輕型貨車車架設(shè)計及有限元分析【說明書、開題報告、翻譯】

輕型貨車車架設(shè)計及有限元分析【說明書、開題報告、翻譯】,說明書、開題報告、翻譯,輕型,貨車,車架,設(shè)計,有限元分析,說明書,仿單,開題,報告,講演,呈文,翻譯 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文 譯文題目： Automotive safety systems and technology research and analysis 汽車安全系統(tǒng)技術(shù)研究分析 學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué)　號： ?！　I(yè)： 車輛工程 所在學(xué)院： 機電工程學(xué)院 指導(dǎo)教師： 職　　稱： 年01 月15 日 說明： 要求學(xué)生結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）課題參閱一篇以上的外文資料，并翻譯至少一萬印刷符（或譯出3千漢字）以上的譯文。譯文原則上要求打?。ㄈ缡謱?，一律用400字方格稿紙書寫），連同學(xué)校提供的統(tǒng)一封面及英文原文裝訂，于畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）工作開始后2周內(nèi)完成，作為成績考核的一部分。 Automotive?safety?systems?and?technology?research?and?analysis Abstract:?auto?parts?of?good?and?bad?will?directly?affect?the?safety?of?the?car，?are?directly?related?to?the?people's?life?safety?and?security?in?wealth.?This?article?mainly?from?the?car's?active?safety?technology?and?passive?safety?technology?two?aspects?elaborated?the?importance?of?car?parts，?and?how?to?improve?the?safety?of?the?car.?? Key?words:??automobile，?active?safety?technology，?passive?safety?technology? ?As?traffic?tools?of?the?modernization?and?absolute?number?increase?sharply，?traffic?accidents?are?also?increasing.?Car?accident?has?become?severe?global?social?issues.?Undoubtedly，?advanced?auto?safety?facilities?are?the?driving?safety?indispensable?safeguard.?So，?we?should?start，?from?technology?to?research?and?development?of?high?performance，?high?safety?car，?also?want?to?strengthen?the?regular?inspection?in?cars，?so?timely?maintenance?investigation，?make?cars?often?in?good?technical?status，?so?as?to?improve?the?safety?performance?of?the?car.?? Here?we?introduced?active?safety?technology?and?automobile?car?passive?safety?technology.?Auto?safety?is?according?to?the?traffic?accident?happened?before?and?after?the?classified.?One?is?in?a?traffic?accident?take?safety?measures，?especially?before?immediately?will?produce?risk?condition，?drivers?manipulate?the?steering?wheel?avoid?or?emergency?brake?to?avoid?traffic?accidents.?In?the?car，?drive?in?usually?to?ensure?the?basic?manipulation?stability，?drivers?on?the?surrounding?environment?and?to?ensure?the?visual?recognition?sex?drive?the?car?itself，?developed?the?basic?performance?ant-lock?braking?system?(ABS)，?prevent?slippery?drive?system?(ASR)，?active?suspension，?power?steering?and?four-wheel?drive?(4WD)，?four-wheel?steering?(4WS)，?lighting?system，?wiper，?the?rearview?mirror，?prevent?from?rear-end?collision?car?alarm?system?and?laser?radar，?etc.?These?security?devices?and?technology，?called?active?safety?system，?can?also?be?called?preventive?security?system.?On?the?other?hand，?in?order?to?reduce?traffic?accidents?and?company?by?personnel?directly?suffer?degree，?ensure?company?take?staff?and?pedestrian?safety，?says?the?security?for?passive?safety，?can?also?be?called?conflict?safety.?When?after?the?accident，?in?order?to?prevent?disasters，?including?prevent?the?expansion?of?fire?and?make?crew?from?traffic?accident?can?extricate?the?security?devices?and?systems，?called?prevent?disaster?expand?security?system.? ?Automobile?active?security?technology?? ? ABS?braking?system?? Ant-lock?Braking?System?(Braking?System，?lock?do?by?ABS?computers?as?ABS)，?hydraulic?device，?the?wheel?speed?sensors，?brake?hydraulic?pipeline?and?electrical?wiring?etc.?Their?structures?are?shown?below.?? ABS?tasseled?for?the?car?in?various?driving?conditions?braking?performance?and?brake?safety?particularly?important，?especially?is?emergency?braking，?can?make?full?use?of?the?peak?between?tire?and?road?surface?adhesion?properties，?improve?performance?and?reduce?automobile?fight?sideslip?braking?distance，?give?full?play?to?the?braking?performance，?but?also?increase?the?automobile?braking?process?control.?So?as?to?reduce?the?possibility?of?car?accidents.?? No?installation?ABS?car，?if?the?driving?force?trample?brake?pedal，?wheel?will?rapidly?lower?speed，?and?finally?wheels?stop?turning，?but?body?because?of?inertia?remains?forward?sliding.?This?phenomenon?was?at?the?wheel?and?pavement?occur?between?larger?"slip"，?appear?this?kind?of?situation，?the?car?tires?of?automobile?lateral?spreads?almost?disappear，?so?poor?force?will?appear?the?following?phenomena:?? (1)?Steering?stability?fall:?the?steering?wheel?is?ineffective，?vehicle?tail?manipulation?of?curl，?serious?when?vehicle?circles?or?appear?folding?phenomenon;?? (2)?Handling?fall:?manipulate?the?steering?wheel?and?short?of?steering?requirements;?? (3)?Braking?distance?extended:?more?than?general?braking?distance.??So，?we?can?imagine?to?have?installed?ABS?system?of?the?car?safety?is?very?important.?? The?ASR?drive?torque?control?system?? ABS?are?used?to?prevent?car?braking?process?wheel?lock，?will?wheel?sliding?rate?control?in?ideal?range，?so?as?to?shorten?the?braking?distance，?improve?automobile?braking?direction?stability?and?steering?control，?so?as?to?improve?the?safety?of?the?car.?Along?with?the?increase?of?vehicle?performance?requirements，?not?only?in?braking?process?required?to?prevent?wheel?lock，?and?asked?the?driver?to?prevent?drive?roller?skating?turn?in?the?process，?making?cars?in?the?direction?stability，?driving?process?steering?control?ability?and?acceleration?performance，?so?are?improved?by?the?car?drive?torque?steering?system?ASR?(Accelerations?Regulation)?Slip.?ASR?is?the?perfect?complement?and?ABS?ASR，?but?most?alone?is?set?with?ABS?combined?together，?commonly?used?ABS/ASR?says，?called?antiskid?control?system.?? ASR?is?mainly?used?to?prevent?car?in?the?beginning，?accelerate?the?wheels，?guarantee?slip?in?the?car?accelerated?rate?and?improve?the?stability?in?bad?pavement?drive?attached?conditions.?It?makes?no?difference?speed?in?the?car?lock?ice?roads?and?muddy?road?started?and?to?improve?its?capacity，?also?can?prevent?high?in?speed?by?turning?cars?gliding?pavement?and?rear?lateral?spreads?phenomenon.?? Anyhow，?prevent?the?wheel?because?ASR?slip，?can?maximize?the?engine?driving?moment?of?cars?had?enough，?ensure?the?longitudinal?force，?lateral?force?and?manipulation?of?power，?make?cars?in?starting，?steering?and?accelerate?the?process，?in?gliding?and?muddy?road，?in?a?mountain?area?downhill?process?can?steadily?driving，?guarantees?the?safety，?reducing?tire?wear?and?fuel?consumption，?and?improves?the?car?driving?capability.?? VDC?system?? ABS/ASR?system?successfully?solves?the?brake?and?the?car?when?driven?direction?stability?problem，?but?cannot?solve?the?vehicle?steering?stability?problem?driving?direction.?For?example?when?steering?road，?inevitably?by?lateral?and?longitudinal?force，?only?local?surface?can?provide?full?lateral?and?longitudinal?force，?the?pilot?can?control?vehicles.?If?the?ground?adhesion?ability?lower?lateral，?will?damage?cars?driving?ability?predetermined?direction.?Rainy?days?cars?driving，?often?high-speed?steering?lateral?sliding?out，?it?is?the?ground?because?of?insufficient?lateral?adhesion?ability.?To?resolve?the?issue，?and?developed?countries?automobile?industry?recently?in?ABS/ASR?system?on?the?basis?of?the?development?of?dynamic?Control?system?(into?car?Dynamics?Control，?the?abbreviation?VDC?Vehicle).?The?system?of?the?car?brake，?driving，?suspension，?steering，?engine?and?so?on?various?main?assembly?control?system?in?function，?structure?organic?ground?comprehensive?together，?can?make?cars?in?all?kinds?of?bad?working?conditions，?such?as?ice?road?pavement，?commuting，?river?bend?pavement?and?took?evasive?action?moving?line，?braking?and?acceleration?and?the?downhill?for?different?conditions，?such?as?bearing，?different?type?pressure?and?different?levels?of?type?wear?all?have?good?direction?stability，?to?show?the?best?driving?performance.?VDC?applications，?in?braking，?acceleration?and?steering?aspects?of?driver's?fully?released?request，?is?the?car?of?active?safety?driving?a?new?milestone.?? VDC?of?steering?control?system?is?mainly?by?driving?for?each?wheel?brake?control?and?engine?power?output?control?to?realize.?For?example，?if?the?car?turn?left?front?wheel?for?steering?the?inadequate?capacity?tend?to?slip?out?of?the?corner，?VDC?system?can?measure?imminent，?just?know?lateral?spreads?left?rear?brake?adopt?appropriate?measures.?If?at?the?same?corner，?because?rear?wheel?tend?to?slip?out?of?favor?of?lateral?overmuch，?VDC?system?is?proper?braking?to?front-right?wheel?failure，?maintain?the?stability?of?the?vehicle?driving.?In?extreme?cases，?VDC?system?can?also?take?reduce?engine?to?reduce?the?power?output，?and?to?reduce?the?speed?of?the?demand?side?adhesion?ability?to?maintain?the?stability?of?the?vehicle?driving.?Adopt?VDC?system，?automobile?in?folio?pavement?or?corner?of?pavement?braking?distance?still?can?further?reduce.?? CCS?cars?cruise?control?system?? Auto?cruise?Control?System?(Cruiser?Control?System，?abbreviation?for?CCS)?is?can?make?automobile?work?in?engine?favorable?speed?range，?reduce?driver's?driving?manipulate?labor?intensity，?improve?the?driving?comfort?the?automatic?driving?device.?? Car?cruising?system?(CCS)?role?is?required?by?the?driver:?after?a?normally-closed?switch，?no?speed?on?the?accelerator?pedal?can?automatically?keep?the?speed，?make?the?vehicle?with?the?fixed?speed.?Using?this?device，?when?on?the?highway?after?a?long?time，?the?driver?driving?not?have?to?control?the?accelerator?pedal，?reduce?fatigue，?while?reducing?unnecessary?speed?change，?can?reduce?save?fuel.?? Auto?cruise?control?system?is?the?earliest?development?of?the?automotive?electronic?control?system.?This?system?USES?another?speed?sensor，?will?speed?signal?input?engine?control?microcomputer，?by?microcomputer?control?vacuum?system?work.?This?system?can?make?use?of?the?server，?speed?control?switch?lever?and?brake?pedal?on?vacuum?lift?switches?etc，?its?function?and?basic?system?the?same.?? In?this?system，?electronic?control?device?can?accord?change?of?driving?resistance，?automatic?regulation?engine?throttle?Angle，?make?the?speed?constant.?Such?not?only?reduce?unnecessary?speed?change，?which?saves?fuel，?also?reduced?the?driver's?burden.?The?electronic?cruise?control?system?which?is?shown?in?figure?2.??? ?Automobile?passive?safety?technology?? Seat?belt?? Car?seat?belt?is?a?safety?device，?it?can?in?car?collision?or?sharp?turn，?make?crew?to?keep?its?original?position?as?possible?without?mobile?and?rotation，?avoid?collision?with?in-car?hard?parts?caused?damage.?Seat?belts?and?airbags，?as?modern?cars?are?safety?devices，?but?the?long?history?of?the?former，?popularize?the?scope.?? The?seemingly?simple?seat?belt?actually?not?"simple".?Attention?has?been?at?the?forefront?of?traffic?safety，?through?the?analysis?of?general?motors?after?a?car?accident?found:?seat?belt?not?only?makes?people?protect?the?lives，?can?be?in?more?than?half?of?the?accident?to?reduce?or?even?eliminate?drivers，?motorists?are?the?chance?of?injury.?Car?collision?or?unexpected?emergency?braking?force?generated?great?inertia，?will?allow?the?driver?and?passenger?and?car?windscreen，?steering?wheel，?seat，?collision?happened?objects?such?as?secondary?to?drive?is?caused?extremely?easily?crew?serious?damage，?even?drive?occupant?seats?or?threw?the?apex，?seat?belts?can?will?ride?in?the?seat.?Bondage?personnel?When?has?the?accident，?which?can?effectively?prevent?the?collision，?and?its?buffer?role?can?absorbs?a?great?deal?of?kinetic?energy，?reduce?rides?personnel?extent?of?the?injuries.?? Fasten?your?seat?belt?airbags?play?our?role?is?also?an?important?condition.?Because?the?airbag?to?maximize?role?for?the?ride?in?the?impact?of?the?physical?location，?sitting?instant?action?have?extremely?strict?and?the?requirements.?Otherwise，?the?airbag?started?strong?instantaneous?wallops?to?head?are?fragile?site，?may?cause?serious?damage，?especially?for?children，?this?damage?can?be?fatal.?Even?the?most?ordinary?three?belts，?try?a?can?timely?in?crash?that?lived?rides?the?bundle，?ensure?the?upper?part?of?a?ride?in?the?airbag?fully?extended?range，?make?the?airbag?most?effectively?play?efficacy.?Accordingly，?must?not?because?the?car?is?equipped?with?airbags?and?feel?carefree?seat?belt?fastened，?only?to?reduce?or?eliminate?the?traffic?accident?happen.?? The?airbag?? When?the?front?collision?happened?strong，?because?inertia，?who?rides?the?body?forward?fast?moving，?then?seat?belts?and?will?try?to?"pull"?rides?on?person?the?body，?absorb?some?of?the?impact?energy，?while?the?airbag?with?"the?eyepiece?trend"?inflatable?and?completely?open;?Then?the?rides?the?upper?body?will?sink?to?airbags，?gas?also?began?from?the?vent?air?uniform?escaping，?and?absorbed?most?of?the?impact?energy;?Subsequently，?the?ride?back?seat?and?return?to?the?body.?Above?the?whole?process?is?almost?always?happens?in?a?flash，?who?rides?the?completely?in?passive?situation，?in?this?case，?the?passive?rely?on?auxiliary?occupant?protection?system?is?the?only?option.?Airbags?development?design?is?based?on?the?protection?on?seat?belt?Co.，?LTD;?they?cooperate?with?each?other?to?ride?the?play?the?auxiliary?protective?effect.?? Seat?belt?usage?in?under?the?condition?of?the?crew，?balloon?help?reduce?chest，?head?and?facial?injuries?in?the?seriousness?of?the?collision.?When?car?collision?happened?before，?the?first?is?the?car?to?stop?motion，?car?under?the?action?of?inertial?force?crews?to?go?forward?with?the?original?speed?still?sport.?Not?wearing?a?seatbelt?crews?will?and?steering?dish，?front?windscreen?together，?so?it?can?be?severely?hurt;?Wearing?a?seatbelt?as?car?stop?the?crew?can?stop?moving?forward?movement?and?gradually.?If?collision?violent，?crew?forward?movement?of?the?seat?belts，?even?faster?in?the?complete?stop?before?motion，?still?and?in-car?things?together.?If?this?fashion?in?steering?the?disk?or?within?the?popup?balloon?inflated?dash，?it?can?protect?the?occupant?reduce?the?possibility?of?car?together?with?things，?more?uniform?dispersion?head，?chest，?absorb?the?impact?energy?of?movement，?thus?crew?has added?effect?of?seat?belts.?? In?addition?to?seat?belts?and?airbags?outside?car?passive?safety?technology?includes?car?bumper，?automobile?safety?glass，?security?body，?occupant?head?and?neck?protection?system?(WHIPS)，?etc.?These?vehicles?to?improve?the?safety?performance?has?very?important?contribution. 汽車安全系統(tǒng)技術(shù)研究分析 摘要：汽車各部件的好與壞將直接影響汽車行駛的安全性，直接關(guān)系著人們的生命安全和產(chǎn)財安全。本文主要從汽車的主動安全技術(shù)和被動安全技術(shù)兩方面來闡述汽車各部件的重要性，并如何改善汽車行駛的安全性。? 關(guān)鍵詞：汽車、主動安全技術(shù)、被動安全技術(shù)? ?隨著交通工具的現(xiàn)代化和絕對數(shù)量的急劇增長，車禍也不斷增加。汽車交通事故已成為嚴峻的全球性社會問題。毋庸置疑，先進的汽車安全設(shè)施是行車安全不可缺少的保障。所以，我們要從技術(shù)上入手，努力研究開發(fā)高性能、高安全性的汽車，同時也要加強對在用汽車的定期檢查，以便及時維修調(diào)查，使汽車經(jīng)常處于良好的技術(shù)狀況，以提高汽車行駛的安全性能。? 這里我們重點介紹汽車主動安全技術(shù)和汽車被動安全技術(shù)。汽車的安全性是按交通事故發(fā)生的前后加以分類的。一方面是在交通事故發(fā)生之前采取安全措施，特別當(dāng)即將發(fā)生危險狀態(tài)時，駕駛者操縱方向盤避讓或者緊急制動以避免交通事故發(fā)生。汽車在通常的行駛中，為確保駕駛者的基本操縱穩(wěn)定性，對周圍環(huán)境的視認性和確保汽車本身的基本行駛性能，開發(fā)了防抱死制動系統(tǒng)(ABS)、防滑驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)(ASR)、主動懸架、動力轉(zhuǎn)向、四輪驅(qū)動(4WD)、四輪轉(zhuǎn)向(4WS)、燈光照明系統(tǒng)、刮水器、后視鏡、防止車輛追尾的車距報警系統(tǒng)和激光雷達等。這些安全裝置和技術(shù)稱為主動安全系統(tǒng)，也可稱為預(yù)防安全系統(tǒng)。另一方面，為了盡量減少交通事故和司乘人員直接受害程度，保證司乘人員和行人的安全，稱這種安全性為被動安全，也可稱為沖突安全。當(dāng)事故發(fā)生后，為了防止災(zāi)害的擴大，包括防止火災(zāi)和使乘員能從事故車輛中解脫出來的安全裝置和系統(tǒng)，稱為防止災(zāi)害擴大的安全系統(tǒng)。? 汽車主動安全技術(shù)? ABS防抱死制動系統(tǒng)? 防抱死制動系統(tǒng)(Anti-lock?Braking?System，簡稱ABS)由ABS電腦、液壓裝置、車輪轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器、制動液壓管路及電器配線等組成。? ABS系統(tǒng)對于汽車在各種行駛條件下的制動性能及制動安全尤為重要，特是緊急制動，能夠充分利用輪胎和路面之間的峰值附著性能，提高汽車抗側(cè)滑性能并縮短制動距離，充分發(fā)揮制動效能，同時增加了汽車制動過程中的可控性。從而減少了汽車事故發(fā)生的可能性。???????????????????????? 沒有安裝ABS的汽車，如果在行駛中用力踩踏制動踏板，車輪會急速降低轉(zhuǎn)速，最后車輪停止轉(zhuǎn)動，但車身由于慣性依然保持向前滑動。這種現(xiàn)象在車輪與路面之間發(fā)生較大的“滑移”，出現(xiàn)這種狀況時，汽車輪胎對路面的側(cè)滑摩差力幾乎消失，于是會出現(xiàn)下述現(xiàn)象：? （1）轉(zhuǎn)向穩(wěn)定性下降：方向盤操縱不靈，車輛尾部上翹，嚴重時車輛打轉(zhuǎn)或出現(xiàn)折疊現(xiàn)象；? （2）操縱性下降：操縱方向盤而達不到轉(zhuǎn)向要求；? （3）制動距離延長：超過一般的制動距離。? 所以，可想而知有無裝設(shè)ABS系統(tǒng)對汽車行駛的安全性是非常重要的。? ASR驅(qū)動防滑控制系統(tǒng)? ABS用于防止汽車制動過程中車輪抱死，將車輪的滑移率控制在理想的范圍內(nèi)，以縮短制動距離，提高汽車制動時方向穩(wěn)定性和轉(zhuǎn)向操縱性，從而提高汽車行駛的安全性。隨著對汽車性能要求的提高，不僅要求在制動過程中防止車輪抱死，而且要求在驅(qū)動過程中防止驅(qū)動輪滑轉(zhuǎn)，使汽車在驅(qū)動過程中的方向穩(wěn)定性、轉(zhuǎn)向控制能力和加速性能都得到提高，因此采用了汽車驅(qū)動防滑轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)ASR（Accelerations?Slip?Regulation）。ASR是ABS的完善和補充，ASR可單獨設(shè)置，但大多數(shù)是與ABS組合一起，常用ABS/ASR表示，稱為防滑控制系統(tǒng)。? ASR主要用來防止汽車在起步、加速時車輪的滑轉(zhuǎn)，保證汽車在加速過程中的穩(wěn)定性并改善在不良路面上的驅(qū)動附著條件。它可以使無差速鎖的汽車在冰雪路面和泥濘道路上起步并改善其通行能力，還可以防止在車速較高并通過滑溜路面又轉(zhuǎn)彎時汽車后部的側(cè)滑現(xiàn)象。? 總之，ASR由于防止了車輪的滑轉(zhuǎn)，便可最大限度地利用發(fā)動機的驅(qū)動力矩，保證汽車有足夠的縱向力、側(cè)向力和操縱力，使汽車在起動、轉(zhuǎn)向和加速過程中，在滑溜和泥濘路面上、在山區(qū)上下坡過程中都能穩(wěn)定地行駛，既保證了行車安全，減少輪胎磨損和燃油消耗，又改善了汽車的驅(qū)動性能。? VDC系統(tǒng)???????????????????????????? ABS/ASR系統(tǒng)成功地解決了汽車在制動和驅(qū)動時的方向穩(wěn)定性問題，但不能解決汽車轉(zhuǎn)向行駛的方向穩(wěn)定性問題。例如當(dāng)汽車轉(zhuǎn)向行駛時，不可避免地受到側(cè)向和縱向力的作用，只有當(dāng)?shù)孛婺軌蛱峁┏浞值膫?cè)向和縱向力時，駕駛員才能控制住車輛。如果地面?zhèn)认蚋街芰Ρ容^低，就會損害汽車按預(yù)定方向行駛的能力。雨天汽車高速轉(zhuǎn)向行駛時，常常側(cè)向滑出，就是地面?zhèn)认蚋街芰Σ蛔愕木壒?。為解決此問題，最近汽車工業(yè)發(fā)達國家又在?ABS/ASR系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展成汽車動態(tài)控制系統(tǒng)（Vehicle?Dynamics?Control，簡稱VDC）。這個系統(tǒng)把汽車的制動、驅(qū)動、懸架、轉(zhuǎn)向、發(fā)動機等各主要總成的控制系統(tǒng)在功能上、結(jié)構(gòu)上有機地綜合在一起，可使汽車在各種惡劣工況下，如冰雪路面上、對開路面上、彎道路面上以及采取規(guī)避動作移線、制動、加速和下坡等工況時，對不同承載、不同輪胎氣壓和不同程度的輪胎磨損都有良好的方向穩(wěn)定性，表現(xiàn)出最佳的行駛性能。VDC的應(yīng)用，在制動、加速和轉(zhuǎn)向方面完全解脫對駕駛員的要求，是汽車的主動安全行駛方面的一個新的里程碑。? VDC系統(tǒng)對轉(zhuǎn)向行駛的控制主要是借助于對各個車輪的制動控制和發(fā)動機功率輸出控制來實現(xiàn)的。例如汽車左轉(zhuǎn)彎時，若前輪因轉(zhuǎn)向能力不足而趨于滑出彎道，VDC系統(tǒng)即可測知側(cè)滑即將發(fā)生，就采取適當(dāng)制動左后輪的辦法。若在同一彎道上，因后輪趨于側(cè)向滑出而轉(zhuǎn)向過多，VDC系統(tǒng)即采取適當(dāng)制動右前輪的辦法，維持車輛的穩(wěn)定行駛。在極端情況下，VDC系統(tǒng)還可采取降低發(fā)動機功率輸出的辦法降低行駛車速，減少對地面?zhèn)认蚋街芰Φ男枨髞砭S持車輛的穩(wěn)定行駛。采用VDC系統(tǒng)后，汽車在對開路面上或彎道路面上的制動距離還可進一步縮短。? CCS汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)? 汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)（Cruised?Control?System，縮寫為CCS）就是可使汽車工作在發(fā)動機有利的轉(zhuǎn)速范圍內(nèi)，減輕駕駛員的駕駛操縱勞動強度，提高行駛舒適性的汽車自動行駛裝置。? 汽車巡航系統(tǒng)（CCS）的作用是：按司機所要求的速度閉合開關(guān)后，不用踩油門踏板就可以自動地保持車速，使車輛以固定的速度行駛。采用了這種裝置，當(dāng)在高速公路上長時間行車后，司機就不用再去控制油門踏板，減輕了疲勞，同時減少了不必要的車速變化，可以減省燃料。? 汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)是最早開發(fā)的汽車電子控制系統(tǒng)之一。這種系統(tǒng)使用另外的車速傳感器，將車速信號輸入發(fā)動機控制微機，由微機控制真空系統(tǒng)工作。這種系統(tǒng)也要使用伺服器、車速控制開關(guān)桿和制動踏板上的真空解除開關(guān)等，其功能和基本系統(tǒng)相同。? 在這個系統(tǒng)中，電子控制裝置可根據(jù)行駛阻力的變化，自動調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)動機油門開度，使行駛車速保持恒定。這樣既減少了不必要的車速變化，從而節(jié)省了燃料，同時也減輕了駕駛員的負擔(dān)。電子巡航控制系統(tǒng)的方框圖如圖2所示。??? 汽車被動安全技術(shù)? 安全帶? 汽車安全帶是一種安全裝置，它能在汽車發(fā)生碰撞或急拐彎時，使乘員盡可能保持原有的位置而不移動和轉(zhuǎn)動，避免與車內(nèi)堅硬部件發(fā)生碰撞而造成傷害。安全帶與安全氣囊一樣，都是現(xiàn)代轎車上的安全裝置，但是前者的歷史悠久，普及范圍廣。? 看似簡簡單單的安全帶其實并不“簡單”。一直處在關(guān)注行車安全最前沿的通用汽車公司，通過分析大量意外事故后發(fā)現(xiàn)：汽車安全帶不但能使人保住性命，更能在超過半數(shù)的事故中減低甚至消除駕車者、乘車者受傷的機會。汽車發(fā)生碰撞或遇到意外緊急制動時產(chǎn)生的巨大慣性作用力，會使駕駛員、乘客與車內(nèi)的方向盤、擋風(fēng)玻璃、座椅靠背等物體發(fā)生二次碰撞，極易造成對駕乘員的嚴重傷害，甚至將駕乘員拋離座位或拋出車外，而安全帶能將駕乘人員束縛在座位上。發(fā)生意外時，它能有效防止二次碰撞，并且其緩沖作用能吸收大量動能，減輕駕乘人員的傷害程度。? 系好安全帶也是安全氣囊發(fā)揮作用的一個重要條件。因為安全氣囊要發(fā)揮最大作用，對于駕乘者在撞擊瞬間的身體位置、坐姿以及動作有著極為嚴格的要求。否則，安全氣囊展開時強大的瞬間沖擊力對于頭部等較為脆弱的部位，可能造成嚴重的傷害，尤其對于兒童，這種傷害可能是致命的。即便是最普通的三點試安全帶，在撞車瞬間也可及時束住駕乘者的上半身，確保駕乘者處于安全氣囊完全展開的范圍內(nèi)，使安全氣囊最有效地發(fā)揮功效。因此，千萬不要因為車中配備了安全氣囊而感到高枕無憂，只有系好了安全帶才能減輕或消除車禍的發(fā)生。 安全氣囊? 當(dāng)汽車前部發(fā)生強烈的碰撞時，由于慣性，駕乘者的身體向前快速移動，這時安全帶便會盡力“拉住”駕乘者的身體，吸收部分沖擊能量，同時安全氣囊以“迅雷不及掩耳之勢”充氣并完全打開；接著駕乘者的身體上部便沉向安全氣囊，氣體也開始從氣囊的排氣口勻速逸出，并吸收了大部分沖擊能量；隨后，駕乘者身體向后并回到座椅上。以上整個過程幾乎都是發(fā)生在一瞬間的，駕乘者完全處于被動的局面，在這種情況下，被動的依靠輔助乘員保護系統(tǒng)是唯一的選擇。安全氣囊的開發(fā)設(shè)計就是基于安全帶有限的保護作用之上的，它們互相配合發(fā)揮對駕乘者的輔助保護作用。? 在乘員使用安全帶的情況下，氣囊有助于減輕胸、頭和面部在碰撞時受傷的嚴重性。當(dāng)汽車發(fā)生前碰撞時，首先是汽車要停止運動，車內(nèi)乘員的慣性力作用下仍以原速度繼續(xù)向前運動。不系安全帶的乘員將會與轉(zhuǎn)向盤、前擋風(fēng)玻璃相碰，因而可能受到嚴重傷害；系安全帶的乘員可以隨著汽車停止運動而逐漸停止向前運動。如果碰撞劇烈，乘員向前運動更快，即使系了安全帶，在完全停止運動前，仍會與車內(nèi)物相碰。如果此時裝在轉(zhuǎn)向盤或儀表板內(nèi)的氣囊充氣彈出，它就可以保護乘員減少其與車內(nèi)物相碰的可能性，更均勻的分散頭、胸的碰撞力，吸收乘員的運動能量，從而起到補充安全帶效果的作用。? 除了安全帶和安全氣囊外汽車被動安全技術(shù)還包括汽車保險杠、汽車安全玻璃、安全車身、乘員頭頸保護系統(tǒng)（WHIPS）等。這些對提高汽車行駛的安全性能都有著非常重要的貢獻。