遞模塑中進(jìn)入腔體。材料另外被加熱的模具壁加熱。因此，熱滲透優(yōu)于壓縮成型。傳遞模塑工藝所需的固化時間要比壓縮模塑法短得多。由于部件的性質(zhì)，必須使用長芯時，傳遞模塑工藝也是特別有利的。在這種情況下，他們對單向壓力的指導(dǎo)和支持比壓塑更容易設(shè)計。這也是為什么可能在敏感金屬部件周圍注射的原因。通過相應(yīng)地布置滑道，芯和插入件必須有利地定位在材料的流動路徑中。 傳遞模具所要滿足的要求與壓縮模具的要求基本相同。由于所需的注塑壓 力在注塑缸中的壓力約為1,000至1,800 巴，但在模腔內(nèi)稍低，雖然仍高于普通壓縮成型，但模具的結(jié)構(gòu)必須更牢固。由于模具在注射過程中已經(jīng)被完全夾緊， 因此必須特別注意形狀賦予腔的排氣。如果沒有觀察到，空隙和不完整的部件將導(dǎo)致與注塑熱塑性塑料材料時所經(jīng)歷的相同的方式。但是，由于不能像在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)壓縮模具上那樣進(jìn)行模具的排氣，所以必須定位和確定通風(fēng)孔的尺寸，使得氣體能夠從材料中逸出而不會使材料堵塞通風(fēng)管道。 傳送模具的構(gòu)造與壓縮模具的構(gòu)造的不同之處在于不存在填充室。這已被 位于模具中心的注射缸和活塞所取代。一種是根據(jù)以下兩種基本類型的傳遞模 具進(jìn)行區(qū)分：用頂部注射缸和活塞傳遞模具。這些模具可以在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)壓力機上操作，在這種情況下，打開沖程的限制當(dāng)然要考慮在內(nèi)。 用底部注射缸和活塞傳輸模具。對于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的模具，必須使用帶有單獨注射裝置的壓力機。這通常是一臺帶有液壓缸的壓力機，液壓缸安裝在模具臺下方的中央，用于操作與機器上的定時器（傳遞模塑）互鎖的注射活塞。成型模具部件和模腔的加工方式與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)加壓模具相同。 15