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河南機(jī)電高等??茖W(xué)校
材料工程系
模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造 專業(yè)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書
設(shè)計(jì)題目: 放大器殼蓋注塑模
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題目: 放大器殼蓋注塑模設(shè)計(jì)
內(nèi)容: (1)塑件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝分析;
(2)放大器殼蓋注塑模設(shè)計(jì),繪制模具總裝圖一張;
(3)畫出非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件零件的零件圖;
(4)編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書一份;
(5)編制主要零件加工工藝過程卡
原始資料:
塑件圖及其尺寸如右圖所示
材料:ABS
生產(chǎn)批量:大批量
機(jī)械加工工序卡片
產(chǎn)品型號(hào)
零(部)件圖號(hào)
產(chǎn)品名稱
零(部)件名稱
共( )頁
第( )頁
車間
工序號(hào)
工序名稱
材料牌號(hào)
毛坯種類
毛坯外形尺寸
每個(gè)毛坯可制件數(shù)
每臺(tái)件數(shù)
設(shè)備名稱
設(shè)備型號(hào)
設(shè)備編號(hào)
同時(shí)加工件數(shù)
夾具編號(hào)
夾具名稱
切削液
工位器具編號(hào)
工位器具名稱
工序工時(shí)
準(zhǔn)終
單件
工步號(hào)
工步內(nèi)容
工藝裝備
主軸轉(zhuǎn)速
r·minˉ1
切削速度
m·minˉ1
進(jìn)給量
mm·rˉ1
切削深度
mm
進(jìn)給次數(shù)
工步工時(shí)
機(jī)動(dòng)
輔助
設(shè) 計(jì)(日期)
審 核(日期)
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(日期)
會(huì) 簽(日期)
標(biāo)記
處數(shù)
更改文件號(hào)
簽字
日期
標(biāo)記
處數(shù)
更改文件號(hào)
簽字
日期
模具典型零件機(jī)械加工工序卡
(模具專業(yè)沖壓、塑料模具課題適用)
機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡
(模具專業(yè)沖壓模具課題適用)
機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片
產(chǎn)品型號(hào)
零(部)件圖號(hào)
產(chǎn)品名稱
零(部)件名稱
共( )頁第( )頁
材料牌號(hào)
毛坯
種類
毛坯外型尺寸
每個(gè)毛坯可制件數(shù)
每臺(tái)
件數(shù)
備注
工序號(hào)
工序名稱
工 序 內(nèi) 容
車間
工段
設(shè)備
工 藝 裝 備
工時(shí)
準(zhǔn)終
單件
設(shè)計(jì)日期
審核日期
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化日期
會(huì)簽
日期
標(biāo)記
記數(shù)
更改文
件號(hào)
簽字
日期
標(biāo)記
處數(shù)
更該文件號(hào)
河南機(jī)電高等??茖W(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書
放大器殼蓋注塑模設(shè)計(jì)
緒 論
模具是一種以特定形狀,通過一定方式能使原材料成形的專用工藝裝備。利用模具成型零件的方法,實(shí)質(zhì)上是一種少切削、無切削、多工序重合的生產(chǎn)方法,采用模具成型的工藝代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的切削加工工藝,可以提高生產(chǎn)效率,保證零件質(zhì)量,節(jié)約材料,降低生產(chǎn)成本,從而取得較高的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。因此,模具成型方法在現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的主要部門,如機(jī)械、電子、輕工、交通和國防工業(yè)中得到極其廣泛的應(yīng)用。由此可見,利用模具生產(chǎn)零件的方法已成為工業(yè)上進(jìn)行成批或大批生產(chǎn)的主要技術(shù)手段,她對(duì)于保證制品質(zhì)量,縮短試制周期,進(jìn)而爭先占領(lǐng)市場,以及產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代和新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)都有決定性意義。因此德國把模具稱為“金屬加工中的帝王”,把模具工業(yè)視為:“關(guān)鍵工業(yè)”,美國把模具稱為“美國工業(yè)的基石”把模具工業(yè)視為“不可估量其力量的工業(yè)”,日本把模具說成是“促進(jìn)社會(huì)富裕繁榮的動(dòng)力”,把模具工業(yè)視為“整個(gè)工業(yè)發(fā)展的秘密”。由于模具工業(yè)的重要性,模具成型工藝在我國各個(gè)部門得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用,使得模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)值已經(jīng)大大超過機(jī)床產(chǎn)業(yè)的產(chǎn)值。這一情況充分說明在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)蓬勃發(fā)展的過程中,模具工業(yè)正逐漸明顯地成為技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和國力發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。
我國的模具工業(yè)發(fā)展大今天經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)艱辛的歷程。
解放前,由于我國工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)薄弱,模具使用得很少,即使使用,模具也都是
由個(gè)體的模具作坊制作的。模具結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,精度很低,模具形式多為沖壓模,根
本談不上有什么模具工業(yè)。
解放后,由于經(jīng)濟(jì)恢復(fù)的需要,在人民政府的組織下發(fā)展了模具工業(yè),在技
術(shù)上取得了明顯的進(jìn)步:沖模的結(jié)構(gòu)由單工序模向復(fù)合模發(fā)展,并可生產(chǎn)少量的
級(jí)進(jìn)模;因此在加工精度和加工效率上都邁出了一大步。改革開放后,模具工業(yè)
在我國的發(fā)展如虎添翼,各種模具像雨后春筍般的發(fā)展,無論從模具結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜
程度,還是從模具的精度上都在國際有一定的水準(zhǔn),模具行業(yè)得到的發(fā)展和所取
得的成就是有目共賭的,在此不用贅述。我國是模具制造的大國,但還不是強(qiáng)國。
在今后要在盡可能短的時(shí)間內(nèi)趕上世界先進(jìn)水平,還應(yīng)從以下幾個(gè)方面采取措施:
1. 進(jìn)行專業(yè)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)。
要使模具技術(shù)高速度發(fā)展,國外的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明:實(shí)現(xiàn)專業(yè)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)是關(guān)鍵。要實(shí)現(xiàn)模具專業(yè)化生產(chǎn),前提是要模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。有了模具的各項(xiàng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),才可能采用專用的先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)設(shè)備和技術(shù),建立專門的機(jī)械化和自動(dòng)化的生產(chǎn)線,才可能采用高精度的、專用的質(zhì)量檢測(cè)手段,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)提高模具質(zhì)量、縮短生產(chǎn)周期、降低制造成本的目的。
2. 采用先進(jìn)的制造技術(shù)。
3. 研制和發(fā)展模具用材料。
模具材料是影響模具壽命、質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)效率和生產(chǎn)成本的重要方面,沒有充足的、高質(zhì)量的、品種系列齊全的模具用材料,模具工業(yè)要趕上世界先進(jìn)水平只能是紙上談兵。
4. 進(jìn)一步推廣應(yīng)用CAD/CAM。
隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,計(jì)算機(jī)已應(yīng)用到國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的各個(gè)部門,其中也包括
模具工業(yè)。模具CAD/CAM是模具生產(chǎn)全盤自動(dòng)化的根本措施,也是模具生產(chǎn)的重大技術(shù)革命。
5. 加強(qiáng)模具技術(shù)人才的開發(fā)。
為了順應(yīng)當(dāng)前高職高專的教育發(fā)展形式、人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)和積極響應(yīng)學(xué)校教育
教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié),本著提高自己專業(yè)素養(yǎng)和職業(yè)技能的原則,本著對(duì)工作認(rèn)真嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),求真務(wù)實(shí)的態(tài)度,現(xiàn)將完成“滅火器注塑模”這一課題的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。這一次的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是大學(xué)階段的最后一次技能練習(xí),也是即將踏向社會(huì),走向工作崗位的一張入場券。因此,也可以說這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是為我們就業(yè)所打開的一扇窗戶。它所要用到的知識(shí)是各個(gè)專業(yè)知識(shí)的大熔爐,通過它,可以將以前所學(xué)的分散的知識(shí)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行整合和歸于系統(tǒng)化,通過它,可以加深對(duì)所學(xué)課程的印象,通過它,可以溫故而知新。再次,通過這次模具設(shè)計(jì)將使我產(chǎn)生一種很深的認(rèn)識(shí),那就是模具設(shè)計(jì)必須盡可能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。因此,在工作過程中,提高了我查閱各種手冊(cè)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的能力,這對(duì)以后的實(shí)際工作是大有裨益的。本課題的設(shè)計(jì)是塑料模具,其目的和應(yīng)該具備的能力有:看懂圖紙并能夠表達(dá)視圖,了解塑料的性能,了解成型設(shè)備以及能夠選擇,熟悉掌握注塑件結(jié)構(gòu)與模具的關(guān)系,熟悉模具結(jié)構(gòu)。這是完成本課題設(shè)計(jì)所應(yīng)具備的最基本的技能。設(shè)計(jì)程序?yàn)椋航邮苋蝿?wù)書;調(diào)研、消化原始材料;選擇成型設(shè)備;在設(shè)計(jì)模具之前,首先要選擇好成型設(shè)備,這就需要了解各種成型設(shè)備的規(guī)格、性能和特點(diǎn)。然后是擬訂模具結(jié)構(gòu)方案,包括塑件成型、型腔布置、選擇分型面、確定澆注系統(tǒng)、選擇脫模方式、模溫調(diào)節(jié)、確定主要零件的結(jié)構(gòu)與尺寸、支承與聯(lián)結(jié);接著是方案的討論與論證;繪制模具裝配草圖及裝配圖;繪制零件圖;編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書;最后是模具制造、試模與圖紙修改。
第1章 模塑工藝規(guī)程的編制
該塑件是放大器殼蓋,其零件圖如下所示。本塑件的材料采用ABS,生產(chǎn)類型為大批量生產(chǎn)。
圖1 塑件圖
1.1 塑件的工藝性分析
1.1.1 塑件的原材料分析
塑件的材料采用ABS,屬于熱塑性塑料。從使用性能上看,該塑料具有剛性好、耐熱性強(qiáng)、化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性較好等優(yōu)點(diǎn),機(jī)械性能比聚乙烯好,是理想的絕緣材料;從成型性能上看,熔料的流動(dòng)性較好,容易成型,成型性能較好,但收縮率大。另外,該塑料在成型時(shí)易產(chǎn)生變形、縮孔等缺陷,成型溫度低時(shí),方向性明顯,易產(chǎn)生內(nèi)應(yīng)力。因此,在成型時(shí)應(yīng)注意控制成型溫度,冷卻速度不宜過快。
1.1.2 塑件的結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸精度及表面質(zhì)量分析。
(1) 結(jié)構(gòu)分析。 從零件圖上看,該零件總體形狀為長方體,內(nèi)部有T型槽,在高度方向上有一小凸臺(tái),因此,模具設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)必須設(shè)置側(cè)向斜導(dǎo)柱抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)。該制件屬于中等復(fù)雜程度。
(2) 尺寸精度分析。 該零件重要尺寸,如118mm等尺寸精度為MT3級(jí)(GB/T14486-1993)。由以上分析可見,該零件的尺寸精度中等,對(duì)應(yīng)個(gè)模具的相關(guān)的零件的尺寸加工可以得到保證。從塑件的壁厚來看,壁厚最大處為3mm,最小處為2mm,且制件的基本尺寸為2mm,所以說制件的壁厚較均勻,零件的成型不是很困難。
(3) 表面質(zhì)量分析。 該零件的表面除要求沒有缺陷、毛刺、內(nèi)部不得有縮孔外,沒有其他特別的表面質(zhì)量要求,故比較容易得到保證。
綜合上述分析可以看出,注塑成型時(shí),在工藝參數(shù)控制得較好的情況下,零件的成型且生產(chǎn)出合格制件的要求可以得到保證。
1.2 計(jì)算塑件的體積和質(zhì)量
計(jì)算塑件的體積和質(zhì)量是為了選用注塑機(jī)及注塑成型參數(shù)。
計(jì)算塑件的體積:V=25104mm(過程略)
計(jì)算塑件的質(zhì)量:根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)查得ABS的密度為1.04~1.05kg/dm,現(xiàn)取密度為1.04kg/dm。
故塑件的質(zhì)量為:W=v=25104×1.04 ×10
=26.11g
采用一模二腔的模具結(jié)構(gòu),考慮其外形尺寸、注塑時(shí)所需壓力等情況,初步選用注塑機(jī)為XS-ZY-250型。
1.3 塑件注塑工藝參數(shù)的確定
查手冊(cè)可知,ABS的成型工藝參數(shù)可做如下選擇,試模時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況作適當(dāng)調(diào)整。
注射溫度:包括料筒溫度和噴嘴溫度。
料筒溫度:后段溫度t選用200℃;
中段溫度t選用220℃;
前段溫度t選用240℃;
噴嘴溫度:選用200℃;
注射壓力:選用150MPa;
保 壓:選用100MPa;
保壓時(shí)間:選用10s;
冷卻時(shí)間:選用30s。
第2章 注塑模的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
注塑模的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)主要包括:分型面的選擇,模具型腔數(shù)目的確定,型腔的排列方式,冷卻水道的布置,澆口位置設(shè)置,模具工作零件和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),側(cè)向分型與抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),推出機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)等內(nèi)容。
2.1 分型面的選擇
模具設(shè)計(jì)中,分型面的選擇很關(guān)鍵,它在很大程度上決定了模具的結(jié)構(gòu)。
應(yīng)根據(jù)分型面選擇原則和塑件的成型要求來確定分型面。
分型面的選擇應(yīng)遵循以下原則:
1) 制品或制品組件(含嵌件)的正視圖應(yīng)盡量相對(duì)于注塑機(jī)的軸線對(duì)稱分布,以便成型。
2) 制品的方位應(yīng)便于脫模,開模后制品應(yīng)留在動(dòng)模部分,這樣便于利用成型設(shè)備脫模。
3) 當(dāng)用模具的互相垂直的活動(dòng)成型零件成型孔、槽、凸臺(tái)時(shí),制品的位置應(yīng)該選擇其中能使制品在成型設(shè)備工作臺(tái)安裝平面上的投影面積為最小的方案。
4) 長度較長的管類制品,如果將它的長軸安置在模具開模方向,而不能開模和取出制品的;或是管接頭類制品,要求兩個(gè)方向開模的,應(yīng)將管接頭的長軸安置在與模具的開模相垂直的方向。這樣可以減少模具厚度,便于開模和取出制品。但必須設(shè)置抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)。
5) 如果是自動(dòng)旋出螺紋制品或螺紋型芯的模具,對(duì)制品的布置有專門的要求。
6) 最后制品位置的選定,應(yīng)結(jié)合澆口位置,溫調(diào)系統(tǒng)布置以及制品的外觀要求等綜合考慮。
綜合以上要求,放大器殼蓋的分型面選如圖2所示即可降低模具的復(fù)雜程,減少模具的加工難度又便于成型后出件,故選這種方案較為合理。
2.2 確定型腔的排列方式
本塑件采用一模二件。即模具需要兩個(gè)型腔。綜合考慮澆注系統(tǒng),模具結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜程度。擬采用如圖3所示的型腔排列方式,生產(chǎn)出合格的制件容易得到保證。
圖2 分型面的選擇
2. 3 澆注系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
(1) 主流道設(shè)計(jì)。
根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)查得XS-ZY-250型注塑機(jī)噴嘴的有關(guān)尺寸:
噴嘴前端孔徑:d=Φ4mm
噴嘴前端球面半徑:R=18mm
根據(jù)模具主流道與噴嘴的關(guān)系: R=R+(1~2)mm
D=d+(0.5~1)mm
現(xiàn)取主流道的小端直徑 d=Φ4.5mm ;
取主流道球面半徑R=19mm ;
為了便于將凝料從主流道中拔出,將主流道設(shè)計(jì)成圓錐形,其錐度為20~40,現(xiàn)取2°,經(jīng)換算得主流道大端直徑為D=Φ10mm。因此,該模具的澆注系統(tǒng)是主流道式的澆注系統(tǒng),沒有分流道,故無須設(shè)計(jì)分流道。
(2) 澆口設(shè)計(jì)。
根據(jù)塑件的成型要求及制件的特點(diǎn),該塑件采用圓環(huán)形的澆口較為理想。查表初選環(huán)形澆口長度為0.75mm,在試模時(shí)修正。
2.4 抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
本塑件基本為長方體,塑件中間部分有T型槽和內(nèi)壁有一個(gè)小凸臺(tái),它們均垂直于脫模方向,阻礙成型后塑件從模具中脫出。因此,成型零件時(shí)必須做成活動(dòng)的型芯,即作成滑塊。本副模具采用斜導(dǎo)柱滑塊側(cè)向抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)。側(cè)向抽芯時(shí)必須考慮內(nèi)壁上的小凸臺(tái),小凸臺(tái)會(huì)阻礙側(cè)向T型槽抽芯。經(jīng)考慮分析凸臺(tái)很小可以采用強(qiáng)制抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)。故該抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)采用斜導(dǎo)柱側(cè)向抽芯。
2.4.1 確定抽芯距
抽芯距一般應(yīng)大于成型孔(或凸臺(tái))的深度,另外考慮到抽芯時(shí)的安全,另加3~5mm的抽芯安全系數(shù),因此可取抽芯距S=75mm 。
2.4.2 確定斜導(dǎo)柱傾角
斜導(dǎo)柱的傾角α是抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)的主要技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)之一,它與抽拔力及抽芯距離有直接關(guān)系。一般取α=15°~25°,本模具選取α=20° 。
2.4.3 確定斜導(dǎo)柱的尺寸
斜導(dǎo)柱的直徑取決于抽拔力及其抽拔角度,可按設(shè)計(jì)資料的有關(guān)公式進(jìn)行計(jì)算。本副模具經(jīng)驗(yàn)估值,取斜導(dǎo)柱的直徑D=25mm,以后可以修正。斜導(dǎo)柱的長度應(yīng)據(jù)抽拔距、固定端模板的厚度、斜導(dǎo)柱的直徑及斜角大小確定。
根據(jù)公式L=L1+L2+L3+L4+L5
由于上模板即型腔板的尺寸尚未確定,即ha不確定,故暫選ha=60mm如果該設(shè)計(jì)中ha有變則在修正L的長度,取D=25mm
得L=301mm(過程略)
2.4.4 滑塊和導(dǎo)滑槽設(shè)計(jì)
(1) 滑塊與型腔板的連接方式設(shè)計(jì)。 本模具的側(cè)向抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)主要是用于成型零件的T型槽,由于側(cè)向T型槽的尺寸較大,考慮到型腔板的強(qiáng)度及裝配問題,采用整體式結(jié)構(gòu),型腔板與滑塊的連接采用鑲嵌方式。
(2) 滑塊的導(dǎo)滑方式。 本模具為使之結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,降低模具裝配復(fù)雜程度,擬采用整體式滑塊和整體式導(dǎo)向槽的形式。
(3) 滑塊的導(dǎo)滑長度和定位裝置設(shè)計(jì)。 本副模具由于側(cè)抽芯距較長,故將動(dòng)模板上的導(dǎo)滑槽設(shè)計(jì)成通的,這樣一則便于“T”型槽的加工,二則滑塊的成型部分抽出后仍有大部分保留在導(dǎo)滑槽之中,確保了其復(fù)位安全,從而有效的縮減了模具和體積,圓柱銷9的設(shè)置目的是為了保證加工和裝配的兩滑塊在中心線上。
2.5 成型零件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
2.5.1 型腔的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
本副模具模具采用的是一模二腔的結(jié)構(gòu)形式,考慮到加工的難易程度,材料的利用價(jià)值和塑件的精度等因素,型腔擬采用整體式結(jié)構(gòu)。其結(jié)構(gòu)如裝配圖所示。
根據(jù)本副模具澆口與主流道的設(shè)計(jì)要求,澆口設(shè)在型芯與澆口套之間,即兩者的間隙,其結(jié)構(gòu)為環(huán)形帶。
2.5.2型芯的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
型芯主要是與型腔相結(jié)合構(gòu)成塑件的內(nèi)形。其結(jié)構(gòu)擬采用整體式結(jié)構(gòu),型芯鑲嵌在滑塊上,其結(jié)構(gòu)如裝配圖所示。
第3章 模具設(shè)計(jì)的有關(guān)計(jì)算
模具中成型零件工作尺寸計(jì)算時(shí),均采用平均尺寸、平均收縮率、平均制造
公差和平均磨損量來進(jìn)行計(jì)算。
查手冊(cè)得ABS的收縮率為S=0.4﹪~0.7﹪,故平均收縮率為S=0.55﹪,考慮到模具制造的現(xiàn)有條件及制造的使用要求,現(xiàn)模具制造的公差取δ=/3 。
3.1 型腔和型芯工作尺寸計(jì)算
3.1.1 成型塑件的型腔部分尺寸計(jì)算
(1)72屬于未注公差尺寸,取未注公差等級(jí)MT5級(jí),則允許偏差為0.52(GB/T14486-1993)故制品尺寸為72mm型腔內(nèi)表面尺寸:
L=(L+L×S﹪-3/4)
=(72+72×0.55﹪-3/4×0.52)
=72.004mm
(2)130屬于未注公差取MT5級(jí),則允許偏差為0.76(GB/T14486-1993),故制品尺寸為130,對(duì)應(yīng)型腔尺寸:
L=(L+ L×S﹪-3/4)
=(130+130×0.55﹪-3/4×0.76)
= 130.15mm
(3)10屬于未注公差取MT5級(jí),則允許偏差為0.2(GB/T14486-1993),故尺寸為10mm,對(duì)應(yīng)型腔尺寸:
H=(H+H×S﹪-2/3)
=(10+10×0.55﹪-3/4×0.2)
=9.87mm
3.1.2型芯部分尺寸計(jì)算
(1)126為未注公差取MT5級(jí),則允許偏差為0.76(GB/T14486-1993),則尺寸為:126mm
L=(L+ L× S﹪-3/4)
=(3+3×0.6﹪-3/4×0.2)
=127.16mm
(2)6未注公差取MT5級(jí),則允許偏差為0.2(GB/T14486-1993),則尺寸為6mm則:
H=(H+ H×S﹪+2/3)
=(6+6×0.55﹪+2/3×0.2)
=6.16mm
(3)尺寸為118mm部分的型芯計(jì)算,則
L=(L+ L×S﹪+3/4)
=119.15 mm
現(xiàn)將模具工作零件的尺寸制成表格1。
3.2 型腔板的三維尺寸確定
3.2.1 型腔板厚度計(jì)算
該型腔板的厚度包括兩部分組成,一部分是塑件的高度,另一部分是澆口套埋入型腔板的厚度。故該型腔板的厚度較大,現(xiàn)擬確定該厚度為L=60mm,計(jì)算過程略,若有不確,以后修正。
3.2.2 型腔板長寬尺寸計(jì)算
型腔板的長寬尺寸即是厚度尺寸。型腔板厚度計(jì)算是模具設(shè)計(jì)中的重要問題,目前常的方法有按強(qiáng)度條件計(jì)算和按剛度條件計(jì)算兩大類。因?yàn)閷?shí)際的模具要求既不允許因強(qiáng)度不足而明顯變形,甚至破壞,也不允許因剛度不足而發(fā)生過大變形。目前許多單位都是憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)確定。在此,考慮到實(shí)際狀況,因本副模具的型腔板是整體式的,結(jié)構(gòu)中等復(fù)雜,其中間有一個(gè)成型制件的異形孔,有與斜導(dǎo)柱相配合的孔,,側(cè)壁有與滑塊相配合的孔。如此復(fù)雜的端面形狀,很難對(duì)此型腔板的強(qiáng)度和剛度進(jìn)行計(jì)算及校核。初定尺寸如下:
長度方向:L=280mm,計(jì)算過程及數(shù)字意義略。
寬度方向:L=210mm,計(jì)算過程及數(shù)字意義略。
至此,必須考慮型腔板的周界尺寸和動(dòng)模板的周界尺寸一致。動(dòng)模板的型號(hào)為250mm×315mm×80mm(GB/T4169.8-1984),因此,將型腔板的長度尺寸改為315mm,寬度尺寸改為250mm,高度尺寸63mm。
表3.1 型腔、型芯的工作尺寸
類別
序號(hào)
模具零件名稱
塑件尺寸
計(jì)算公式
型腔或型芯(滑塊)的工作尺寸
型腔的計(jì)算
1
型腔板
72
L=(L+ L×S﹪-3/4)
72.004
130
L=(L+ L×S﹪-3/4)
130.15
10
H=(H+ H×S﹪-2/3)
10
型芯的計(jì)算
2
型芯
126
L=(L+ L×S﹪+3/4)
127.16
6
H=(H+H× S﹪+2/3)
6
118
L=(L+ L×S﹪+3/4)
119.15
第4章 模具加熱及冷卻系統(tǒng)的計(jì)算
本塑件在注塑成型時(shí)不要求有太高的溫度,僅在螺桿中的加熱及剪切熱就能夠滿足注射成型要求,另一方面,能不用加熱系統(tǒng)就盡量不用,因?yàn)?,設(shè)置加熱系統(tǒng)使得模具的復(fù)雜程度提高及模具成本增加,綜合上述原因,該模具不設(shè)加熱系統(tǒng)。根據(jù)成型塑件的特點(diǎn),模具的平均工作溫度在40℃左右。因此,根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)判定,模具工作溫度在80℃以下的,需要設(shè)置冷卻系統(tǒng)。設(shè)置冷卻系統(tǒng)能改善成型條件,穩(wěn)定制品的形位尺寸精度,改善制品的物理、機(jī)械性能以及提高制品的表面質(zhì)量。最重要的是能夠縮短成型周期,提高生產(chǎn)效率。本副模具設(shè)置二對(duì)冷卻水管,型腔板上布置兩對(duì),見裝配圖。
第5章 模具閉合高度及注塑機(jī)有關(guān)參數(shù)的校核
5.1 模具閉合高度
本副模具的閉合高度是定模板(型腔板)、滑塊、動(dòng)模板及動(dòng)模腳的和?,F(xiàn)根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)確定,動(dòng)模腳的厚度為120mm,動(dòng)模板的厚度選80mm。
因此模具的閉合高度為:
H=H +H +H +H
=63+40 +80+120
=303mm
其中: H----定模板的厚度;
H----滑塊的厚度;
H----動(dòng)模板的厚度;
H----動(dòng)模座的厚度;
5.2 注塑機(jī)有關(guān)參數(shù)的校核
本副模具的外形尺寸為250×315mm×303mm。XS-ZY-250型注塑機(jī)的模最大安裝尺寸為448mm×370mm,故能滿足模具的安裝要求。
由上述計(jì)算得模具的閉合高度為H303mm,XS-ZY-250型注塑機(jī)所允許模具的。最小厚度H=200mm,最大厚度H=350mm,即滿足模具的安裝條件。
H≤H≤H
經(jīng)查資料,XS-ZY-250型注塑機(jī)的最大開模行程S=500mm,經(jīng)驗(yàn)證,XS-ZY-250型注塑機(jī)能滿足使用要求,故可采用。
第6章 模具的裝配、試模與維修
6.1 裝配
塑料模的裝配順序可有兩種:一種是當(dāng)動(dòng)、定模合模后有正確的配合要求,互相間易于對(duì)中時(shí),以其主要工作零件如型芯、型腔和鑲件等作為裝配基準(zhǔn),在動(dòng)、定模之間對(duì)中后才加導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套。另一種是當(dāng)塑料件結(jié)構(gòu)形狀使型芯、型腔在合模后很難找正相對(duì)位置,或在模具中設(shè)有斜滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)時(shí),通常要先安裝好導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套作為模具的裝配基準(zhǔn)。
塑料模裝配的主要內(nèi)容如下:
(1) 型芯的裝配。 將型芯裝入固定板的方法與其連接方式有關(guān)。型芯與固定板通常采用過度配合,或采用埋入式,對(duì)于大面積的型芯,一般是用螺釘、銷釘直接與固定板連接。此外,在熱固性塑料壓模中,型芯與固定板常用螺紋連接方式。
(2) 型腔的裝配。 除了形狀簡單的塑料模外,為了便于加工和保證加工精度,塑料模的型腔部分均采用鑲嵌或拼塊形式。
(3) 導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套的裝配。 為了保證導(dǎo)向作用,動(dòng)、定模的導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套孔距精度應(yīng)控制在0.01mm以內(nèi)。因此,必須使用坐標(biāo)鏜床對(duì)動(dòng)、定模鏜孔。在缺少坐標(biāo)鏜床的情況下,較普遍采用的方法是將動(dòng)、定模合在一起(用工藝定位銷釘),在車床、銑床或鏜床上進(jìn)行鏜孔。對(duì)于淬硬模板上的導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套孔,可用坐標(biāo)磨床磨孔。將導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套壓入動(dòng)、定模板后,要求保持導(dǎo)柱的垂直度,并使開模和合模時(shí)導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套間滑動(dòng)自如。
6.2 試模
(1) 試模前,必須對(duì)設(shè)備的油路、水路以及電路進(jìn)行檢查,并按規(guī)定保養(yǎng)設(shè)備,做好開機(jī)前的準(zhǔn)備。
(2) 原料應(yīng)該合格。根據(jù)推薦的工藝參數(shù)將料筒和噴嘴加熱。資料上介紹的料筒和噴嘴溫度只是一個(gè)大致范圍,還應(yīng)根據(jù)條件試調(diào)。判斷料筒和噴嘴溫度是否合適的最好辦法,是在噴嘴和主流道脫開的情況下,用較低的注射壓力,使塑料自噴嘴中緩慢地流出,以觀察料流。如果沒有缺塊、氣泡、銀絲、變色,而是光滑明亮,即說明料筒和噴嘴溫度是比較合適的,這時(shí)就可以開始試模。
(3) 在開始試模時(shí),原則上選擇在低壓、低壓和較長時(shí)間條件下成型,然后按壓力、時(shí)間、溫度這樣的先后順序變動(dòng)。最好不要同時(shí)變動(dòng)兩個(gè)或三個(gè)工藝參數(shù),以便分析和判斷情況。壓力變化的影響,馬上就可從制件上反映出來,所以如果制件充不滿,通常首先是增加注射壓力。當(dāng)大幅度增加注射壓力仍無顯著效果時(shí),才考慮變動(dòng)時(shí)間和溫度。延長時(shí)間實(shí)質(zhì)上是使塑料在料筒內(nèi)的受熱時(shí)間加長,注射幾次后仍然未充滿,最后才提高料筒溫度。但料筒溫度的哂納感升以及塑料溫度達(dá)到平衡需要一定的時(shí)間,一般約15min左右,不是馬上就可以從制件上反映出來,所以不能一下子把料筒溫度升得太高,以免塑料過熱甚至發(fā)生降解。
(1) 注射成型時(shí)可用高速和低速兩種工藝。一般在制件薄壁而面積大時(shí),采用高速注射,而壁厚面積小時(shí)采用低速注射,在高速和低速都能充滿型腔的情況下,除玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)塑料外,均宜采用低速注射。
(2) 對(duì)黏度高和熱穩(wěn)定性差的塑料,采用較慢的螺桿轉(zhuǎn)速和略低的背壓加熱和預(yù)塑,而黏度低和熱穩(wěn)定性好的塑料可采用較快的螺桿轉(zhuǎn)速和略高的背壓。在噴嘴溫度合適的條情況下,采用噴嘴固定的形式可提高生產(chǎn)率。但當(dāng)噴嘴溫度太低或太高時(shí),需要采用每成型周期向后移動(dòng)噴嘴的形式(噴嘴溫度低時(shí),由于后加料時(shí)噴嘴離開模具,減少了散熱,故可使噴嘴溫度升高;而噴嘴溫度太高時(shí),后加料時(shí)可擠出一些過熱的塑料)。
在試模過程中應(yīng)作詳細(xì)記錄,并將結(jié)果填入試模記錄卡,注明模具是否合格。如需返修,則應(yīng)提出返修意見。在記錄卡中應(yīng)摘錄成型工藝條件及操作注意要點(diǎn),最好能附上加工出的制件,以供參考。
試模后,將模具清理干凈,涂上防銹油,然后分別入庫或返修。
6.3 模具的維修
模具在使用過程中,會(huì)產(chǎn)生的磨損或不正常的的破壞。不正常的磨損絕大多數(shù)是由于操作不當(dāng)引起的,例如制件脫不下時(shí)用手錘重力敲擊而使型芯彎曲??偟膩碚f,大致有以下幾種情況:
(1) 型芯或?qū)蛑鰪潯?
(2) 型腔局部損壞,大部分仍是好的。
(3) 由于型腔材料硬度太低或制件精度太差,模具使用一段時(shí)間后分型面不 嚴(yán)密,以致溢邊太厚,影響制件質(zhì)量。
在這些情況下,并不需要將整個(gè)模具報(bào)廢,只需局部修復(fù)即可。局部 修復(fù)由專門的模具工進(jìn)行。修復(fù)以前應(yīng)研究模具圖樣以了解模具結(jié)構(gòu)、 材料和熱處理狀態(tài)。對(duì)于零件損壞的,將壞的拆下,另外換上一個(gè)新的 裝上。型腔打缺的,若為經(jīng)熱處理硬化時(shí),可用銅焊或鑲嵌的方法來修復(fù)。
第7章 主要零件加工工藝規(guī)程的編制
表7.1 型腔板加工工藝過程
序號(hào)
工序名稱
工 序 內(nèi) 容
1
下料
Ф200mm×250mm。
2
鍛料
鍛至尺寸260mm×330mm×85mm。
3
熱處理
退火至180~200HBS。
4
刨六面
刨六面尺寸至252mm×320mm×82mm。
5
磨六面
磨六面至尺寸250mm×315mm×80mm,并保證四個(gè)側(cè)面對(duì)上下底面的垂直度。
6
劃線
劃出導(dǎo)柱孔、水嘴孔和限位拉桿孔的位置中心線。
7
線切割
加工出導(dǎo)柱孔、水嘴孔和限位拉桿孔。
8
熱處理
淬火、回火并檢查硬度。
9
數(shù)控銑
銑出型腔,并保證外形尺寸。
10
平磨
磨上下平面及角尺面。
11
熱處理
淬火至要求。
12
成型磨
磨型腔尺寸至于要求尺寸,保證公差及粗糙度要求。
13
研磨
研磨型腔并與型芯相配。
14
平磨
與動(dòng)模板配磨,使上下齊平,使型腔深度達(dá)到要求。
15
研磨
研磨導(dǎo)柱孔及限位拉桿孔,保證配合要求。
16
精研
精研量為0.01mm,改善粗糙度并達(dá)到間隙要求。
表7.2 動(dòng)模板加工工藝工藝
序號(hào)
工序名稱
工 序 內(nèi) 容
1
下料
2
鍛
鍛至320mm×255mm×85mm
3
熱處理
退火至180~200HBS
。
4
平磨
磨六面至尺寸315.2mm×250.3mm×80.3mm,
5
鉗
以兩個(gè)互相垂直的側(cè)面為基準(zhǔn)劃各孔位中心線。
6
線切割
7
銑
固定銷孔,導(dǎo)柱孔。
8
鉗
修整。
9
研磨
保證公差及表面粗糙度要求。
10
精磨
保證和定模板和模時(shí)的密封度。
第8章 結(jié) 論
本課程設(shè)計(jì)是我們進(jìn)行完了三年的模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造專業(yè)課程后進(jìn)行的,它是對(duì)我們?nèi)陙硭鶎W(xué)課程的又一次深入、系統(tǒng)的綜合性的復(fù)習(xí),也是一次理論聯(lián)系實(shí)踐的訓(xùn)練。它在我們的學(xué)習(xí)中占有重要的地位。
通過這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)使我再復(fù)習(xí)老知識(shí)的同時(shí)學(xué)到了許多新知識(shí),對(duì)一些原來一知半解的理論也有了進(jìn)一步的的認(rèn)識(shí)。特別是原來所學(xué)的一些專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課:如機(jī)械制圖、模具材料、公差配合與技術(shù)測(cè)量、冷沖模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造等有了更深刻的理解,使我進(jìn)一步的了解了怎樣將這些知識(shí)運(yùn)用到實(shí)際的設(shè)計(jì)中。同時(shí)還使我更清楚了模具設(shè)計(jì)過程中要考慮的問題,如怎樣使制造的模具既能滿足使用要求又不浪費(fèi)材料,保證工件的經(jīng)濟(jì)性,加工工藝的合理性。
由于能力有限,設(shè)計(jì)中難免有疏漏之處,懇請(qǐng)老師給予批評(píng)指正。
致 謝
白駒過隙,歲月如梭,在這充滿夏意的五月天,我回顧過去,展望未來,肩負(fù)就業(yè)上崗,獨(dú)立自主的重任,順利完成了本課程的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),盡管曲曲折折,困難重重。在學(xué)校中,我們主要學(xué)的是理論性的知識(shí),而實(shí)踐性很欠缺,而畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)就相當(dāng)于實(shí)戰(zhàn)前的一次演練。通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)可是把我們以前學(xué)的專業(yè)知識(shí)系統(tǒng)的連貫起來,使我們?cè)跍亓?xí)舊知識(shí)的同時(shí)也可以學(xué)習(xí)到很多新的知識(shí);這不但提高了我們解決問題的能力,開闊了我們的視野,在一定程度上彌補(bǔ)我們實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)的不足,為以后的工作打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
設(shè)計(jì)的過程是知識(shí)的熟悉與掌握的過程,是知識(shí)的積累與運(yùn)用的過程。由于本人資質(zhì)有限,在作業(yè)過程中難免會(huì)遇到各種困難和各種問題,問題和困難是提升個(gè)人的機(jī)會(huì),問題是契入點(diǎn),通過反復(fù)的思考與查閱手冊(cè),以及老師的指導(dǎo)、和同學(xué)的討論將問題逐個(gè)解決。
最后,感謝各位老師特別是本課題設(shè)計(jì)的指導(dǎo)老師楊占堯老師所給予的辛勤無私的幫助和指導(dǎo),并向他們致以最深的敬意!
參考文獻(xiàn)
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2. 寇世瑤主遍.機(jī)械制圖。河南機(jī)電高等專科學(xué)校,2003
3. 翟德梅主編.模具制造技術(shù)。河南機(jī)電高等專科學(xué)校,2001
4. 薛彥成主編.公差配合與技術(shù)測(cè)量。機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1992
5. 賈潤禮主編.實(shí)用注射模具設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)。中國輕工業(yè)出版社,2004
6. 閻亞林主編.塑料模具圖冊(cè)。高等教育出版社,2004
7. 中國機(jī)械工業(yè)教育協(xié)會(huì).塑料模設(shè)計(jì)及制造。機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2001
8. 王運(yùn)炎、葉尚川主遍.機(jī)械工程材料。機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1991
9. 屈華昌主遍.塑料成型工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)。機(jī)械工業(yè)出班社,1998
10. 中國機(jī)械工業(yè)教育協(xié)會(huì).塑料模設(shè)計(jì)與制造。機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2001
第 22 頁 共 22 頁
Single gate optimization for plastic injection mold
Journal of Zhejiang University - Science A
Volume 8, Number 7 (2007), 1077-1083, DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2007.A1077
Ji-quan Li, De-qun Li, Zhi-ying Guo and Hai-yuan Lv
Abstract:
Abstract: This paper deals with a methodology for single gate location optimization for plastic injection mold. The objective of the gate optimization is to minimize the warpage of injection molded parts, because warpage is a crucial quality issue for most injection molded parts while it is influenced greatly by the gate location. Feature warpage is defined as the ratio of maximum displacement on the feature surface to the projected length of the feature surface to describe part warpage. The optimization is combined with the numerical simulation technology to find the optimal gate location, in which the simulated annealing algorithm is used to search for the optimum. Finally, an example is discussed in the paper and it can be concluded that the proposed method is effective.
Key words: Injection mold, Gate location, Optimization, Feature warpage.
INTRODUCTION
Plastic injection molding is a widely used, com- plex but highly efficient technique for producing a large variety of plastic products, particularly those with high production requirement, tight tolerance, and complex shapes. The quality of injection molded parts is a function of plastic material, part geometry, mold structure and process conditions. The most important part of an injection mold basically is the following three sets of components: cavities, gates and runners, and cooling system.
Lam and Seow (2000) and Jin and Lam (2002) achieved cavity balancing by varying the wall thick- ness of the part. A balance filling process within the cavity gives an evenly distributed pressure and tem- perature which can drastically reduce the warpage of the part. But the cavity balancing is only one of the important influencing factors of part qualities. Espe- cially, the part has its functional requirements, and its thicknesses should not be varied usually.
From the pointview of the injection mold design, a gate is characterized by its size and location, and the runner system by the size and layout. The gate size and runner layout are usually determined as constants. Relatively, gate locations and runner sizes are more flexible, which can be varied to influence the quality of the part. As a result, they are often the design pa- rameters for optimization.
Lee and Kim (1996a) optimized the sizes of runners and gates to balance runner system for mul- tiple injection cavities. The runner balancing was described as the differences of entrance pressures for a multi-cavity mold with identical cavities, and as differences of pressures at the end of the melt flow path in each cavity for a family mold with different cavity volumes and geometries. The methodology has shown uniform pressure distributions among the cavities during the entire molding cycle of multiple cavities mold.
Zhai et al.(2005a) presented the two gate loca- tion optimization of one molding cavity by an effi- cient search method based on pressure gradient (PGSS), and subsequently positioned weld lines to the desired locations by varying runner sizes for multi-gate parts (Zhai et al., 2006). As large-volume part, multiple gates are needed to shorten the maxi- mum flow path, with a corresponding decrease in injection pressure. The method is promising for de- sign of gates and runners for a single cavity with multiple gates.
Many of injection molded parts are produced with one gate, whether in single cavity mold or in multiple cavities mold. Therefore, the gate location of a single gate is the most common design parameter for optimization. A shape analysis approach was pre- sented by Courbebaisse and Garcia (2002), by which the best gate location of injection molding was esti- mated. Subsequently, they developed this methodol- ogy further and applied it to single gate location op- timization of an L shape example,(Courbebaisse,2005). It is easy to use and not time-consuming, while it only serves the turning of simple flat parts with uniform thickness.
Pandelidis and Zou (1990) presented the opti- mization of gate location, by indirect quality measures relevant to warpage and material degradation, which is represented as weighted sum of a temperature dif- ferential term, an over-pack term, and a frictional overheating term. Warpage is influenced by the above factors, but the relationship between them is not clear. Therefore, the optimization effect is restricted by the determination of the weighting factors.
Lee and Kim (1996b) developed an automated selection method of gate location, in which a set of initial gate locations were proposed by a designer and then the optimal gate was located by the adjacent node evaluation method. The conclusion to a great extent depends much on the human designer’s intuition, because the first step of the method is based on the designer’s proposition. So the result is to a large ex- tent limited to the designer’s experience.
Lam and Jin (2001) developed a gate location optimization method based on the minimization of the Standard Deviation of Flow Path Length (SD[L]) and Standard Deviation of Filling Time (SD[T]) during the molding filling process. Subsequently, Shen et al.(2004a; 2004b) optimized the gate location design by minimizing the weighted sum of filling pressure, filling time difference between different flow paths, temperature difference, and over-pack percentage. Zhai et al.(2005b) investigated optimal gate location with evaluation criteria of injection pressure at the end of filling. These researchers presented the objec- tive functions as performances of injection molding filling operation, which are correlated with product qualities. But the correlation between the perform- ances and qualities is very complicated and no clear relationship has been observed between them yet. It is also difficult to select appropriate weighting factors for each term.
A new objective function is presented here to evaluate the warpage of injection molded parts to optimize gate location. To measure part quality di- rectly, this investigation defines feature warpage to evaluate part warpage, which is evaluated from the “flow plus warpage” simulation outputs of Moldflow Plastics Insight (MPI) software. The objective func- tion is minimized to achieve minimum deformation in gate location optimization. Simulated annealing al- gorithm is employed to search for the optimal gate location. An example is given to illustrate the effec- tivity of the proposed optimization procedure.
QUALITY MEASURES: FEATURE WARPGE
Definition of feature warpage
To apply optimization theory to the gate design, quality measures of the part must be specified in the first instance. The term “quality” may be referred to many product properties, such as mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, ergonomical or geometrical prop- erties. There are two types of part quality measures: direct and indirect. A model that predicts the proper- ties from numerical simulation results would be characterized as a direct quality measure. In contrast, an indirect measure of part quality is correlated with target quality, but it cannot provide a direct estimate of that quality.
For warpage, the indirect quality measures in related works are one of performances of injection molding flowing behavior or weighted sum of those. The performances are presented as filling time dif- ferential along different flow paths, temperature dif- ferential, over-pack percentage, and so on. It is ob- vious that warpage is influenced by these perform- ances, but the relationship between warpage and these performances is not clear and the determination of these weighting factors is rather difficult. Therefore, the optimization with the above objective function probably will not minimize part warpage even with perfect optimization technique. Sometimes, improper weighting factors will result in absolutely wrong re- sults.
Some statistical quantities calculated from the nodal displacements were characterized as direct quality measures to achieve minimum deformation in related optimization studies. The statistical quantities are usually a maximum nodal displacement, an av- erage of top 10 percentile nodal displacements, and an overall average nodal displacement (Lee and Kim,
1995; 1996b). These nodal displacements are easy to obtain from the simulation results, the statistical val- ues, to some extents, representing the deformation. But the statistical displacement cannot effectively describe the deformation of the injection molded parts.
In industry, designers and manufacturers usually pay more attention to the degree of part warpage on some specific features than the whole deformation of the injection molded parts. In this study, feature warpage is defined to describe the deformation of the injection parts. The feature warpage is the ratio of the maximum displacement of the feature surface to the projected length of the feature surface (Fig.1):
where γ is the feature warpage, h is the maximum displacement on the feature surface deviating from the reference platform, and L is the projected length of the feature surface on a reference direction paralleling the reference platform.
For complicated features (only plane feature discussed here), the feature warpage is usually separated into two constituents on the reference plane, which are represented on a 2D coordinate system:
where γx, γy are the constituent feature warpages in the X, Y direction, and Lx, Ly are the projected lengths of the feature surface on X, Y component.
Evaluation of feature warpage
After the determination of target feature com- bined with corresponding reference plane and pro- jection direction, the value of L can be calculated immediately from the part with the calculating method of analytic geometry (Fig.2). L is a constant for any part on the specified feature surface and pro- jected direction. But the evaluation of h is more com- plicated than that of L.
Simulation of injection molding process is a common technique to forecast the quality of part de- sign, mold design and process settings. The results of warpage simulation are expressed as the nodal de- flections on X, Y, Z component (Wx, Wy, Wz), and the nodal displacement W. W is the vector length of vector sum of Wx·i, Wy·j, and Wz·k, where i, j, k are the unit vectors on X, Y, Z component. The h is the maximum displacement of the nodes on the feature surface, which is correlated with the normal orientation of the reference plane, and can be derived from the results of warpage simulation.
To calculate h, the deflection of its node is evaluated firstly as follows:
where Wi is the deflection in the normal direction of the reference plane of ith node; Wix, Wiy, Wiz are the deflections on X, Y, Z component of ith node; α, β, γ are the angles of normal vector of the reference; A and B are the terminal nodes of the feature to projectingdirection (Fig.2); WA and WB are the deflections of nodes A and B:
where WAx, WAy, WAz are the deflections on X, Y, Z
component of node A; WBx, WBy and WBz are the de- flections on X, Y, Z component of node B; ωiA and ωiB are the weighting factors of the terminal node deflections calculated as follows:
where LiA is the projector distance between ith node and node A. Ultimately, h is the maximum of the absolute value of Wi:
In industry, the inspection of the warpage is carried out with the help of a feeler gauge, while the measured part should be placed on a reference plat- form. The value of h is the maximum numerical reading of the space between the measured part surface and the reference platform.
GATE LOCATION OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM FORMATION
The quality term “warpage” means the perma- nent deformation of the part, which is not caused by an applied load. It is caused by differential shrinkage throughout the part, due to the imbalance of polymer flow, packing, cooling, and crystallization.
The placement of a gate in an injection mold is one of the most important variables of the total mold design. The quality of the molded part is greatly af- fected by the gate location, because it influences the manner that the plastic flows into the mold cavity. Therefore, different gate locations introduce inho- mogeneity in orientation, density, pressure, and temperature distribution, accordingly introducing different value and distribution of warpage. Therefore, gate location is a valuable design variable to minimize the injection molded part warpage. Because the correlation between gate location and warpage distribu- tion is to a large extent independent of the melt and mold temperature, it is assumed that the moldingconditions are kept constant in this investigation. The injection molded part warpage is quantified by the feature warpage which was discussed in the previous section.
The single gate location optimization can thus be formulated as follows:
Minimize:
Subject to:
where γ is the feature warpage; p is the injection pressure at the gate position; p0 is the allowable in- jection pressure of injection molding machine or the allowable injection pressure specified by the designer or manufacturer; X is the coordinate vector of the candidate gate locations; Xi is the node on the finite element mesh model of the part for injection molding process simulation; N is the total number of nodes.
In the finite element mesh model of the part, every node is a possible candidate for a gate. There- fore, the total number of the possible gate location Np is a function of the total number of nodes N and the total number of gate locations to be optimized n:
In this study, only the single-gate location problem is investigated.
SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHM
The simulated annealing algorithm is one of the most powerful and popular meta-heuristics to solve optimization problems because of the provision of good global solutions to real-world problems. The algorithm is based upon that of Metropolis et al. (1953), which was originally proposed as a means to find an equilibrium configuration of a collection of atoms at a given temperature. The connection between this algorithm and mathematical minimization was first noted by Pincus (1970), but it was Kirkpatrick et al.(1983) who proposed that it formed the basis of an optimization technique for combinational (and other) problems.
To apply the simulated annealing method to op timization problems, the objective function f is used as an energy function E. Instead of finding a low energy configuration, the problem becomes to seek an approximate global optimal solution. The configura- tions of the values of design variables are substituted for the energy configurations of the body, and the control parameter for the process is substituted for temperature. A random number generator is used as a way of generating new values for the design variables. It is obvious that this algorithm just takes the mini- mization problems into account. Hence, while per- forming a maximization problem the objective func- tion is multiplied by (?1) to obtain a capable form.
The major advantage of simulated annealing algorithm over other methods is the ability to avoid being trapped at local minima. This algorithm employs a random search, which not only accepts changes that decrease objective function f, but also accepts some changes that increase it. The latter are accepted with a probability p
where ?f is the increase of f, k is Boltzman’s constant, and T is a control parameter which by analogy with the original application is known as the system “temperature” irrespective of the objective function involved.
In the case of gate location optimization, the implementation of this algorithm is illustrated in Fig.3, and this algorithm is detailed as follows:
(1) SA algorithm starts from an initial gate loca- tion Xold with an assigned value Tk of the “temperature” parameter T (the “temperature” counter k is initially set to zero). Proper control parameter c (0
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