【0179】9[畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)]某住宅樓工程畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（清單）
【0179】9[畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)]某住宅樓工程畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（清單）,0179,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),住宅樓,工程,清單
英譯漢（英文）
Discuss the construction temperature and crack of the concrete lightly
The summary , through observation live for many years, through consulting the monograph about stress within the concrete, explain to concrete temperature reason , on-the-spot concrete control and measure , prevention of crack of temperature that crack produce.
Keyword Concrete Temperature stress Crack Control
The concrete occupies the important position in modern engineering construction. But today, the crack of the concrete is comparatively general, the cracks are nearly omnipresent in the science of bridge building. Though we take various kinds of measures in constructing, careful, but the crack still occurs now and then. Tracing it to its cause, it is one of them incompletely that our change to concrete temperature stress pays attention to.
In the large volume concrete, temperature stress and temperature control are significant. This is mainly because of the reason of two respects. First of all, concrete often appear the temperature crack in not constructing, influence the globality and durability of the structure. Secondly, in the course of operating, the temperature change has remarkable influence that can't be ignored on the stress state of the structure. Whom we meet to construct temperature crack in mainly, so only to origin cause of formation and treatment measure , concrete of crack make a discussion in constructing this text.
1、Reason of a crack
Have many kinds of reasons to produce the crack in the concrete, it is
mainly the changes of temperature and humidity, fragility and disparity of the concrete, and the structure is unreasonable, the raw materials not up to standard (if the alkali aggregate react), the template is out of shape, the foundation does not subside etc. evenly .
The cement emits a large amount of heat of hydration when the concrete is hardenned, inside temperature is rising constantly, cause the stress of drawing on the surface. In the course of lowering the temperature , is it congeal foundation pay restrain to mix always later stage, will present the stress of drawing within the concrete . Reducing of temperature can surface cause heavy stress of drawing very in concrete too. When these draw the stress and go beyond resisting the ability of splitting of concrete , namely will present the crack . A lot of inside humidity of concrete change very light or change relatively slow, surface humidity might change heavy the violent change takes placing. Such as maintaining thoroughly, when getting wetter when not doing,contract surface there aren't deformation doing, often cause the crack too. The concrete is a kind of fragility material , tensile strength is about 1/10 of the compression strength, is it carry on one's shoulder or back limit when draw out of shape to have *104 only , is it carry on one's shoulder or back limit location when stretch out of shape to there is *104 to add for a long time to add a short time. Because raw materials even, water dust than unstable, transport and build phenomenon of emanating of course, its tensile strength is not even in the same concrete, a lot of resist the ability of drawing very low, it is apt to present the weak position of the crack. Among armored concrete , draw stress to undertake by reinforcing bar mainly , concrete bear stress of keeping just. Or reinforcing bar mix if edge position gone to to congeal present the stress of drawing in the structure in plain concrete, must rely on the concrete oneself to bear . Require to avoid the stress of drawing or only very small stress of drawing appears of the the general design.
But the concrete is cooled from maximum temperature to the steady temperature of operating period in constructing, often cause sizable to draw the stress within the concrete. The temperature stress can exceed other outsides and load the stresses caused sometimes, know change law , temperature of stress for carry on reasonable structural design and construct extremely important.
2、Analysis of 2 temperature stresses
Can be divided into following three stages according to the forming process of the temperature stress:
(1)It is early: Build concrete is it is it over basically to send out heat to cement to begin , generally one one day by oneself. Two characteristics at this stage, first, the cement emits a large amount of heat of hydration, second , mix and congeal the changing sharply of elastic model quantity. Because of the change of elastic model quantity , form the remaining stress in the concrete in this period.
(2)Middle period: Up till the concrete is cooled until stability temperature from cement send out heat function basically when expiring, in this period, the temperature stress is mainly because the cooling of the concrete and external temperature change cause, these stresses and remnants stresses that is formed in early days are superposed , mix and congeal the elastic mould amount that goes to and does not change much during this period.
(3)Later period: Operation period after the complete cooling of concrete. Temperature stress whether external temperature change cause mainly, these stresses and first two kinds of remnants stresseses are changed and added .
Can be divided into two kinds according to the reason why the temperature stress causes:
(1)Spontaneous stress: There are not any restraint or totally static structure at the border, if inside temperature is non-linear distribution, temperature stress
appearing because structure restrains from each other. For example, the body of mound of the bridge, the physical dimension is relatively large, surface temperature is low when the concrete is cooled, inside temperature is high, present the stress of drawing on the surface, present the stress of pressing in the middle.
(2)Restrain the stress: All of the structure ones or it restrain external one some border,can't out of shape and stress not cause not free. Such as case roof beam roof concrete and guardrail concrete.
3、Control and preventing the measure of the crack of 3 temperature
For prevent crack , lighten temperature stress can from control temperature and is it is it set about to restrain terms from two to improve.
The measure of controlling temperature is as follows:
(1)Is it improve aggregate grade mix , is it do rigid concrete to spend , mix mixture to adopt, is it guide angry pharmaceutical or plastification pharmaceutical ,etc. measure in order to reduce cement consumption of concrete to add;
(2)Add water or the water to cool the broken stone in order to reduce the temperature of building of the concrete while mixing and shutting the concrete;
(3)Reduce the thickness of building while building the concrete on hot day, utilize and build the aspect to dispel the heat;
(4)Bury the water pipe underground in the concrete, enter the cold water to lower the temperature openly;
(5)Stipulate rational form removal time, the temperature keeps warm the surface while lowering suddenly, in case that the rapid temperature gradient takes place in the concrete surface;
(6)The concrete with medium and long-term and exposed construction builds a piece of surface or thin wall structure, take the measure of keeping warm
in cold season;
The measure of improving condition of restraining is:
(1)Divide and sew and divide one rationally ;
(2)Prevent the foundation from rising and falling too big;
(3)Rational arrangement construction process, prevent the too big discrepancy in elevation and side from exposing for a long time;
In addition, improve the performance of the concrete and improve and resist the ability of splitting, strengthen maintenance , prevent the surface from being done and contracted , especially guarantee the quality of the concrete is very important to preventing the crack, should pay special attention to avoiding producing and running through the crack , the globality resumed its structure after appearing is very difficult, so should rely mainly on preventing the emergence of the running through crack while constructing.
4、Early maintenance of 4 concrete
Practice has proved , the common crack of concrete , most is the surface crack of different depth, main reason its whether temperature gradient cause cold temperature of area lower too easy to form crack suddenly. So say the warm - keeping of the concrete is especially important to preventing the early crack of surface.
From the viewpoint of temperature stress, should reach and require to keep warm followingly:
(1)Prevent concrete internal and external temperature poor and concrete surface gradient from , prevent the surface crack.
(2)Prevent concrete from to be ultra and cold , should is it is it make the minimum temperature is not lower than the steady temperature of concrete service time construction time in concrete to try to try one's best.
(3)Prevent the old concrete subcooling , in order to reduce the restraint
among the old and new concrete.
The early maintenance of the concrete, the main purpose lies in keeping the suitable warm and humid condition , in order to get the result of two respects, on the other hand make the concrete avoid the invasion and attack of the unfavorable and warm , humidity out of shape, the ones that prevent from harmfully are cold to contract and do to contract. On one hand make cement water function go on smoothly , is in the hope of reaching the intensity designed and resisting the ability of splitting.
5、Conclusions
Construction temperature and relation of crack in concrete the above carry on preliminary discussion of theory and practice, though the academia has different theories to origin cause of formation and computing technology of the concrete crack, but to concrete prevention and improving the measure suggestion to relatively unify , application in practice result fine too at the same time, concrete to is it observe , compare more more by us to want in constructing, analyse more , summarize more after going wrong , combine many kinds of prevention and deal with the measure, the crack of the concrete can be avoided.
英譯漢（漢字）
淺談混凝土的施工溫度與裂縫
摘 要 通過多年的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀察，通過查閱有關(guān)混凝土內(nèi)部應(yīng)力方面的專著，對(duì)混凝土溫度裂縫產(chǎn)生的原因、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)混凝土溫度的控制和預(yù)防裂縫的措施進(jìn)行等進(jìn)行闡述。
關(guān)鍵詞 混凝土 溫度應(yīng)力 裂縫 控制
混凝土在現(xiàn)代工程建設(shè)中占有重要地位。而在今天，混凝土的裂縫較為普遍，在橋梁工程中裂縫幾乎無所不在。盡管我們?cè)谑┕ぶ胁扇「鞣N措施，小心謹(jǐn)慎，但裂縫仍然時(shí)有出現(xiàn)。究其原因，我們對(duì)混凝土溫度應(yīng)力的變化注意不夠是其中之一。
在大體積混凝土中，溫度應(yīng)力及溫度控制具有重要意義。這主要是由于兩方面的原因。首先，在施工中混凝土常常出現(xiàn)溫度裂縫，影響到結(jié)構(gòu)的整體性和耐久性。其次，在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過程中，溫度變化對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)具有顯著的不容忽視的影響。我們遇到的主要是施工中的溫度裂縫，因此本文僅對(duì)施工中混凝土裂縫的成因和處理措施做一探討。
1、裂縫的原因
混凝土中產(chǎn)生裂縫有多種原因，主要是溫度和濕度的變化，混凝土的脆性和不均勻性，以及結(jié)構(gòu)不合理，原材料不合格（如堿骨料反應(yīng)），模板變形，基礎(chǔ)不均勻沉降等。
混凝土硬化期間水泥放出大量水化熱，內(nèi)部溫度不斷上升，在表面引起拉應(yīng)力。后期在降溫過程中，由于受到基礎(chǔ)或老混凝上的約束，又會(huì)在混凝土內(nèi)部出現(xiàn)拉應(yīng)力。氣溫的降低也會(huì)在混凝土表面引起很大的拉應(yīng)力。當(dāng)這些拉應(yīng)力超出混凝土的抗裂能力時(shí)，即會(huì)出現(xiàn)裂縫。許多混凝土的內(nèi)部濕度變化很小或變化較慢，但表面濕度可能變化較大或發(fā)生劇烈變化。如養(yǎng)護(hù)不周、時(shí)干時(shí)濕，表面干縮形變受到內(nèi)部混凝土的約束，也往往導(dǎo)致裂縫?；炷潦且环N脆性材料，抗拉強(qiáng)度是抗壓強(qiáng)度的1／10左右，短期加荷時(shí)的極限拉伸變形只有（0.6～1.0）×104， 長(zhǎng)期加荷時(shí)的極限位伸變形也只有（1.2～2.0）×104.由于原材料不均勻，水灰比不穩(wěn)定，及運(yùn)輸和澆筑過程中的離析現(xiàn)象，在同一塊混凝土中其抗拉強(qiáng)度又是不均勻的，存在著許多抗拉能力很低，易于出現(xiàn)裂縫的薄弱部位。在鋼筋混凝土中，拉應(yīng)力主要是由鋼筋承擔(dān)，混凝土只是承受壓應(yīng)力。在素混凝土內(nèi)或鋼筋混凝上的邊緣部位如果結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)了拉應(yīng)力，則須依靠混凝土自身承擔(dān)。一般
設(shè)計(jì)中均要求不出現(xiàn)拉應(yīng)力或者只出現(xiàn)很小的拉應(yīng)力。但是在施工中混凝土由最高溫度冷卻到運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)期的穩(wěn)定溫度，往往在混凝土內(nèi)部引起相當(dāng)大的拉應(yīng)力。有時(shí)溫度應(yīng)力可超過其它外荷載所引起的應(yīng)力，因此掌握溫度應(yīng)力的變化規(guī)律對(duì)于進(jìn)行合理的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和施工極為重要。
2、溫度應(yīng)力的分析
根據(jù)溫度應(yīng)力的形成過程可分為以下三個(gè)階段：
（1）早期：自澆筑混凝土開始至水泥放熱基本結(jié)束，一般約30天。這個(gè)階段的兩個(gè)特征，一是水泥放出大量的水化熱，二是混凝上彈性模量的急劇變化。由于彈性模量的變化，這一時(shí)期在混凝土內(nèi)形成殘余應(yīng)力。
（2）中期：自水泥放熱作用基本結(jié)束時(shí)起至混凝土冷卻到穩(wěn)定溫度時(shí)止，這個(gè)時(shí)期中，溫度應(yīng)力主要是由于混凝土的冷卻及外界氣溫變化所引起，這些應(yīng)力與早期形成的殘余應(yīng)力相疊加，在此期間混凝上的彈性模量變化不大。
（3）晚期：混凝土完全冷卻以后的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)期。溫度應(yīng)力主要是外界氣溫變化所引起，這些應(yīng)力與前兩種的殘余應(yīng)力相迭加。
根據(jù)溫度應(yīng)力引起的原因可分為兩類：
（1）自生應(yīng)力：邊界上沒有任何約束或完全靜止的結(jié)構(gòu)，如果內(nèi)部溫度是非線性分布的，由于結(jié)構(gòu)本身互相約束而出現(xiàn)的溫度應(yīng)力。例如，橋梁墩身，結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸相對(duì)較大，混凝土冷卻時(shí)表面溫度低，內(nèi)部溫度高，在表面出現(xiàn)拉應(yīng)力，在中間出現(xiàn)壓應(yīng)力。
（2）約束應(yīng)力：結(jié)構(gòu)的全部或部分邊界受到外界的約束，不能自由變形而引起的應(yīng)力。如箱梁頂板混凝土和護(hù)欄混凝土。
3、溫度的控制和防止裂縫的措施
為了防止裂縫，減輕溫度應(yīng)力可以從控制溫度和改善約束條件兩個(gè)方面著手。
控制溫度的措施如下：
（1）采用改善骨料級(jí)配，用干硬性混凝土，摻混合料，加引氣劑或塑化劑等措施以減少混凝土中的水泥用量；
（2）拌合混凝土?xí)r加水或用水將碎石冷卻以降低混凝土的澆筑溫度；
（3）熱天澆筑混凝土?xí)r減少澆筑厚度，利用澆筑層面散熱；
（4）在混凝土中埋設(shè)水管，通入冷水降溫；
（5）規(guī)定合理的拆模時(shí)間，氣溫驟降時(shí)進(jìn)行表面保溫，以免混凝土表面發(fā)生急劇的
溫度梯度；
（6）施工中長(zhǎng)期暴露的混凝土澆筑塊表面或薄壁結(jié)構(gòu)，在寒冷季節(jié)采取保溫措施；
改善約束條件的措施是：
（1）合理地分縫分塊；
（2）避免基礎(chǔ)過大起伏；
（3）合理的安排施工工序，避免過大的高差和側(cè)面長(zhǎng)期暴露；
此外，改善混凝土的性能，提高抗裂能力，加強(qiáng)養(yǎng)護(hù)，防止表面干縮，特別是保證混凝土的質(zhì)量對(duì)防止裂縫是十分重要，應(yīng)特別注意避免產(chǎn)生貫穿裂縫，出現(xiàn)后要恢復(fù)其結(jié)構(gòu)的整體性是十分困難的，因此施工中應(yīng)以預(yù)防貫穿性裂縫的發(fā)生為主。
4、混凝土的早期養(yǎng)護(hù)
實(shí)踐證明，混凝土常見的裂縫，大多數(shù)是不同深度的表面裂縫，其主要原因是溫度梯度造成寒冷地區(qū)的溫度驟降也容易形成裂縫。因此說混凝土的保溫對(duì)防止表面早期裂縫尤其重要。從溫度應(yīng)力觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)，保溫應(yīng)達(dá)到下述要求：
（1）防止混凝土內(nèi)外溫度差及混凝土表面梯度，防止表面裂縫。
（2）防止混凝土超冷，應(yīng)該盡量設(shè)法使混凝土的施工期最低溫度不低于混凝土使用期的穩(wěn)定溫度。
（3）防止老混凝土過冷，以減少新老混凝土間的約束。
混凝土的早期養(yǎng)護(hù)，主要目的在于保持適宜的溫濕條件，以達(dá)到兩個(gè)方面的效果，一方面使混凝土免受不利溫、濕度變形的侵襲，防止有害的冷縮和干縮。一方面使水泥水化作用順利進(jìn)行，以期達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)的強(qiáng)度和抗裂能力。
5、結(jié)束語
以上對(duì)混凝土的施工溫度與裂縫之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了理論和實(shí)踐上的初步探討，雖然學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)于混凝土裂縫的成因和計(jì)算方法有不同的理論，但對(duì)于具體的預(yù)防和改善措施意見還是比較統(tǒng)一，同時(shí)在實(shí)踐中的應(yīng)用效果也是比較好的，具體施工中要靠我們多觀察、多比較，出現(xiàn)問題后多分析、多總結(jié)，結(jié)合多種預(yù)防處理措施，混凝土的裂縫是完全可以避免的。
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