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哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)華德應(yīng)用技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）
附錄
汽車用的燃料是汽油和柴油等，它們都是從石油中提煉出來的。然而，石油這種礦物燃料是不能再生的，用一點就少一點，總有一天要用完。據(jù)科學(xué)家們預(yù)計，目前世界上已探明的石油儲量將于2020年左右被采盡。因此，汽車將會出現(xiàn)挨受“饑餓”的危險，人類將面臨著能源的挑戰(zhàn)。
從另一方面來說，石油本身就是一種寶貴的化工原料，可以用來制造塑料、合成橡膠和合成纖維等。把石油作為燃料燒掉了，不但十分可惜，而且還污染了人類賴以生存的環(huán)境。
解決這個難題的唯一可行辦法，就是加緊開發(fā)新能源。而太陽能就是這些新開發(fā)能源中的佼佼者。
金焰四射的太陽，其表面是一片烈焰翻騰的火海，溫度為6000℃左右。在太陽內(nèi)部，溫度高達兩千萬度以上。所以，太陽能一刻不停地發(fā)出大量的光和熱，為人類送來光明和溫暖，它也成了取之不盡、用之不竭的能源聚寶盆。
將太陽光變成電能，是利用太陽能的一條重要途徑。人們早在本世紀(jì)50年代就制成了第一個光電池。將光電池裝在汽車上，用它將太陽光不斷地變成電能，使汽車開動起來。這種汽車就是新興起的太陽能汽車。
你看，在太陽能汽車上裝有密密麻麻像蜂窩一樣的裝置，它就是太陽能電池板。平常我們看到的人造衛(wèi)星上的鐵翅膀，也是一種供衛(wèi)星用電的太陽能電池板。
太陽能電池依據(jù)所用半導(dǎo)體材料不同，通常分為硅電池、硫化鎘電池、砷化鎵電池等，其中最常用的是硅太陽能電池。
硅太陽能電池有圓形的、半圓形的和長方形的等幾種。在電池上有像紙一樣薄的小硅片。在硅片的一面均勻地摻進一些硼，另一面摻入一些磷，并在硅片的兩面裝上電極，它就能將光能變成電能。
在“利比特布利克二號太陽能汽車頂上，有一個圓弧形的太陽能電池板，板上整齊地排列著許多太陽能電池。這些太陽能電池在陽光的照射下，電極之間產(chǎn)生電動勢，然后通過連接兩個電極的導(dǎo)線，就會有電流輸出。
通常，硅太陽能電池能把10%～15%的太陽能轉(zhuǎn)變成電能。它既使用方便，經(jīng)久耐用，又很干凈，不污染環(huán)境，是比較理想的一種電源。只是光電轉(zhuǎn)換的比率小了一些。近年來，美國已研制成光電轉(zhuǎn)換率達35%的高性能太陽能電池。澳大利亞用激光技術(shù)制成的太陽能電池，其光電轉(zhuǎn)換率達24.2%，而且成本與柴油發(fā)電相當(dāng)。這些都為光電池在汽車上的應(yīng)用開辟了廣闊的前景。
早期的太陽能汽車是在墨西哥制成的。這種汽車，外形像一輛三輪摩托車，在車頂上架有一個裝太陽能電池的大棚。在陽光照射下，太陽能電池供給汽車電能，使汽車的速度達到每小時40公里，由于這輛汽車每天所獲得的電能只能行40分鐘，所以它還不能跑遠路。
1984年9月，我國首次研制的“太陽號”太陽能汽車試驗成功，并開進了北京中南海的勤政殿，向中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)報喜。這也表明了我國在研制新型汽車方面已達到世界先進水平。
陽能汽車不僅節(jié)省能源，消除了燃料廢氣的污染，而且即使在高速行駛時噪音也很小。因此，太陽能汽車已引起人們的極大興趣，并將在今后得到迅速的發(fā)展。
appendix
Automobile use gasoline and diesel fuel is etc, they all from oil extracted. However, oil this fossil fuels is not renewable, with a bit less, someday to run out. According to scientists expected, as the world's proven oil reserves will was adopted in 2020 about completely. Therefore, car will appear mid-1960s-until suffer "hungry" danger, humans will confronting energy challenge.
On the other hand, oil itself is a kind of precious chemical raw materials, can be used to make plastics, synthetic rubber and synthetic fiber etc. Use oil as a fuel burned out, not only the great pity, but also pollute the human survival environment.
To solve this problem, the only feasible methods is to intensify the development of new energy. And the solar energy is that these new energy development of outstanding person.
JinYan radiant sun, its surface is a blaze of glory tempestuous inferno, temperature is 6,000 ℃ around. In the solar interior, temperatures as high as 20 degrees. So, solar keeps momently ground sent lot of light and heat, light and warmth brought for mankind, it also became inexhaustible and inexhaustible energy mudu.
Will the sun into electrical energy, is an important way of utilizing solar energy. People in early in the 1950s was made first si-based ones. Will the car with si-based ones, use it will constantly into electrical energy, the sun that car started up. This car is the new popularity of solar cars.
You see, in solar cars equipped with dense like honeycomb the same device, it is the solar panels. Usually we see the satellite iron on the wings, is also a kind of electricity for satellite the solar panels.
Solar cells used in semiconductor materials according to different, usually consist of silicon battery, the battery, cadmium sulphide gaas batteries etc, among which the most commonly used is silicon solar battery.
Silicon solar battery has rounded rectangle, semicircular and wait for a few kinds. In the battery has paperthin small silicon. In silicon side evenly mixed into some of the boron, phosphorus, and some other mixing in wafer sides mount electrodes, it will be light into electrical energy.
In "the levites grams no.2 bits cloth, there is a solar car top of solar panels, circular plate on neatly arranged in many solar battery. These solar cells in the sunshine, electrode, and then through the electromotive force occurs between the wires connecting two electrodes, can have current output.
Usually, silicon solar battery can bring 10% ~ 15% of solar transformed into electrical energy. It is easy to use, durable, and very clean, no pollution, is a relatively ideal power supply. Just photoelectric conversion ratio of small a few. In recent years, the U.S. has developed into a photoelectric conversion of 35% of high-performance solar cells. Australia with laser technology to produce solar battery, the photoelectric conversion of innovation, and the cost and diesel generating quite. All of these si-based ones in automotive applications opened up a broad prospect.
The early solar car is made in Mexico. This car that is shaped like a three-wheeled motorcycle, in the roof is crossed by a pack of solar cell trellis. In the sunlight, solar battery supply auto electric energy, that the car speed per hour 40 kilometers, because the car everyday get electricity can only do 40 minutes, so it can't run far.
In September 1984, China's first developed "sun maru" solar car trials are successful, and went into the far QinZhengDian, the Beijing news to the central leadership. It also shows that our country in the development of a new car has reached the advanced world level.
Solar car not only save energy, eliminate the fuel gas pollution, and even at a high speed noise also is very small. Therefore, solar car has aroused people's great interest, and will in the future of rapid development
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