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譯文題目： Die development
模具的發(fā)展
學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號(hào)：
專 業(yè)：
所在學(xué)院：
指導(dǎo)教師：
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20xx年 02 月 25 日
Die development
Abstract: the mold is a tool for mass production with the form of a product, is the main process equipment in industrial production. Mold has become an important means of modern industrial production and technology development direction. The foundation of the modern economic industry. Modern industrial development and the improvement of technical level, to a large extent depends on the development level of mold industry, so die industry to national economy and social development will play an more and more important role. In order to adapt to the user for mould manufacturing of high precision, short delivery time, low cost, the urgent request of the modern advanced manufacturing technology is widely used in die and mould industry to accelerate the technological progress of mold industry, satisfy all walks of life to mold the base and the urgent need of process equipment
Keywords: mold; modern economy; the development trend
Die position in industrial production
Mold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment.
With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold work pieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption, other manufacturing methods cannot match. Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development. The basis of the modern industrial economy.
The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. March 1989 the State Council promulgated "on the current industrial policy decision points" in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy. Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the "current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog" and "to encourage foreign investment industry directory." Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, China's industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output.
According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. From the output of view, since the 80's, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. Production technology, according to the International Association predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold completed; metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed in more than 50% metal plates, more than 80% of all plastic products, especially through the mold into
Die trend
Mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction
(1) Mold software features integrated
Die software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. Series such as the UK Delcam's software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. A higher degree of integration of the software includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc.. Shanghai Jiaotong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic forming systems and Die CAD / CAM systems; Beijing Beihang Haier Software Ltd. CAXA Series software; Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Center of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems .
(2) Mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional
Two-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. In addition, Cimatran company Moldexpert, Delcam's Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure . Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software. For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one. Such as injection molding experts Cimatron's software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results.
(3) Mold software applications, networking trend
With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. The United States in its "21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy" that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months.
Mold materials and surface treatment technology developed rapidly
Industry to the level of mold, material application is the key. Due to improper selection and use of materials, causing premature die failure, which accounts for more than 45% failure die. In the mold material, commonly used cold work tool steel with CrWMn, Cr12, Cr12MoV and W6Mo5Cr4V2, flame hardened steel (such as Japan, AUX2, SX105V (7CrSiMnMoV), etc.; used a new type of hot work die steel American H13, Sweden QRO80M, QRO90SUPREME, etc.; used a pre-hardened plastic mold steel (such as the U.S. P20), age-hardening steel (such as the U.S. P21, Japan NAK55, etc.), heat treatment hardened steel (such as the United States, D2, Japan, PD613, PD555, Sweden wins the White 136, etc.), powder die steel (such as Japan KAD18 and KAS440), etc.; panel drawing die used HT300, QT60-2, Mo-Cr, Mo-V cast iron, large-scale mold with HT250. more regular use of Precision Die Hard Steel Results YG20 and other alloys and carbide. in the mold surface treatment, the main trends are: the infiltration of a single element to the multi-element penetration, complex permeability (such as TD method) development; by the general diffusion to the CVD, PVD, PCVD, ion penetration , the direction of ion implantation, etc.; can use the coating are: TiC, TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, CrN, Cr7C3, W2C, etc., while heat from the air treatment means to the development of vacuum heat treatment. In addition, the current strengthening of the laser, glow plasma Nitriding and electroplating (plating) enhanced anti-corrosion technologies are also more and more attention.
The 21st century, in the new situation of economic globalization, with capital, are increasingly used to provide the products from the mold industry. In order to meet the user's high-precision mold manufacturing, short delivery time, the urgent demand low-cost, mold industry is extensive application of modern advanced manufacturing technology to speed up the mold industry, technological progress, to meet the basic sectors of the mold process equipment urgent needs.
模具的發(fā)展
摘要：模具是大批量生產(chǎn)同形產(chǎn)品的工具，是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的主要工藝裝備。模具已成為當(dāng)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要手段和工藝發(fā)展方向?，F(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)?，F(xiàn)代工業(yè)品的發(fā)展和技術(shù)水平的提高，很大程度上取決于模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展水平，因此模具工業(yè)對(duì)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展將起越來(lái)越大的作用。為了適應(yīng)用戶對(duì)模具制造的高精度、短交貨期、低成本的迫切要求，模具工業(yè)正廣泛應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)來(lái)加速模具工業(yè)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步，滿足各行各業(yè)對(duì)模具這一基礎(chǔ)工藝裝備的迫切需求
關(guān)鍵詞：模具；現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)；發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
一、模具在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的地位
模具是大批量生產(chǎn)同形產(chǎn)品的工具，是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的主要工藝裝備。
采用模具生產(chǎn)零部件，具有生產(chǎn)效率高、質(zhì)量好、成本低、節(jié)約能源和原材料等一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn)，用模具生產(chǎn)制件所具備的高精度、高復(fù)雜程度、高一致性、高生產(chǎn)率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比擬的。模具已成為當(dāng)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要手段和工藝發(fā)展方向?，F(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)?，F(xiàn)代工業(yè)品的發(fā)展和技術(shù)水平的提高，很大程度上取決于模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展水平，因此模具工業(yè)對(duì)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展將起越來(lái)越大的作用。1989年3月國(guó)務(wù)院頒布的《關(guān)于當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)政策要點(diǎn)的決定》中，把模具列為機(jī)械工業(yè)技術(shù)改造序列的第一位、生產(chǎn)和基本建設(shè)序列的第二位(僅次于大型發(fā)電設(shè)備及相應(yīng)的輸變電設(shè)備)，確立模具工業(yè)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要地位。1997年以來(lái)，又相繼把模具及其加工技術(shù)和設(shè)備列入了《當(dāng)前國(guó)家重點(diǎn)鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)業(yè)、產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)目錄》和《鼓勵(lì)外商投資產(chǎn)業(yè)目錄》。經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)，從1997年到2000年，對(duì)80多家國(guó)有專業(yè)模具廠實(shí)行增值稅返還70%的優(yōu)惠政策，以扶植模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展。所有這些，都充分體現(xiàn)了國(guó)務(wù)院和國(guó)家有關(guān)部門對(duì)發(fā)展模具工業(yè)的重視和支持。目前全世界模具年產(chǎn)值約為600億美元，日、美等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值已超過(guò)機(jī)床工業(yè)，從1997年開(kāi)始，我國(guó)模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值也超過(guò)了機(jī)床工業(yè)產(chǎn)值。
據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在家電、玩具等輕工行業(yè)，近90％的零件是綜筷具生產(chǎn)的；在飛機(jī)、汽車、農(nóng)機(jī)和無(wú)線電行業(yè)，這個(gè)比例也超過(guò)60％。例如飛機(jī)制造業(yè)，某型戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)模具使用量超過(guò)三萬(wàn)套，其中主機(jī)八千套、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)二千套、輔機(jī)二萬(wàn)套。從產(chǎn)值看，80年代以來(lái)，美、日等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)值已超過(guò)機(jī)床行業(yè)，并又有繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)。據(jù)國(guó)際生產(chǎn)技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)，到2000年，產(chǎn)品盡件粗加工的75%、精加工的50％將由模具完成；金屬、塑料、陶瓷、橡膠、建材等工業(yè)制品大部分將由模具完成，50％以上的金屬板材、80％以上的塑料都特通過(guò)模具轉(zhuǎn)化成制品。
二、模具的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
模具CAD/CAE/CAM正向集成化、三維化、智能化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展
（一）模具軟件功能集成化
模具軟件功能的集成化要求軟件的功能模塊比較齊全，同時(shí)各功能模塊采用同一數(shù)據(jù)模型，以實(shí)現(xiàn)信息的綜合管理與共享，從而支持模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造、裝配、檢驗(yàn)、測(cè)試及生產(chǎn)管理的全過(guò)程，達(dá)到實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳效益的目的。如英國(guó)Delcam公司的系列化軟件就包括了曲面/實(shí)體幾何造型、復(fù)雜形體工程制圖、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)高級(jí)渲染、塑料模設(shè)計(jì)專家系統(tǒng)、復(fù)雜形體CAM、藝術(shù)造型及雕刻自動(dòng)編程系統(tǒng)、逆向工程系統(tǒng)及復(fù)雜形體在線測(cè)量系統(tǒng)等。集成化程度較高的軟件還包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。國(guó)內(nèi)有上海交通大學(xué)金屬塑性成型有限元分析系統(tǒng)和沖裁模CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)；北京北航海爾軟件有限公司的CAXA系列軟件；吉林金網(wǎng)格模具工程研究中心的沖壓模CAD/CAE/CAM系統(tǒng)等。
（二）模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析及制造的三維化
傳統(tǒng)的二維模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)已越來(lái)越不適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)和集成化技術(shù)要求。模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析、制造的三維化、無(wú)紙化要求新一代模具軟件以立體的、直觀的感覺(jué)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)模具，所采用的三維數(shù)字化模型能方便地用于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的CAE分析、模具可制造性評(píng)價(jià)和數(shù)控加工、成形過(guò)程模擬及信息的管理與共享。如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等軟件具備參數(shù)化、基于特征、全相關(guān)等特點(diǎn)，從而使模具并行工程成為可能。另外，Cimatran公司的Moldexpert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D專業(yè)注塑模設(shè)計(jì)軟件，可進(jìn)行交互式3D型腔、型芯設(shè)計(jì)、模架配置及典型結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。澳大利亞Moldflow公司的三維真實(shí)感流動(dòng)模擬軟件MoldflowAdvisers已經(jīng)受到用戶廣泛的好評(píng)和應(yīng)用。國(guó)內(nèi)有華中理工大學(xué)研制的同類軟件HSC3D4.5F及鄭州工業(yè)大學(xué)的Z-mold軟件。面向制造、基于知識(shí)的智能化功能是衡量模具軟件先進(jìn)性和實(shí)用性的重要標(biāo)志之一。如Cimatron公司的注塑模專家軟件能根據(jù)脫模方向自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生分型線和分型面，生成與制品相對(duì)應(yīng)的型芯和型腔，實(shí)現(xiàn)模架零件的全相關(guān)，自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生材料明細(xì)表和供NC加工的鉆孔表格，并能進(jìn)行智能化加工參數(shù)設(shè)定、加工結(jié)果校驗(yàn)等。
（三）模具軟件應(yīng)用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化趨勢(shì)
隨著模具在企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、合作、生產(chǎn)和管理等方面的全球化、國(guó)際化，以及計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，網(wǎng)絡(luò)使得在模具行業(yè)應(yīng)用虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、敏捷制造技術(shù)既有必要，也有可能。美國(guó)在其《21世紀(jì)制造企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略》中指出，到2006年要實(shí)現(xiàn)汽車工業(yè)敏捷生產(chǎn)/虛擬工程方案，使汽車開(kāi)發(fā)周期從40個(gè)月縮短到4個(gè)月。
三、模具材料及表面處理技術(shù)發(fā)展迅速
模具工業(yè)要上水平，材料應(yīng)用是關(guān)鍵。因選材和用材不當(dāng)，致使模具過(guò)早失效，大約占失效模具的45%以上。在模具材料方面，常用冷作模具鋼有CrWMn、Cr12、Cr12MoV和W6Mo5Cr4V2，火焰淬火鋼(如日本的AUX2、SX105V(7CrSiMnMoV)等；常用新型熱作模具鋼有美國(guó)H13、瑞典QRO80M、QRO90SUPREME等；常用塑料模具用鋼有預(yù)硬鋼(如美國(guó)P20)、時(shí)效硬化型鋼(如美國(guó)P21、日本NAK55等)、熱處理硬化型鋼(如美國(guó)D2，日本PD613、PD555、瑞典一勝白136等)、粉末模具鋼(如日本KAD18和KAS440)等；覆蓋件拉延模常用HT300、QT60-2、Mo-Cr、Mo-V鑄鐵等，大型模架用HT250。多工位精密沖模常采用鋼結(jié)硬質(zhì)合金及硬質(zhì)合金YG20等。在模具表面處理方面，其主要趨勢(shì)是：由滲入單一元素向多元素共滲、復(fù)合滲(如TD法)發(fā)展；由一般擴(kuò)散向CVD、PVD、PCVD、離子滲入、離子注入等方向發(fā)展；可采用的鍍膜有：TiC、TiN、TiCN、TiAlN、CrN、Cr7C3、W2C等，同時(shí)熱處理手段由大氣熱處理向真空熱處理發(fā)展。另外，目前對(duì)激光強(qiáng)化、輝光離子氮化技術(shù)及電鍍(刷鍍)防腐強(qiáng)化等技術(shù)也日益受到重視。
21世紀(jì)，在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的新形勢(shì)下，隨著資本、技術(shù)和勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的重新整合，為了適應(yīng)用戶對(duì)模具制造的高精度、短交貨期、低成本的迫切要求，模具工業(yè)正廣泛應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)來(lái)加速模具工業(yè)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步，滿足各行各業(yè)對(duì)模具這一基礎(chǔ)工藝裝備的迫切需求。