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挖掘裝載機國內(nèi)現(xiàn)狀的分析
挖掘裝載機俗稱“兩頭忙”。因為它具有獨特的構(gòu)造，前端是裝載裝置，后端為挖掘裝置。在工地內(nèi)，您只需要轉(zhuǎn)動一下座椅，即可完成從裝載機到挖掘機操作手角色的轉(zhuǎn)變。挖掘裝載機主要用于城市和農(nóng)村的公路建設(shè)及養(yǎng)護、電纜鋪設(shè)、電力和機場工程、市政建設(shè)、農(nóng)田水利建設(shè)、農(nóng)村住宅建設(shè)、開山取石以及各種小型建筑隊所從事的各種建筑施工工程?！皟深^忙”屬于小型多功能工程機械的一種，一般在大工程完成后的小工程中使用。
一、挖掘裝載機分類
挖掘裝載機俗稱“兩頭忙”，同時具備裝載、挖掘兩種功能。挖掘裝載機分類如下：
l、結(jié)構(gòu)上
從結(jié)構(gòu)上來分，挖掘裝載機有兩種形式：一種是帶側(cè)移架，另一種不帶側(cè)移架。前者的最大特點是挖掘工作裝置可以側(cè)移，便于在特殊場地作業(yè)，它在運輸狀態(tài)時重心較低，有利于裝載和運輸。缺點是：由于結(jié)構(gòu)上的限制，支腿多為直腿，支撐點在車輪邊緣以內(nèi)，兩支撐點距離較小，挖掘時整機穩(wěn)定性差(特別是挖掘工作裝置側(cè)移到一側(cè)時)。這種型式的挖掘裝載機功能重點在裝載方面，在歐洲生產(chǎn)得較多;后者的挖掘工作裝置不能側(cè)移，整個挖掘工作裝置可通過回轉(zhuǎn)支承繞車架后部中心作180°回轉(zhuǎn)，支腿為蛙腿式支撐，支撐點可伸到車輪外側(cè)偏后，挖掘時穩(wěn)定性好，有利于挖掘能力的提高。由于沒有側(cè)移架，整機造價相應(yīng)降低。缺點是收斗時鏟斗懸掛在車后部，外型尺寸長，機車處于運輸和裝載狀態(tài)時，穩(wěn)定性差，對裝載和運輸有一定影響，此種機型功能重點在挖掘方面，以美國生產(chǎn)居多。
2、動力分配上
從動力分配上來分，挖掘裝載機有兩輪(后輪)驅(qū)動和四輪(全輪)驅(qū)動兩種形式。前者不能完全利用附著重量，使機車與地面的附著力以及牽引力比后者下降，但造價比后者低得多。
3、底盤上
底盤上來分：小型多功能工程機械常用的三種底盤中，微型挖掘機的動力大多在20kW以下，整機質(zhì)量1000-3000kg、采用履帶行走機構(gòu)，行走速度不足5km/h，多用于農(nóng)場、園林等小規(guī)模的土方作業(yè)。由于其機型偏小，造價較高，目前在國內(nèi)尚難以普及;挖掘裝載機的動力多在30-60kW機重較大，質(zhì)量約在5000-8000kg之間，挖掘能力較強，多采用輪式行走機構(gòu)，全輪驅(qū)動，利用轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動橋或鉸接轉(zhuǎn)向，車速較高，達20km/h以上，國外大量用于農(nóng)場、基建、道路維修等工程的土石方作業(yè)和大型施工現(xiàn)場的輔助性作業(yè)。該機型外形較大，靈活性較差，一般難以適應(yīng)狹小場地的作業(yè)。
二、挖掘裝載機的國內(nèi)的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢
1、國內(nèi)技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀
目前我國挖掘裝載機的生產(chǎn)企業(yè)有10余家，主要是山工、煙工、遼寧朝陽、柳工、廈工、常林、北建、徐工等。目前該產(chǎn)品年產(chǎn)量大約在400臺左右。從我國小型、多功能挖裝機械從無到有的發(fā)展歷史看，我國挖掘裝載機一直處于較為落后的狀態(tài)，其發(fā)展速度緩慢。我國在上世紀(jì)70年代初才開始自行開發(fā)設(shè)計，首先由北京建筑機械廠研制成功WZ2A和WZ2B型液壓挖掘裝載機，1987年煙臺工程機械廠試制成功ZL15WJ型挖掘裝載機。之后福建建筑機械廠、一施、山東廣饒液壓機械廠先后研制出WZ25型、DFH-904WZ型、T55Z/w型挖掘裝載機，到1992年柳州挖掘裝載機廠、柳州工程機械股份有限公司分別研制出WZ30-25型和WZ25-20型挖掘裝載機。
山東工程機械廠2001年7月成功研制出WZ30-25型挖掘裝載機。
以下幾家生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品基本上代表了目前國內(nèi)挖掘裝載機的技術(shù)水平：
?、俪Ａ值腤Z30-25挖掘裝載機：發(fā)動機系統(tǒng)選用康明斯渦輪增壓發(fā)動機，額定功率63kN，排放符合歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)車轉(zhuǎn)向轎(前橋)為非驅(qū)動擺動橋，軸承采用進口件。選用進口專為挖掘裝載機配套的驅(qū)動橋(后橋)。帶有免維護的濕式制動器，大大提高了行車的安全性及可靠性。帶差速鎖，提高了整車的牽引性能。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)車為兩輪驅(qū)動，可根據(jù)用戶需要配備四輪驅(qū)動。液壓系統(tǒng)采用高效齒輪單泵系統(tǒng)，主要部件如泵、多路閥、轉(zhuǎn)向器全部選用國外知名公司產(chǎn)品。
?、跓熍_工程機械廠生產(chǎn)WZ25-20型：WZ25-20型挖掘裝載機是以裝載機為主本，前端改裝多用途鏟斗、后端加裝挖掘裝置而成。一拖的東方紅904WZ型挖掘裝載機是在引進意大利菲亞特技術(shù)制造LF90型拖拉機基礎(chǔ)上。配套設(shè)計的具有前裝載、后挖掘等多種功能的農(nóng)業(yè)工程機械。
?、哿萃诰蜓b載機廠WZ30-25型：柳州挖掘裝載機廠生產(chǎn)的WZ30-25型挖掘裝載機及柳州工程機械股份有限公司研制的WZ30-20型挖掘裝載機，均是在消化吸收CAT挖掘裝載機技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合我國的工藝特點研制而成的新產(chǎn)品這兩款機型均采用專用底盤，采用了與CAT公司相同的負(fù)荷傳感控制技術(shù)。由于這兩款機型采用的是變量系統(tǒng)，因此對系統(tǒng)的清潔度及元件的可告性要求較高。
?、芰莅牧鴻C械有限公司HACH995E系列挖掘裝載機：發(fā)動機：配備先進的渦輪增壓柴油發(fā)動機，額定功率達到95匹馬力，在1500轉(zhuǎn)/分鐘的轉(zhuǎn)速下達到384牛米的扭矩，核心關(guān)鍵部件采用進口世界名牌產(chǎn)品，可靠性更高。全新的外觀造型美觀大方，駕駛室空間更大;四合一鏟斗的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置，使機器具有更多功能與用途。多種工作附件可以選配，勝任更多工作;采用挖掘裝載機專用車架。駕駛室是獨立可更換的，通過5個減震裝置與車架連接。液壓油箱、燃油箱亦是獨立可更換，并且是低位布置，利于降低機器重心，提高穩(wěn)定性，而且適合站在地上進行油料加注和檢修。同時它們也成為登車階梯的部分，方便操作者出入。
?、萏┌彩醒b載機廠WZ30-25型：動力系統(tǒng)：該機采用康明斯4BT3.9—C74型渦輪增壓發(fā)動機，具有結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、功率大、油耗低、噪聲小、工作可靠、壽命長等特點。低溫啟動性能好，特別適合北方地區(qū)。液壓系統(tǒng)：該機采用了原裝德國力士樂的泵和操縱閥。系統(tǒng)采用負(fù)荷傳感控制技術(shù)，當(dāng)主閥閥芯處于中位時，通過操縱閥產(chǎn)生的壓差信號反饋給變量泵，從而自動減少泵的排量，使流量近似為零;此時，泵的壓力達到調(diào)定壓力22MPa以保證側(cè)移架壓緊缸所需壓力。當(dāng)工作時，泵根據(jù)操縱閥閥芯的開口大小提供需要的流量，避免了傳統(tǒng)液壓系統(tǒng)靠溢流閥控制溢流的方式，最大限度地減少了液壓功率的空流損失和系統(tǒng)發(fā)熱。工作裝置：反鏟裝置為帶側(cè)移架結(jié)構(gòu)，通過4只壓緊缸和后車架固定。反鏟裝置可以沿滑道側(cè)移，擴大了作業(yè)范圍。反鏟裝置的動臂采用大彎度動臂，擺動收回時有利于減少橫向外形尺寸。當(dāng)行走時，反鏟裝置沿滑道側(cè)移到左右任意一端，斗桿和鏟斗收起，然后擺動收回到后車架端。這樣大大減少了整機在行進和轉(zhuǎn)移時的長度尺寸，提高了機動性，使得機器可以在狹小的地方轉(zhuǎn)移和作業(yè);整機重心分布也更合理，有利于機器的穩(wěn)定性。反鏟裝置操縱機構(gòu)為機械式2桿操縱，操縱靈活方便。
裝載裝置采用Z形反轉(zhuǎn)雙搖臂連桿機構(gòu)，具有卸載高度大、卸載距離大、掘起力大、能自動放平等特點;采用沖壓箱型提升臂，減輕了重量，提高了剛度和承載能力。操縱機構(gòu)為機械單手柄。行走系統(tǒng)：采用無驅(qū)動的轉(zhuǎn)向前橋，轉(zhuǎn)向缸為雙活塞桿雙作用缸;后橋為驅(qū)動橋，采用兩級減速傳動結(jié)構(gòu)。驅(qū)動馬達安裝于主減速器殼體上，采用螺旋錐齒輪傳動，輪邊減速器為行星齒輪傳動機構(gòu)，整體結(jié)構(gòu)剛性好，輸出速度平穩(wěn)。在主減速器和輪邊減速器之間，采用全浮式半軸連接傳動，克服了橋殼在工作變形過程中對半軸傳動產(chǎn)生的影響。行走系統(tǒng)采用了靜液壓傳動。車架采用整體焊接式結(jié)構(gòu)，具有剛性好，強度高的特點。支腿為H型直腿，和車架連為一體。驅(qū)動橋的制動采用液壓鉗盤式，液壓操縱具有制動快速可靠的優(yōu)點。駐車制動為鼓式中央制動，機械式操縱。駕駛室反鏟端為整體大窗口內(nèi)翻式結(jié)構(gòu)，有利于通風(fēng)和開闊視野、方便操作。后驅(qū)動輪采用大直徑低壓輪胎，在行走過程中可以緩沖振動和減輕車輛顛簸，提高駕駛員的乘坐舒適性。由于我國的挖掘裝載機起步晚，不論在產(chǎn)品品種、性能參數(shù)以及使用可靠性、售后服務(wù)等方面，與國外相比均存在著相當(dāng)大的差距。
2、國內(nèi)的挖掘裝載機競爭企業(yè)與國內(nèi)的發(fā)展趨勢
目前國內(nèi)的挖掘裝載機競爭企業(yè)分為：
?、俪隹谛停喝缢拇ü窓C械廠生產(chǎn)的多功能工程機械80%以上都外銷，而且銷路一直很好，另外，桂林林業(yè)機械廠專門生產(chǎn)小型履帶式挖掘裝載機，產(chǎn)品絕大部分出口。
?、趪膺M件、國內(nèi)組裝型：如上海的CASE的580/590系列產(chǎn)品。國外進口、國內(nèi)代理型：如JCB的2CX/3CX/4CX;VOLVO的BL60/BL71;CASE的580/590等目前都有代理。
?、蹏鴥?nèi)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)：國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)有10余家，其產(chǎn)品為低檔的挖掘裝載機。價格為：38萬元以內(nèi)。因此，挖掘裝載機的國內(nèi)的發(fā)展趨勢是引進國外的先進技術(shù)，開發(fā)高質(zhì)量、多功能、多品種、多規(guī)格的挖掘裝載機系列產(chǎn)品，加強基礎(chǔ)元件、部件的生產(chǎn)，尤其是提高挖掘裝載機液壓元件的質(zhì)量，以??產(chǎn)品成本，并提高挖掘裝載機產(chǎn)品的售后服務(wù)水平。
②煙臺工程機械廠生產(chǎn)WZ25-20型：WZ25-20型挖掘裝載機是以裝載機為主本，前端改裝多用途鏟斗、后端加裝挖掘裝置而成。一拖的東方紅904WZ型挖掘裝載機是在引進意大利菲亞特技術(shù)制造LF90型拖拉機基礎(chǔ)上。配套設(shè)計的具有前裝載、后挖掘等多種功能的農(nóng)業(yè)工程機械。
?、哿萃诰蜓b載機廠WZ30-25型：柳州挖掘裝載機廠生產(chǎn)的WZ30-25型挖掘裝載機及柳州工程機械股份有限公司研制的WZ30-20型挖掘裝載機，均是在消化吸收CAT挖掘裝載機技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合我國的工藝特點研制而成的新產(chǎn)品這兩款機型均采用專用底盤，采用了與CAT公司相同的負(fù)荷傳感控制技術(shù)。由于這兩款機型采用的是變量系統(tǒng)，因此對系統(tǒng)的清潔度及元件的可告性要求較高。
?、芰莅牧鴻C械有限公司HACH995E系列挖掘裝載機：發(fā)動機：配備先進的渦輪增壓柴油發(fā)動機，額定功率達到95匹馬力，在1500轉(zhuǎn)/分鐘的轉(zhuǎn)速下達到384牛米的扭矩，核心關(guān)鍵部件采用進口世界名牌產(chǎn)品，可靠性更高。全新的外觀造型美觀大方，駕駛室空間更大;四合一鏟斗的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置，使機器具有更多功能與用途。多種工作附件可以選配，勝任更多工作;采用挖掘裝載機專用車架。
駕駛室是獨立可更換的，通過5個減震裝置與車架連接。液壓油箱、燃油箱亦是獨立可更換，并且是低位布置，利于降低機器重心，提高穩(wěn)定性，而且適合站在地上進行油料加注和檢修。同時它們也成為登車階梯的部分，方便操作者出入。
?、萏┌彩醒b載機廠WZ30-25型：動力系統(tǒng)：該機采用康明斯4BT3.9—C74型渦輪增壓發(fā)動機，具有結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、功率大、油耗低、噪聲小、工作可靠、壽命長等特點。低溫啟動性能好，特別適合北方地區(qū)。液壓系統(tǒng)：該機采用了原裝德國力士樂的泵和操縱閥。系統(tǒng)采用負(fù)荷傳感控制技術(shù)，當(dāng)主閥閥芯處于中位時，通過操縱閥產(chǎn)生的壓差信號反饋給變量泵，從而自動減少泵的排量，使流量近似為零;此時，泵的壓力達到調(diào)定壓力22MPa以保證側(cè)移架壓緊缸所需壓力。當(dāng)工作時，泵根據(jù)操縱閥閥芯的開口大小提供需要的流量，避免了傳統(tǒng)液壓系統(tǒng)靠溢流閥控制溢流的方式，最大限度地減少了液壓功率的空流損失和系統(tǒng)發(fā)熱。工作裝置：反鏟裝置為帶側(cè)移架結(jié)構(gòu)，通過4只壓緊缸和后車架固定。反鏟裝置可以沿滑道側(cè)移，擴大了作業(yè)范圍。反鏟裝置的動臂采用大彎度動臂，擺動收回時有利于減少橫向外形尺寸。當(dāng)行走時，反鏟裝置沿滑道側(cè)移到左右任意一端，斗桿和鏟斗收起，然后擺動收回到后車架端。這樣大大減少了整機在行進和轉(zhuǎn)移時的長度尺寸，提高了機動性，使得機器可以在狹小的地方轉(zhuǎn)移和作業(yè);整機重心分布也更合理，有利于機器的穩(wěn)定性。反鏟裝置操縱機構(gòu)為機械式2桿操縱，操縱靈活方便。裝載裝置采用Z形反轉(zhuǎn)雙搖臂連桿機構(gòu)，具有卸載高度大、卸載距離大、掘起力大、能自動放平等特點;采用沖壓箱型提升臂，減輕了重量，提高了剛度和承載能力。操縱機構(gòu)為機械單手柄。行走系統(tǒng)：采用無驅(qū)動的轉(zhuǎn)向前橋，轉(zhuǎn)向缸為雙活塞桿雙作用缸;后橋為驅(qū)動橋，采用兩級減速傳動結(jié)構(gòu)。驅(qū)動馬達安裝于主減速器殼體上，采用螺旋錐齒輪傳動，輪邊減速器為行星齒輪傳動機構(gòu)，整體結(jié)構(gòu)剛性好，輸出速度平穩(wěn)。在主減速器和輪邊減速器之間，采用全浮式半軸連接傳動，克服了橋殼在工作變形過程中對半軸傳動產(chǎn)生的影響。行走系統(tǒng)采用了靜液壓傳動。車架采用整體焊接式結(jié)構(gòu)，具有剛性好，強度高的特點。支腿為H型直腿，和車架連為一體。驅(qū)動橋的制動采用液壓鉗盤式，液壓操縱具有制動快速可靠的優(yōu)點。駐車制動為鼓式中央制動，機械式操縱。駕駛室反鏟端為整體大窗口內(nèi)翻式結(jié)構(gòu)，有利于通風(fēng)和開闊視野、方便操作。后驅(qū)動輪采用大直徑低壓輪胎，在行走過程中可以緩沖振動和減輕車輛顛簸，提高駕駛員的乘坐舒適性。由于我國的挖掘裝載機起步晚，不論在產(chǎn)品品種、性能參數(shù)以及使用可靠性、售后服務(wù)等方面，與國外相比均存在著相當(dāng)大的差距。
3、國內(nèi)的挖掘裝載機競爭企業(yè)與國內(nèi)的發(fā)展趨勢
目前國內(nèi)的挖掘裝載機競爭企業(yè)分為：
?、俪隹谛停喝缢拇ü窓C械廠生產(chǎn)的多功能工程機械80%以上都外銷，而且銷路一直很好，另外，桂林林業(yè)機械廠專門生產(chǎn)小型履帶式挖掘裝載機，產(chǎn)品絕大部分出口。
?、趪膺M件、國內(nèi)組裝型：如上海的CASE的580/590系列產(chǎn)品。國外進口、國內(nèi)代理型：如JCB的2CX/3CX/4CX;VOLVO的BL60/BL71;CASE的580/590等目前都有代理。
?、蹏鴥?nèi)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)：國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)有1O余家，其產(chǎn)品為低檔的挖掘裝載機。價格為：38萬元以內(nèi)。因此，挖掘裝載機的國內(nèi)的發(fā)展趨勢是引進國外的先進技術(shù)，開發(fā)高質(zhì)量、多功能、多品種、多規(guī)格的挖掘裝載機系列產(chǎn)品，加強基礎(chǔ)元件、部件的生產(chǎn)，尤其是提高挖掘裝載機液壓元件的質(zhì)量，以達到在滿足產(chǎn)品可靠性的前提下，降低挖掘裝載機產(chǎn)品成本，并提高挖掘裝載機產(chǎn)品的售后服務(wù)水平。
4、國內(nèi)外差距與開發(fā)要求
由于我國的挖掘裝載機起步晚，不論在產(chǎn)品品種、性能參數(shù)以及使用可靠性、售后服務(wù)等方面，與國外相比均存在著相當(dāng)大的差距。表現(xiàn)在：
國產(chǎn)的挖掘裝載機的主要是配套件可靠性不如國外。存在可靠性問題的有：柴油機、液壓元件、液壓系統(tǒng)清潔度、傳動元件、電氣系統(tǒng)及電器元件、緊固技術(shù)與密封技術(shù)、輪胎及作業(yè)裝置等。挖掘裝載機產(chǎn)品性能差、可靠性低。除了近年從國外引進的一些產(chǎn)品，國內(nèi)的部分挖掘裝載機產(chǎn)品的性能還處在國際20世紀(jì)90年代水平，早期故障率較高，還不能完全滿足修筑公路的要求。挖掘裝載機基礎(chǔ)部件質(zhì)量較差、配套件質(zhì)量不過硬。目前，國產(chǎn)發(fā)動機及液壓系統(tǒng)的缸、泵、閥等質(zhì)量已成為制約挖掘裝載機產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的“瓶頸”。
挖掘裝載機的品種少、成套性差、型號不全，部分產(chǎn)品沒有形成系列。我國的挖掘裝載機不論在品種上和機型方面都還存在著相當(dāng)多的空白。
現(xiàn)有的挖掘裝載機產(chǎn)品缺少創(chuàng)新性和獨有技術(shù)。我國挖掘裝載機的研制開發(fā)工作缺乏創(chuàng)新性，沒有自己獨特的技術(shù)。在重視技術(shù)引進的時候，不太重視消化、吸收和關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的掌握與研究。因此，國內(nèi)的挖掘裝載機的開發(fā)應(yīng)開發(fā)高質(zhì)量、多功能、多品種、多規(guī)格的系列產(chǎn)品，并加強基礎(chǔ)元件、部件的生產(chǎn)，尤其是提高液壓元件的質(zhì)量，以達到在滿足產(chǎn)品可靠性的前提下，降低產(chǎn)品成本，并提高產(chǎn)品的售后服務(wù)水平。
三、開發(fā)與發(fā)展挖掘裝載機的幾個問題
1、挖掘裝載機屬特種設(shè)備的管理
國家為加強和規(guī)范對涉及生命安全、危險性較大特種設(shè)備的管理，以適應(yīng)我國加入WTO后市場國際化的要求，合理、合法的利用貿(mào)易規(guī)則，保護國家和人民的利益，于2003年頒布實施了《特種設(shè)備安全監(jiān)察條例》(國務(wù)院令第373號)、《特種設(shè)備行政許可實施辦法(試行)》(國質(zhì)檢鍋〖2003〗172號)等系列法規(guī)。同時國家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗檢疫總局(以下簡稱國家質(zhì)檢總局)根據(jù)《特種設(shè)備安全監(jiān)察條例》和《特種設(shè)備質(zhì)量監(jiān)督與安全監(jiān)察規(guī)定》(原國家質(zhì)量技術(shù)監(jiān)督局令第13號)制訂了《機電類特種設(shè)備制造許可規(guī)則(試行)》(國質(zhì)檢鍋[2003]174號)，用以規(guī)范機電類特種設(shè)備制造許可工作，確保機電類特種設(shè)備的制造質(zhì)量和安全技術(shù)性能。根據(jù)文件實施要求，被納入特種設(shè)備許可目錄的產(chǎn)品如裝載機、挖掘裝載機、挖掘機、起重機械等一些產(chǎn)品列入特種設(shè)備管理2004年6月1日前必須取得相應(yīng)的制造許可證，否則企業(yè)將不得進行產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)和銷售。目前，對廠內(nèi)機動車輛所含設(shè)備類型、產(chǎn)品種類規(guī)定最為明確的是《機電類特種設(shè)備制造許可規(guī)則(試行)》，其規(guī)定的特種設(shè)備制造許可目錄，將目前屬于廠內(nèi)機動車輛的設(shè)備類型及對應(yīng)的設(shè)備型式進行了明確界定(見下表)，這應(yīng)該是今后對廠內(nèi)機動車輛管理的依據(jù)。
根據(jù)相關(guān)法規(guī)規(guī)定，在我國境內(nèi)銷售的的境外制造的特種設(shè)備，其產(chǎn)品必須符合我國有關(guān)特種設(shè)備的法律、行政法規(guī)、規(guī)章、強制性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及技術(shù)規(guī)程的要求。同時接受安全監(jiān)督和型式試驗。由于挖掘裝載機以前沒有真正的納入特種設(shè)備管理，因此國外挖掘裝載機產(chǎn)品可以自由出入，在技術(shù)和管理上沒有受到任何限制和監(jiān)管，但國內(nèi)挖掘裝載機產(chǎn)品卻要進行型式試驗和接受一些地方質(zhì)監(jiān)部門的監(jiān)督檢查，同樣的產(chǎn)品得到不同的待遇。作為挖掘裝載機等特種設(shè)備的生產(chǎn)開發(fā)制造企業(yè)，當(dāng)務(wù)之急，應(yīng)按照有關(guān)要求做好技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品以及生產(chǎn)和管理上的準(zhǔn)備工作，積極申請，取得國內(nèi)的生產(chǎn)制造資格。
并以此為鍥機，加大對產(chǎn)品的改進，積極貫徹國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和國外先進標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不斷提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和技術(shù)水平，以適應(yīng)市場國際化的需求。
2、挖掘裝載機產(chǎn)品的定位
?、偻诰蜓b載機產(chǎn)品的定位：對企業(yè)來講：目前應(yīng)強化挖掘裝載機市場預(yù)測能力，提高挖掘裝載機市場應(yīng)變能力，及時采集挖掘裝載機市場訊息、掌握挖掘裝載機市場動向的同時，加強企業(yè)的挖掘裝載機新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)力度，才能使企業(yè)在激烈的市場競爭中率先搶占市場，永立不敗之地，走上持續(xù)發(fā)展的道路。西方發(fā)達國家的工程機械制造商早走??明確的市場定位，針對不同的消費群體生產(chǎn)不同的產(chǎn)品，在中國這樣的發(fā)展中國家開發(fā)小型工程機械，產(chǎn)品的定位一定要準(zhǔn)。應(yīng)該用不同的技術(shù)、針對不同的用戶群來解決定位準(zhǔn)的問題，中國應(yīng)先針對沿海發(fā)達地區(qū)廣大農(nóng)村和針對工程施工配套使用分類開發(fā)小型工程機械產(chǎn)品，這是中國特色的多元化的社會結(jié)構(gòu)影響需求結(jié)構(gòu)變化的體現(xiàn)。目前，企業(yè)應(yīng)該根據(jù)自己的實力，首先找準(zhǔn)自己的位置，確定生產(chǎn)那種產(chǎn)品;然后為產(chǎn)品把脈，決定怎樣生產(chǎn)。企業(yè)必須把握準(zhǔn)市場的脈搏，及時地調(diào)整自己的開發(fā)思路，另外合理借鑒國外先進經(jīng)驗，針對中國市場，自主開發(fā)有中國特色的小型工程機械產(chǎn)品，也可以同國外企業(yè)搞聯(lián)合開發(fā)。小型產(chǎn)品要突出低成本、實用性，用戶群龐大、明確。在繼續(xù)做精、做好徐工的現(xiàn)有主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)品的同時，并根據(jù)市場發(fā)展的要求，結(jié)合企業(yè)的優(yōu)勢，開發(fā)更多適銷對路的小型工程機械產(chǎn)品。針對我國挖掘裝載機的技術(shù)水平及目前的市場狀況，在開發(fā)挖掘裝載機應(yīng)以以下幾個方面作為開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品的思路。(1)盡快消化吸收或引進國外的挖掘裝載機先進技術(shù)，以提高我們的產(chǎn)品檔次;(2)國內(nèi)用的可采用定量系統(tǒng)，以降低對油質(zhì)清潔度的要求，減少故障的發(fā)生;(3)挖掘裝載機關(guān)鍵零部件如發(fā)動機、變矩器、變速器、后橋、液壓泵、多路閥等，應(yīng)實行全球采購，以提高產(chǎn)品可靠性;(4)采用專用整體式車架及蛙腿式支撐，以提高產(chǎn)品行走及工作的穩(wěn)定性;(5)國內(nèi)用的采用無驅(qū)動的轉(zhuǎn)向前橋及不帶側(cè)移架的結(jié)構(gòu)，以提高機構(gòu)利用率，降低生產(chǎn)制造成本;(6)輔以多功能作業(yè)工具，以提高產(chǎn)品的利用率。(7)市場售價國內(nèi)用的控制在45-60萬元人民幣左右;市場售價國外用的控制在75-90萬元人民幣左右.
②國內(nèi)目前價格定位：
據(jù)調(diào)查目前國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)挖掘裝載機的產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)定位為：國內(nèi)中、底檔定位，既價格在20-40萬元，徐工特工、山工、煙工、遼寧朝陽、柳工、廈工、常林、北建、常工挖掘裝載機價格都差不多。國內(nèi)高檔定位：目前高檔定位的國內(nèi)是柳州澳柳機械有限公司HUAEACH995E，價格在85萬元。
3、開發(fā)挖掘裝載機的同時建議開發(fā)其它的多功能工程機械
滑移轉(zhuǎn)向裝載機及號稱兩頭忙的挖掘裝載機更是兩個一機多用的典型例子。前者可完成挖掘、裝載、推土、平地、吊裝等幾十種作業(yè)，后者具有挖掘、裝載、起重、回填等多種功能。它們既有小型機又有多功能的特點，特適用于需完成多種作業(yè)而又不能同時容納多臺機器的狹窄場地作業(yè)。為了提高設(shè)備的利用率，一機多用成為工程機械發(fā)展的一個方向。首先是在通用設(shè)備上安裝一些附具，可以用于多種施工作業(yè)。在液壓挖掘機上配備輔助工具，可以完成挖溝、推土、堆垛、裝車、搬運、回填、平地、夯實及坡面修正、清理場地等作業(yè)任務(wù)?？ㄌ乇死展镜南盗型仆翙C有傾角可調(diào)型(P)推鏟、直型(s)推鏟、通用型(V)推鏟、角置型(A)推鏟及松土器和牽引絞盤等，可供不同的作業(yè)方式選用。
用戶包括了農(nóng)業(yè)、水利、林業(yè)、交通、建筑等各個部門。在開發(fā)挖掘裝載機的同時，應(yīng)同時考慮開發(fā)出其它的多功能工程機械，如多功能推土機、多功能翻土機、多功能拖式平地機、多功能拖式鏟運機、多功能拖式鏟石機、多功能拖式壓路機、多功能挖溝機、多功能吊管機、多功能起重機、多功能破碎錘、多功能破碎剪、多功能冷銑刨機、多功能抓斗裝料機、四合一多功能裝載推土機、多功能路面破碎機、銑切式或斗鏈?zhǔn)酵跍蠙C、多功能斜坡修整機、多功能割草機、多功能高空作業(yè)車、多功能鉆孔機、多功能叉裝機和多功能夯實機等60多種獨立的機型。另外開發(fā)派生出以汽車為底盤的多功能工程機械，可換裝大約100種工作裝置。在西歐國家主要用奔馳公司的UNIMOG牌專用底盤，改裝成的主要產(chǎn)品有螺旋式充填機和各種結(jié)構(gòu)形式清掃車、掃雪機、推土機、裝載機、電纜鋪設(shè)機、挖掘機、隨車起重機、挖溝機、巖石破碎機、打樁機、抓斗挖掘機、栽樹機、旋轉(zhuǎn)式鉆機、高空作業(yè)臺車。
The Analysis Of The Current Situation In Excavating Loader
Backactor loader commonly known as the "two head busy". Because it has the unique structure, and at the front end is loading device, the device for mining. In the site inside, you only need to turn the seat, can complete from loader to excavator gunner change of the role. Backactor loader mainly used for urban and rural highway construction and maintenance, cable laying, electric power and the airport project, municipal construction, irrigation and water conservancy construction, rural residential construction, founder of small stone and take JianZhuDui are engaged in all kinds of construction engineering. "Two head busy" belongs to the small multi-function engineering machinery, a general in the big project after completing the small engineering in use.
A, excavating loader classification
Backactor loader commonly known as the "two head busy", also with the loading, mining two functions. Backactor loader classified as follows:
1, structure
From the structure up points, excavating loader have two kinds of forms: one with lateral frame, another without lateral frame. The former is the biggest characteristic of mining equipment can lateral, facilitate the work in special, it in the state of transportation center of gravity is low, be helpful for loading and transportation. Defect is: the restriction on the structure, a leg more for straight leg, supporting point within the wheel edges, two strong point distance is lesser, when mining the poor stability (especially mining equipment lateral to the side). This type of excavating loader loading function key, in Europe more production; The latter of the digging device can't lateral, the mining equipment can work through rotary bearing the frame around the center made 180 ° rotation, a leg for frog legs type support, support to the wheels can be stretched the lateral partial, when mining good stability, be helpful for the improvement of the mining capacity. Since there is no lateral frame, reduced the cost. The disadvantage is a bucket in the car when suspension, envelop dimensions long, locomotive in transport and loading condition, poor stability, to load and transport have certain effect, this model function key in mining field, with the United States production in the majority.
2, power distribution
From the power distribution up points, excavating loader with two wheels (rear) drive and four-wheel (full wheels) drive two forms. The former cannot be fully exploit the adhesive weight, make the locomotive and the surface adhesion and traction decline than the latter, but cost much less than the latter.
3, chassis
Chassis up points: small multi-function engineering machinery commonly used three kinds of chassis, mini excavator mostly in the 20 kW power, the quality 1000-3000 kg, and the use of tracked the mobile mechanism, walking speed less than 5 km/h, more for the farm, garden and small turkmen homework. Because of its type slants small, cost is higher, at present it is difficult in domestic popularization; The power of the excavating loader in 30 to 60 kW machine heavy bigger, quality about in the 5000-8000 kg between, mining ability strong, use the wheel the mobile mechanism, all wheel drive, use to drive axle or hinged to the speed is higher, 20 km/h above, foreign farm, the infrastructure is used in large, road maintenance engineering, homework and large cubic metro of the construction site auxiliary homework. The machine appearance is bigger, flexibility is bad, it is difficult to adapt to the narrow field of assignments.
Two of the excavating loader, the domestic present situation and the development tendency
1, domestic technical status
At present our country backactor loader production enterprise have more than 10, mainly is the mountain work, work, liaoning chaoyang, smoke, xiamen, ChangLin liugong workers, north building, Germany, etc. At present the product output in 400 sets about to the left. From our small, multi-function dig with the development history of the scale of the mechanical watch, our country has been in excavating loader relatively backward state, its development at a slow pace. Our country in the early 1970 s began to develop our own design, first by Beijing building machinery factory successfully developed WZ2A and WZ2B type hydraulic backactor loader, 1987 yantai engineering machinery plant type ZL15WJ successfully trial-produced excavating loader. After construction machinery factory, was a fujian, shandong GuangRao hydraulic machinery factory has developed WZ25 type, DFH-904 WZ type, T55Z/w type backactor loader, to 1992 liuzhou backactor loader plant, liuzhou engineering machinery Co., LTD were developed WZ30-25 type and WZ25-20 type backactor loader.
Shandong engineering machine factory in July 2001 successfully developed the WZ30-25 type backactor loader.
The following several production product basically represents the current domestic backactor loader level of technology:
(1) the ChangLin WZ30-25 backactor loader: engine system chooses cummins turbocharged engines, rated power 63 kN, accord with the European emissions standards. Standard cars to its (front axle) for the driver swinging bridge, bearings imported components. USES imported designed for excavating loader supporting the axles (driving axle). With a free maintenance of wet brake, greatly improving the traffic safety and reliability. Take differential lock, and improve the performance of the whole vehicle traction. Standard cars for two wheel drive, based on user needs equipped with four-wheel drive. The hydraulic system adopt efficient gear single pump system, main components such as pump, valve, steering gear and foreign famous company all use products.
(2) the yantai engineering machinery plant production WZ25-20 type: WZ25-20 type backactor loader is mainly the loader, front end modified multi-purpose after the bucket, the mining equipment and into. Yituo dongfanghong 904 WZ type of excavating loader in Italian fiat technology is introduced LF90 type tractor manufacturing basis. Supporting design is forward after loading, mining and other functions of agricultural engineering machinery.
(3) liuzhou backactor loader plant WZ30-25 type: liuzhou backactor loader factory WZ30-25 type backactor loader and liuzhou engineering machinery Co., LTD WZ30-developed 20 type backactor loader, all is in the digestion and absorption of CAT backactor loader based on technology, in combination with the process features of new products developed in the new models using special chassis, used the same load with CAT company sensing control technology. Because the two section type USES is variable system, therefore the purity of the system and components can be against sex requirement is higher.
(4) the liuzhou Macao liu machinery Co., LTD HACH995E series backactor loader: engine: equipped with advanced turbocharged diesel engine, the power rating reached 95 horse power, and in the 1500 RPM speed of 384 ft-lb) torque, core key components are imported the world famous brand product, has higher reliability. The appearance of the new modelling beautiful and easy, cabin space more; One of the standard configuration four bucket, to make the machine has more features and applications. A variety of work attachments can be selected, do more work; Using backactor loader special frame. Cabin is independent replaceable, through the five shock absorber and frame connection. The hydraulic oil tank, fuel is also independent replaceable, and is low layout, to reduce machine focus, improve stability, and suitable for stand on the floor for oil filling and repair. They also become part of the boarding ladder, convenient in and out of the operator.
(5) TaiAnShi loader plant WZ30-25 type: the power system: this machine is used for cummins 4 BT3. 9-C74 type turbo engine, the structure is compact, large power and low fuel consumption, low noise, long life and reliable work, etc. Low-temperature start performance is good, especially suitable for the north. Hydraulic system: the machine USES the original Germany rexroth pump and control valve. System adopts load sensor control technology, when the main valve core in the median, through the manoeuvring valve produce differential pressure signal back to the variable pump, so as to reduce the emissions of automatic pump, makes the flow rate is near to zero; At this time, the pump pressure to achieve the setting pressure in order to ensure that the lateral 22 MPa pressure cylinder pressure frame needed. When work, pump according to the valve core manoeuvring valve opening of the size of the need to provide flow, avoid the traditional hydraulic system by relief valve control overflow way, minimizes the hydraulic power empty flow loss and system fever. Work device: the shovel device with lateral frame structure, through the 4 pressure cylinder and only after fixed frame. The shovel devices can slide along the lateral, expand the scope of operation. The shovel arm of the device with big arm curving, swinging back to reduce when transverse shape dimension. When the walk, the shovel along the lateral slide device around to any end, dou stem and the bucket down, and then back after the frame to swing. This greatly reduces the travel and the transfer of the whole machine in the length size, improve the mobility, make the machine in a narrow place can transfer and homework; The distribution centre of gravity is more reasonable, be helpful for the stability of the machine. The shovel device control mechanisms for mechanical 2 stem manipulation, manipulation is flexible and convenient.
Loading device adopts Z form reverse the double rocker link mechanism, and has the uninstall the height of the great distance, unloading, digging up strength can automatically put, equal characteristics; The blunt gas box type lifting arm, weigh less, and to improve the stiffness and carrying capacity. Control mechanisms for mechanical single handles. Walk system: the driver to no front axle, turned to the cylinder piston rod for double double role cylinder; For the final drive axles, adopt two-stage slow transmission structure. Drive motor installed on its main reducer, the spiral bevel gear transmission, wheel edges for planetary gear reducer drive mechanism, and the overall good rigidity structure, the output speed smoothly. In the main reducer and wheel edges between reducer, adopts full serving the half shaft link transmission, overcoming the bridge in work in the process of shell deformation half shaft driving influence. Walk system USES a static hydraulic transmission. By the integral frame welding structure, has the good rigidity, high strength characteristic. A leg for H type straight leg, and frame is an organic whole repeatedly. The drive axle of the hydraulic caliper disc brake, hydraulic braking control has the advantages of fast and reliable. In car brake drum brake for central, mechanical manipulation. The cab the whole big window for shovel in turn type structure, be helpful for ventilation and widen the vision and convenient operation. After the low voltage driving wheel diameter tyres, walk in the process of vibration and reduce vehicle can cushion the turbulence, improve the driver's ride comfort. Because of our country's late start excavating loader, whether in the product variety, performance parameters and use reliability, after-sales service and so on, and abroad are compared there's a quite big difference.
2, the domestic enterprises and domestic competition excavating loader tendency of development
The present backactor loader competition enterprise is divided into:
(1) the export-oriented: such as sichuan road machinery factory production multifunctional engineering machinery over 80% export, and can always find a good sale, in addition, guilin forestry machinery factory specializing in the production of small caterpillar backactor loader, most of the export products.
(2) into a foreign and domestic assembly type: such as Shanghai CASE of 580/590 series products. Foreign imports, domestic agency type: if the 2 JCB CX / 3 CX / 4 CX; VOLVO's BL60 / BL71; 580/590 of the CASE, are all have agent.
(3) the domestic production enterprise: domestic production enterprise have more than 10, its product for cheap backactor loader. Prices for: within 380000 yuan. Therefore, excavating loader domestic is the development trend of the introduction of foreign advanced technology, the development of the high quality, multi-function, many varieties and specifications of excavating loader series products, strengthen the basic components and parts production, especially improve the quality of the hydraulic components excavating loader to. The product cost, and improving the mining loader the service level of the product.
(2) the yantai engineering machinery plant production WZ25-20 type: WZ25-20 type backactor loader is mainly the loader, front end modified multi-purpose after the bucket, the mining equipment and into. Yituo dongfanghong 904 WZ type of excavating loader in Italian fiat technology is introduced LF90 type tractor manufacturing basis. Supporting design is forward after loading, mining and other functions of agricultural engineering machinery.
(3) liuzhou backactor loader plant WZ30-25 type: liuzhou backactor loader factory WZ30-25 type backactor loader and liuzhou engineering machinery Co., LTD WZ30-developed 20 type backactor loader, all is in the digestion and absorption of CAT backactor loader based on technology, in combination with the process features of new products developed in the new models using special chassis, used the same load with CAT company sensing control technology. Because the two section type USES is variable system, therefore the purity of the system and components can be against sex requirement is higher.
(4) the liuzhou Macao liu machinery Co., LTD HACH995E series backactor loader: engine: equipped with advanced turbocharged diesel engine, the power rating reached 95 horse power, and in the 1500 RPM speed of 384 ft-lb) torque, core key components are imported the world famous brand product, has higher reliability. The appearance of the new modelling beautiful and easy, cabin space more; One of the standard configuration four bucket, to make the machine has more features and applications. A variety of work attachments can be selected, do more work; Using backactor loader special frame.
Cabin is independent replaceable, through the five shock absorber and frame connection. The hydraulic oil tank, fuel is also independent replaceable, and is low layout, to reduce machine focus, improve stability, and suitable for stand on the floor for oil filling and repair. They also become part of the boarding ladder, convenient in and out of the operator.
(5) TaiAnShi loader plant WZ30-25 type: the power system: this machine is used for cummins 4 BT3. 9-C74 type turbo engine, the structure is compact, large power and low fuel consumption, low noise, long life and reliable work, etc. Low-temperature start performance is good, especially suitable for the north. Hydraulic system: the machine USES the original Germany rexroth pump and control valve. System adopts load sensor control technology, when the main valve core in the median, through the manoeuvring valve produce differential pressure signal back to the variable pump, so as to reduce the emissions of automatic pump, makes the flow rate is near to zero; At this time, the pump pressure to achieve the setting pressure in order to ensure that the lateral 22 MPa pressure cylinder pressure frame needed. When work, pump according to the valve core manoeuvring valve opening of the size of the need to provide flow, avoid the traditional hydraulic system by relief valve control overflow way, minimizes the hydraulic power empty flow loss and system fever. Work device: the shovel device with lateral frame structure, through the 4 pressure cylinder and only after fixed frame. The shovel devices can slide along the lateral, expand the scope of operation. The shovel arm of the device with big arm curving, swinging back to reduce when transverse shape dimension. When the walk, the shovel along the lateral slide device around to any end, dou stem and the bucket down, and then back after the frame to swing. This greatly reduces the travel and the transfer of the whole machine in the length size, improve the mobility, make the machine in a narrow place can transfer and homework; The distribution centre of gravity is more reasonable, be helpful for the stability of the machine. The shovel device control mechanisms for mechanical 2 stem manipulation, manipulation is flexible and convenient. Loading device adopts Z form reverse the double rocker link mechanism, and has the uninstall the height of the great distance, unloading, digging up strength can automatically put, equal characteristics; The blunt gas box type lifting arm, weigh less, and to improve the stiffness and carrying capacity. Control mechanisms for mechanical single handles. Walk system: the driver to no front axle, turned to the cylinder piston rod for double double role cylinder; For the final drive axles, adopt two-stage slow transmission structure. Drive motor installed on its main reducer, the spiral bevel gear transmission, wheel edges for planetary gear reducer drive mechanism, and the overall good rigidity structure, the output speed smoothly. In the main reducer and wheel edges between reducer, adopts full serving the half shaft link transmission, overcoming the bridge in work in the process of shell deformation half shaft driving influence. Walk system USES a static hydraulic transmission. By the integral frame welding structure, has the good rigidity, high strength characteristic. A leg for H type straight leg, and frame is an organic whole repeatedly. The drive axle of the hydraulic caliper disc brake, hydraulic braking control has the advantages of fast and reliable. In car brake drum brake for central, mechanical manipulation. The cab the whole big window for shovel in turn type structure, be helpful for ventilation and widen the vision and convenient operation. After the low voltage driving wheel diameter tyres, walk in the process of vibration and reduce vehicle can cushion the turbulence, improve the driver's ride comfort. Because of our country's late start excavating loader, whether in the product variety, performance parameters and use reliability, after-sales service and so on, and abroad are compared there's a quite big difference.
3, domestic backactor loader competitive enterprise and the development trend of domestic
The present backactor loader competition enterprise is divided into:
(1) the export-oriented: such as sichuan road machinery factory production multifunctional engineering machinery over 80% export, and can always find a good sale, in addition, guilin forestry machinery factory specializing in the production of small caterpillar backactor loader, most of the export products.
(2) into a foreign and domestic assembly type: such as Shanghai CASE of 580/590 series products. Foreign imports, domestic agency type: if the 2 JCB CX / 3 CX / 4 CX; VOLVO's BL60 / BL71; 580/590 of the CASE, are all have agent.
(3) the domestic production enterprise: domestic production enterprise have 1 more than O, its products are cheap backactor loader. Prices for: within 380000 yuan. Therefore, excavating loader domestic is the development trend of the introduction of foreign advanced technology, the development of the high quality, multi-function, many varieties and specifications of excavating loader series products, strengthen the basic components and parts production, especially improve the quality of the excavating loader hydraulic components, in order to reach to meet product reliability, under the premise