2019-2020年高考英語 閱讀微技能訓(xùn)練 主旨大意(1).doc

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2019-2020年高考英語 閱讀微技能訓(xùn)練 主旨大意(1) 主旨大意題是高考閱讀理解的主要題型之一， 旨在考查考生對鍛煉大意或者文章中心思想的把握和歸納能力。此類題數(shù)量較大，在15個(gè)題中約占3-4個(gè)。 ◆設(shè)問特點(diǎn)： 1. 考查全文主旨或段落大意。 2. 正確選項(xiàng)概況范圍大小恰當(dāng)，主旨判斷準(zhǔn)確。 3. 錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)常常是太大、太窄或者偏離主題，主觀臆斷。 4. 常以main idea, best idea, subject, mainly discuss 等詞提問。 ◆?？紗栴}： 1). 中心思想類 The main point /idea of the passage is… The passage is mainly about… The passage mainly discusses… The last but one paragraph is chiefly concerned with…? Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? 2).標(biāo)題類 Which of the following is the best title of the passage? The best title for the passage would be … 3).目的類 The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to … The passage is meant to …. In writing this passage, the author mainly intends to… ◆技巧點(diǎn)撥： 1. 尋找主題句： 抓住段落或文章主題的捷徑之一就是在段落或文章中尋找主題句。主題句是指能表達(dá)或概況段落主題或文章主要內(nèi)容的句子， 通常是一個(gè)簡潔、完整、具有概況性的句子，較多出現(xiàn)在說明文和議論文中，而其他句子則圍繞著主題句展開進(jìn)行說明解釋或擴(kuò)展。 主題句在文中的位置: 1) 開門見山：提出主題----細(xì)節(jié)支撐闡明主題 2) 段末點(diǎn)睛：細(xì)節(jié)描述----歸納要點(diǎn)---概括主題 3) 段中點(diǎn)旨：細(xì)節(jié)描述---歸納主題---進(jìn)一步解釋 4) 無主題句:考生需根據(jù)文章中所敘述的事實(shí)或提供的線索來概括和總結(jié)文章的大意 2. 捕捉關(guān)鍵詞： 略讀是概括和歸納文章或段落大意的基本方法。略讀時(shí)要快，把注意力集中在關(guān)鍵詞（即實(shí)詞）上，非關(guān)鍵詞（即虛詞）則一帶而過。注意出現(xiàn)頻率高的詞可能是蘊(yùn)涵中心思想的關(guān)鍵詞，分析歸納篩選出最能表達(dá)主旨或這這意圖的關(guān)鍵詞，繼而確定文章的主旨大意。 3. 仔細(xì)推敲選項(xiàng)： 干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)有： 1）“以偏概全”：選項(xiàng)范圍太窄，只表達(dá)局部信息或某一細(xì)節(jié)，片面、單一的內(nèi)容應(yīng)排除，注意鎖定選項(xiàng)中的重點(diǎn)詞。 2）“主題擴(kuò)大”：概括范圍太寬，表達(dá)的內(nèi)容超出或多于文章闡述的內(nèi)容。這種選項(xiàng)可以反過來考慮，若以這個(gè)主題，這篇文章可以 3）“斷章取義”：根據(jù)某一句話或者某幾句就斷然指定段落的大意。 ◆技巧操練： 例1： Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible diseases (illness) cancers, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example it can give on a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer cancer, smoking is harmful. To think: 1. Which sentence is the topic sentence? 2. Which sentences are the supporting sentences? 3. Which sentence is the concluding sentence? 例2： Sometimes an animal has a plant partner. The relationship develops until the two partners cannot manage without each other. This is so in the corals of the sea. In their skins they have tiny plants which act as "dustman", taking some of the waste products from the corals and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs to breathe. If the plants are killed, or are even prevented from light so that they cannot live normally, the corals will die. 1. What does the paragraph mainly discuss? A. Some animals and plants depend on each other for existence. B. Some animals and plants develop their relationship easily. C. Some plants depend on each other for food. D. Some animals live better together. 例3：Alaskas ice water teems with fish. Fishing industry is the leading industry. The value of products prepared every year for market is about $ 1000,000,000. This forms the important part of Alaskas wealth. 2. The passage deals with_________. A. geography of Alaska B. fishing industry of Alaska C. fish market of Alaska D. Alaskas wealth 例4：Driving a car is not just handling controls and judging speed and distance. It requires you to predict what other road users will do and get ready to react to something unexpected , When alcohol is consumed, it enters your bloodstream and acts as a depressant, damaging eyesight, judgment and co-ordination, slowing down reaction time and greatly increasing the risk of accidents. Even below the drink driving limit, driving will be affected. 3. The first paragraph is mainly about_____________. A. the introduction of driving skills B. the damage of drinking to your body C. the effect of drinking on driving D. the process of alcohol being absorbed 例5：Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows "everything" may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance. 4.The main idea of this passage is that________. A. an innocent person looks more guilty than a professional criminal does B. the man who knows "everything" may really knows nothing C. we are foolish if we judge a person only by his appearance D. it is difficult to tell the guilty from the innocent. 例6：Camping wild is a wonderful way to experience the natural world and, at it best, it makes little environmental influence. But with increasing numbers of people wanting to escape into the wilderness, it is being more and more important to camp unobtrusively(不引人注目地) and leave no mark. Wild camping is not permitted in many places, particularly in crowded lowland Britain. Wherever you are, find out about organizations responsible for managing wild spaces, and contact them to find out their policy on camping and shelter building. For example, it is fine to camp wild in remote parts of Scotland, but in England you must ask the landowners permission, except in national parks. Camping is about having relaxation, sleeping outdoors, experiencing bad weather, and making do without modern conveniences. A busy, fully-equipped campsite seems to go against this, so seek out smaller, more remote places with easy access to open spaces and perhaps beaches. Better still, find a campsite with no road access: Walking in makes a real adventure. Finding the right spot to camp is the first step to guaranteeing a good nights sleep. Choose a campsite with privacy and minimum influence on others and the environment. Try to use an area where people have obviously camped before rather than creating a new spot. When camping in woodland, avoid standing dead trees, Which may fall on a windy night. Avoid animal runs and caves, and possible homes of biting insects. Make sure you have most protection on the windward side. If you make a fire, do so downwind of your shelter. Always consider what influence you might have on the natural world. Avoid damaging plants. A good campsite is found, not made-changing it should be unnecessary. 5. The passage is mainly about____________. A. the protection of campsites B. the importance of wild camping C. the human influence on campsites D. the dos and donts of wild camping 例7： Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship. Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21, 1521, seven out of every eight men had died. Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball. 6.Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage? A. Magellans Death B. Going Around The World C. The World Is Round D. Magellans Voyage 例8：Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). 　　The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the children’s department. 　　Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the children’s department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class. The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager. ①What is mainly discussed in the text? A. Children’s reading difficulties. B. Advantages of raising dogs. C.Service in a public library D.A special reading program. ②Specialists use dogs to listen to children reading because they think ___. A. dogs are young children’s best friends B.children can play with dogs while reading C.dogs can provide encouragement for shy children D.children and dogs understand each other ③By saying “ The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on this idea”,the writer means the library______. A. uses dogs to attract children B. accept the idea put forward by ITA C.has opened a children’s department D.has decided to train some dogs ④A “pawgraphed” book is most probably ______. A. a book used in Saturday classes B. a book written by the children C. a prize for the children D. a gift from parents