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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)
課題：基于三維的柴油機(jī)氣缸蓋組合鉆床總體及左主軸箱設(shè)計(jì)
專(zhuān) 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
學(xué) 生 姓 名 王 雷
班 級(jí) BD機(jī)制042
學(xué) 號(hào) 0420110207
指 導(dǎo) 教 師 惠 學(xué) 芹
專(zhuān) 業(yè) 系 主 任 吳 祥
發(fā) 放 日 期 2008年1月12日
一、設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容
設(shè)計(jì)一臺(tái)柴油機(jī)氣缸蓋三面組合鉆床，具體設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)是進(jìn)行總體設(shè)計(jì)及左主軸箱
計(jì)。主要設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容如下：
1、總體設(shè)計(jì)
1）制定工藝方案，確定機(jī)床配置型式及結(jié)構(gòu)方案。
2）三圖一卡設(shè)計(jì)，包括：
(a) 被加工零件工序圖， (b) 加工示意圖， (c) 機(jī)床聯(lián)系尺寸圖，
(d) 生產(chǎn)率計(jì)算卡， (e) 有關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算、校核。
2、左主軸箱設(shè)計(jì)
(a) 左主軸箱三維造型設(shè)計(jì)及裝配圖的繪制
(b) 左主軸箱零件圖
(c) 有關(guān)計(jì)算、校核等。
二、設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)
1．課題來(lái)源：鹽城市江動(dòng)集團(tuán)
2．產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)：ZH1105W柴油機(jī)
3．被加工零件：氣缸蓋（附零件圖）
4．工件材料：HT250，硬度190~240HBS
5．加工內(nèi)容：鉆排氣道面上2×M10—7H螺紋底孔至φ8.376，深19mm，Ra6.3，各
孔位置度公差為φ0.20mm；鉆井氣道上4×M10－7H螺紋底孔至φ8.376，深19mm，
Ra 6.3，各孔位置度公差為φ0.30mm；鉆G3/8"放置螺塞底孔至φ15.2mm通孔，
Ra 6.3，以上倒角均C1，Ra 12.5。
6. 生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)：4萬(wàn)件/年，兩班制。
7. 批量：本機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)、制造一臺(tái)。
三、設(shè)計(jì)要求
1、機(jī)床應(yīng)能滿(mǎn)足加工要求，保證加工精度；
2、機(jī)床應(yīng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)平穩(wěn)，工作可靠，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，裝卸方便，便于維修、調(diào)整；
3、機(jī)床盡量采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件和通用件，以便降低制造成本；
4、設(shè)計(jì)圖樣總量：折合成A0幅面在3張以上；工具要求：應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)軟件繪圖。過(guò)
程要求：裝配圖需提供手工草圖。
5、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)應(yīng)滿(mǎn)足相關(guān)要求。
6、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)按照學(xué)校規(guī)定的格式規(guī)范統(tǒng)一編排、打印，字?jǐn)?shù)不少于1萬(wàn)字。
7、到相關(guān)單位進(jìn)行畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)，撰寫(xiě)不少于3000字實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告；
8、撰寫(xiě)開(kāi)題報(bào)告。
四、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)物化成果的具體內(nèi)容及要求
1、設(shè)計(jì)成果要求
1）畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū) 1 份
2）被加工零件工序圖 1 張
3）加工示意圖 1 張
4）機(jī)床聯(lián)系尺寸圖 1 張
5）生產(chǎn)率計(jì)算卡 1 張
6）左主軸箱總裝配圖 1 張
7）左主軸箱零件圖 不少于7張
2、外文資料翻譯（英譯中）要求
1）外文翻譯材料中文字不少于3000字；
2）內(nèi)容必須與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題相關(guān)；
3）所選外文資料應(yīng)是近10年的文章，并標(biāo)明文章出處。
五、 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）進(jìn)度計(jì)劃
起訖日期
工作內(nèi)容
備 注
3月10日～3月15日
布置任務(wù)，收集資料，熟悉課題
3月15日～3月22日
調(diào)查研究，畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)
3月23日～4月5日
方案論證，總體設(shè)計(jì)
4月6日～4月20日
技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)（部件設(shè)計(jì)）
4月20日～5月14日
工作設(shè)計(jì)（零件設(shè)計(jì)）
5月15日～5月31日
撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)
6月1日～6月4日
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)預(yù)答辯
6月5日～6月12日
修改資料
6月16日～6月18日
評(píng)閱材料
6月16日～6月18日
畢業(yè)答辯
6月19日～6月21日
材料整理裝袋
六、 主要參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1] 謝家瀛. 組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)[M]. 北京： 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， 1994.
[2] 周建方. 材料力學(xué)[M]. 北京： 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， 2002.
[3] 徐錦康. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 北京： 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， 2001.
[4] 陳秀寧，施高義. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 浙江： 浙江大學(xué)出版社，2002.
[5] 沈世德. 機(jī)械原理[M]. 北京： 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， 2001.
[6] 吉衛(wèi)喜．機(jī)械制造技術(shù)[M]．北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2001．
[7] 黃鶴汀.機(jī)械制造裝備[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2001．
[8] 大連組合機(jī)床研究所．組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)[M]．北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1975．
[9] 大連組合機(jī)床研究所．組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)參考圖冊(cè)[M]．北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1975．
[10] 沈陽(yáng)工業(yè)大學(xué).組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)[M].上海:上?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1985．
[11] 朱寶庫(kù).機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M].哈爾濱:哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,1994．
[12] 戴曙.金屬切削機(jī)床[M].北京: 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1994．
[13] 王先逵.機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)[M]. 北京: 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1995．
[14] 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編寫(xiě)組.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M]. 北京: 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1986．
[15] 王愷.機(jī)械制圖[M].北京:中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社,1985．
[16] 楊列群.形狀和位置公差位置度公差[M].北京: 中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社,1992．
[17] 《航空工藝裝備設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》編寫(xiě)組.刀具設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京:國(guó)防工業(yè)出社,1979．
[18] 陳秀寧，施高義. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 浙江： 浙江大學(xué)出版社，2002.
[19] 甘永力．幾何量公差與測(cè)量[M].上海：上海科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，2001.
七、其他
八、專(zhuān)業(yè)系審查意見(jiàn)
負(fù)責(zé)人：
年 月 日
九、機(jī)械工程學(xué)院意見(jiàn)
機(jī)械工程學(xué)院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)：
年 月 日
5
外文翻譯
專(zhuān) 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
學(xué) 生 姓 名 王 雷
班 級(jí) BD機(jī)制042
學(xué) 號(hào) 0420110207
指 導(dǎo) 教 師 惠 學(xué) 芹
專(zhuān) 業(yè) 系 主 任 吳 祥
外文資料名稱(chēng)： Multi-purpose aggregate machine-tool time
外文資料出處：U.S.A. Michigan university
附 件：1.外文資料翻譯譯文
2．外文原文
指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ)：
簽名：
年 月 日
多功能組合機(jī)床時(shí)代
蒂莫西雅各布斯，丹尼斯阿斯納斯，卓然飛利浦
美國(guó)密西根大學(xué)
王雷譯
摘要：組合機(jī)床加工中心可使加工制造業(yè)適應(yīng)不斷變化的需求，有效利用勞動(dòng)力資源，并在全球范圍的市場(chǎng)上更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
關(guān)鍵字：組合機(jī)床
對(duì)于多功能組合機(jī)床，工業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)有很多稱(chēng)呼來(lái)形容它，如 “多任務(wù)處理裝置”、“多功能機(jī)床”、“多程序生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)”等，它確實(shí)可稱(chēng)為加工領(lǐng)域的新星，可降低成本，簡(jiǎn)化配置，并一直保持在美國(guó)本土生產(chǎn)。過(guò)去只有使用多機(jī)操作才能完成的任務(wù)，現(xiàn)在可以集中到一臺(tái)機(jī)床上加工完成。
由于市場(chǎng)需求的不斷變化，產(chǎn)品的生命周期在不斷縮短，今天的市場(chǎng)更加強(qiáng)烈需求多任務(wù)處理裝置概念。在整個(gè)生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中推行精益管理時(shí)，沒(méi)有比把零件加工集中到一臺(tái)機(jī)器上完成更精一些傳統(tǒng)的制造業(yè)廠(chǎng)商認(rèn)為多功能組合機(jī)床過(guò)于復(fù)雜，很難找到合適的操作人員也就不足為奇了。在一些勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)，要找到能夠?qū)Χ噍S組合機(jī)床加工中心進(jìn)行手工編程的人是不太可能的事。但資料顯示，解決方案可有兩個(gè)，一個(gè)是現(xiàn)代多功能組合機(jī)床的直覺(jué)式技術(shù)，另一個(gè)是針對(duì)金屬加工基本原理及在生產(chǎn)車(chē)間現(xiàn)場(chǎng)有關(guān)新機(jī)床使用中難題創(chuàng)新解決方面的培訓(xùn)。
直覺(jué)式技術(shù)控制
設(shè)備采用“帶走熱量”式設(shè)計(jì)，有床身、鋼制直線(xiàn)滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌、鋼制轉(zhuǎn)塔刀架、設(shè)備上使用的不同材料，所有這些組合到一起建造成一臺(tái)機(jī)床。這些都與導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)、體積膨脹相關(guān)。所有不同尺寸的東西都會(huì)以不同的速度生長(zhǎng)。
由于這個(gè)原因，需要制造熱友好機(jī)床，以便知道發(fā)熱的薄弱點(diǎn)在哪里，可以通過(guò)合理的機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)補(bǔ)償。元件是全程運(yùn)動(dòng)。機(jī)床滑動(dòng)產(chǎn)生摩擦并轉(zhuǎn)化為熱。切削加工產(chǎn)生的熱屑掉到不同地方，在整個(gè)過(guò)程中冷卻液會(huì)混合在其中。在切削刀具上會(huì)持續(xù)出現(xiàn)很多不同的溫度區(qū)域，所以也會(huì)有很多東西對(duì)熱穩(wěn)定性產(chǎn)生影響。切削刀具技術(shù)把多功能組合機(jī)床變成了具備銑削和切削能力的“全能機(jī)器”。
據(jù)資料介紹，最顯著的特點(diǎn)是這些機(jī)床整體上更具直覺(jué)性。防撞保護(hù)技術(shù)已經(jīng)非常成熟，在某些情況下，即使采用手動(dòng)操作模式，也能避免碰撞的發(fā)生。由于控制軟件有很好的直覺(jué)性，用戶(hù)操作友好程度也在不斷提高。相信多功能組合機(jī)床會(huì)以其生存能力遍布于更多不同的加工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。離線(xiàn)編程優(yōu)化和NC自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的形成已經(jīng)使這一技術(shù)更容易接受，因此當(dāng)將程序用在機(jī)床上時(shí)，不必花很多時(shí)間去調(diào)整程序和確認(rèn)某一元件沒(méi)有問(wèn)題。如果一個(gè)零件需要配備上下兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)塔刀架同時(shí)進(jìn)行粗加工，這種情況下編程是比較困難的,因?yàn)樗枰獌蓚€(gè)轉(zhuǎn)塔刀架同時(shí)進(jìn)刀。AdMac系統(tǒng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)這些同時(shí)進(jìn)刀的刀架的自動(dòng)編程，并能使正確的主軸速度、正確的進(jìn)給速度等所有參數(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)同步。
Okuma公司的防撞系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)基于實(shí)際加工工況的防撞模擬，因此，如果操作者安裝了錯(cuò)誤的刀具或設(shè)定了錯(cuò)誤的參數(shù)，控制系統(tǒng)會(huì)檢測(cè)出來(lái)并阻止機(jī)床進(jìn)入加工狀態(tài),通過(guò)與西門(mén)子公司合作， INDEX公司現(xiàn)在可以提供3D模式的“虛擬機(jī)床”，按照某一特定型號(hào)的機(jī)床定制。結(jié)果表明，模擬加工出來(lái)的成品零件不只是與實(shí)際成品相似，簡(jiǎn)直就是一對(duì)一的拷貝。直覺(jué)式控制界面、模擬以及其他軟件技術(shù)進(jìn)步，更多的生產(chǎn)車(chē)間向多功能組合機(jī)床敞開(kāi)了大門(mén)，但如果沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的知識(shí)培訓(xùn)和解決問(wèn)題的創(chuàng)造力，制造商也很難體會(huì)到和充分利用先進(jìn)機(jī)床柔順性方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)。對(duì)機(jī)器所做的工作越多，機(jī)器就會(huì)越復(fù)雜，也相應(yīng)地需要具備更強(qiáng)技能的人才能操縱它。
假如一個(gè)機(jī)械師過(guò)去一天操作3臺(tái)機(jī)床，那么現(xiàn)在他有這樣一臺(tái)多功能的機(jī)床，就可以生產(chǎn)出更多的零件。更為重要的是，他可以借助軟件的幫助使生產(chǎn)效率更高，對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)換加工零件的準(zhǔn)備，也可以編制加工工藝計(jì)劃。因?yàn)楦鼡Q零件需要降下3個(gè)主軸，因此在更換零件之前，車(chē)間應(yīng)加工盡可能多的零件。對(duì)于多功能機(jī)床，轉(zhuǎn)換零件速度非?？?，生產(chǎn)批次間隔時(shí)間更短，庫(kù)存更低，生產(chǎn)效率更高。能夠充分利用多功能機(jī)床的一些車(chē)間，很快就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)崗位功能的統(tǒng)一。現(xiàn)在，一個(gè)車(chē)間可以只用一個(gè)操作人員、一個(gè)調(diào)整工和一個(gè)編程師，將來(lái)這3項(xiàng)工作完全可以由一個(gè)人來(lái)做。傳統(tǒng)崗位描述中機(jī)械師將過(guò)渡成為一個(gè)調(diào)整工程師，如果該工程師還熟悉零件加工編程，那就更理想了。對(duì)于這樣的轉(zhuǎn)換，培訓(xùn)就比較簡(jiǎn)單了，只要培訓(xùn)1個(gè)人就行，而不是3個(gè)人。從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)觀(guān)點(diǎn)看，這將提供給人們更高的崗位滿(mǎn)意度。當(dāng)調(diào)整工程師負(fù)責(zé)加工編程并且親自關(guān)注零件加工的整個(gè)過(guò)程時(shí)，他就完全成了這個(gè)零件的主宰者。除此之外，還應(yīng)該在刀具選擇和編程方面做更多的努力，要使任何型號(hào)的多功能組合機(jī)床都成功，車(chē)間需要配備熟練的機(jī)械師，有能力并靈活地完成多種操作。因此，橫向培訓(xùn)比過(guò)去任何時(shí)候都重要了。把銑削和車(chē)削加工視為不同學(xué)科的觀(guān)點(diǎn)一去不復(fù)返了。對(duì)于編程人員來(lái)說(shuō)，這是屬于他們的時(shí)代。對(duì)于會(huì)編程的人員，懂機(jī)床并控制它，這是他們能力的體現(xiàn)。
刀具選擇
大多數(shù)人不會(huì)將轎車(chē)輪胎裝到跑車(chē)上，但加工刀具就發(fā)生了這樣的情況。刀具應(yīng)與新機(jī)床相匹配，可以想像在新機(jī)床上重復(fù)使用舊刀具對(duì)生產(chǎn)效率的影響。為匹配多功能組合機(jī)床，新刀具和刀具適配器技術(shù)已經(jīng)被開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)。目前工業(yè)領(lǐng)域正在研制開(kāi)發(fā)的加工刀具，可以在同一刀架上完成車(chē)削、鏜削和鉆削加工，只是加工時(shí)相對(duì)于工件的角度有所不同而已。加工操作上的差別甚至都混淆不清了。新的加工刀具可以完成銑削和車(chē)削。
動(dòng)化技術(shù)（機(jī)床）是本世紀(jì)以來(lái)發(fā)展極迅速和影響極大的科學(xué)技術(shù)之一?，F(xiàn)代自動(dòng)化技術(shù)是一種完全新型的生產(chǎn)力，是直接創(chuàng)造社會(huì)財(cái)富的主要手段之一，對(duì)人類(lèi)的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)和物質(zhì)文明起著極大的推動(dòng)作用。因此，自動(dòng)化技術(shù)受到世界各國(guó)的廣泛重視和越來(lái)越多的應(yīng)用。
機(jī)械自動(dòng)化（機(jī)床），主要指在機(jī)械制造業(yè)中應(yīng)用自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)加工對(duì)象的連續(xù)自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)化有效的自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，加快生產(chǎn)投入物的加工變換和流動(dòng)速度。機(jī)械自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展，是機(jī)械制造業(yè)技術(shù)改造、技術(shù)進(jìn)步的主要手段和技術(shù)發(fā)展的主要方向。機(jī)械自動(dòng)化的技術(shù)水準(zhǔn)，不僅影響整個(gè)機(jī)械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展，而且對(duì)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門(mén)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步有很大的直接影響。因此，發(fā)展我國(guó)的機(jī)械制造業(yè)自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，符合我國(guó)社會(huì)主義的基本原則，符合我國(guó)現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展規(guī)律。?如何發(fā)展我國(guó)的機(jī)械自動(dòng)化技術(shù)（機(jī)床），這里有個(gè)技術(shù)政策問(wèn)題，應(yīng)實(shí)事求是，一切從我國(guó)的具體國(guó)情出發(fā)，做好各項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)工作，走中國(guó)的機(jī)械自動(dòng)化技術(shù)發(fā)展之路。?國(guó)內(nèi)外的工業(yè)發(fā)展史告訴我們，實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械自動(dòng)化是一個(gè)由低級(jí)到高級(jí)、由簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜、由不完善到完善的發(fā)展過(guò)程。當(dāng)機(jī)器的操作采用自動(dòng)控制器后，生產(chǎn)方式才從機(jī)械化逐步過(guò)渡到機(jī)械控制（傳統(tǒng)）自動(dòng)化、數(shù)字控制自動(dòng)化、計(jì)算機(jī)控制自動(dòng)化。只有建立了自動(dòng)化工廠(chǎng)后，生產(chǎn)過(guò)程才能全盤(pán)自動(dòng)化，才能使生產(chǎn)率全面提高，達(dá)到自動(dòng)化的高級(jí)理想階段。
機(jī)械自動(dòng)化技術(shù)從本世紀(jì)20年代首先在機(jī)械制造冷加工大批量生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中開(kāi)始發(fā)展應(yīng)用，60年代后為適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)的需求和變化，為增強(qiáng)機(jī)械制造業(yè)對(duì)市場(chǎng)靈活快速反應(yīng)的能力，開(kāi)始建立可變性自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，即圍繞計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的柔性自動(dòng)化。它是在制造系統(tǒng)不變或變化較小的情況下，機(jī)器設(shè)備或生產(chǎn)管理過(guò)程通過(guò)自動(dòng)檢測(cè)、信息處理、分析判斷自動(dòng)地實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)期的操作或某種過(guò)程，并能夠自動(dòng)地從制造一種零件轉(zhuǎn)換到制造另一種不同的零件。社會(huì)實(shí)踐證明，這種定義下的制造系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)化與當(dāng)代大多數(shù)企業(yè)的實(shí)際不相容。當(dāng)代社會(huì)還沒(méi)有在科學(xué)技術(shù)、物質(zhì)和人員方面準(zhǔn)備好實(shí)現(xiàn)這一自動(dòng)化的條件，硬要這么做只會(huì)事倍功半。這種情況對(duì)于離散生產(chǎn)方式的機(jī)械制造業(yè)也不例外，難度會(huì)更大些。
80年代國(guó)際上出現(xiàn)了開(kāi)始采用計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)CIMS(Computer Integrated Manufacturing），柔性自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)模式也有這種情況。初期犆犐犕犛以信息集成為重點(diǎn)，以較高的自動(dòng)化程度為特征，但在實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)程中遇到了困難。鑒于實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)的全盤(pán)自動(dòng)化所需的巨額投入（一個(gè)全盤(pán)自動(dòng)化工廠(chǎng)耗資數(shù)百億美元，柔性制造系統(tǒng)一般價(jià)格為600～2500萬(wàn)美元），所承擔(dān)的巨大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，加之技術(shù)上的難度與可靠性等問(wèn)題，世界工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已開(kāi)始“碰壁轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)”，轉(zhuǎn)而注重信息集成的效果，追求低成本自動(dòng)化LCA(Low Cost Automation）的企業(yè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)和運(yùn)行方式。
組合機(jī)床未來(lái)的發(fā)展將更多的采用調(diào)速電動(dòng)機(jī)和滾珠絲杠等傳動(dòng)，以簡(jiǎn)化結(jié)構(gòu)、縮短生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍；采用數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)和主軸箱、夾具自動(dòng)更換系統(tǒng)，以提高工藝可調(diào)性；以及納入柔性制造系據(jù)資料介紹，最顯著的特點(diǎn)。
Multi-purpose aggregate machine-tool time
Timothy and Jacobs, Denis' A receives then then, outstanding Philip U.S.A. Michigan university
Summary:The aggregate machine-tool machining center may cause the demand which the processing manufacturing industry adapts changes unceasingly, uses the pool of labor power effectively, and has the competitive power in global scale's market.
Key word: Make the lathe up
Regarding the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, in the industrial field has many names to describe it, like “the multitasking installment”, “the multi-purpose engine beds”, “the multi-procedure production system” and so on, it may be called the processing domain truly the nova, may reduce the cost, the simplified disposition, and has maintained in the US territory produces. In the past only then used the duty which many machine operations could complete, now may concentrate to an engine bed on processes completes.
As a result of market demand's unceasing change, the product life cycle is reducing unceasingly, today's market more intense demand multitasking installment concept. Carries out the fine profit management when the entire production environment, compared to having not concentrated the components processing to a machine on completes a finer profit.
Some tradition's manufacturing industry manufacturer thought that the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools are too complex, very difficult to find the appropriate operators also the difficult problem innovates on the spot on the insufficiency for the metal working basic principle and in the Production workshop related new engine bed use solution aspect training.
Intuition type technical control
The equipment use “carries off the quantity of heat” the type design, has different material which the lathe bed, the steeliness straight line rolling guide, on the steeliness revolving tool box saddle, the equipment uses, all these combine make an engine bed together. These with the thermal conductivity, the volume expansion are related. All different size's thing can by the different speed growth.
As a result of this reason, needs to make the hot friendly engine bed, with the aim of knowing gives off heat the weak point in where, can compensate through the reasonable engine bed design. The part is the entire journey movement. The engine bed glide produces rubs and transform hotly. The machining produces the hot filings fall to the different place, the refrigerant can mix in the entire process in which. Will present the different temperature province continually on the cutting tool, will therefore also have many things to have the influence to the thermostability. The cutting tool technology turned the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools has had the milling and cutting power “the versatile machine”.
According to the material introduced that the most remarkable characteristic is in these engine bed whole has the intuition. The anti-collision preservation technology was already mature, in certain circumstances, even if uses the manual operation pattern, can also avoid the occurrence which collides. Because the control software has the very good intuition, the user operation friendly degree unceasingly is also enhancing. Believe the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools by its survivability world-wide in the more different processing scenes.
The off-line programming optimization and the NC automatic control system's formation already made this technology to be easier to accept, when therefore uses the procedure when the engine bed, does not need to spend many time tune-up procedure and confirmed that some part does not have the question. If components need to provide the high and low two revolving tool box saddle simultaneously to carry on the rough machining, in this kind of situation the programming is quite difficult, because it needs two revolving tool box saddles also to feed. The AdMac system may realize tool rest's automatic programming which simultaneously feeds to these, and can cause the correct main axle speed, the correct feed rate and so on all parameters to realize the synchronization.
Okuma Corporation's collision avoidance system design based on actual processing operating mode anti-collision simulation, therefore, if the operator has installed the wrong cutting tool or has established the wrong parameter, the control system will examine and prevents the engine bed to enter the processing condition. Through cooperates with the Siemens, INDEX Corporation may provide the 3D pattern now “the hypothesized engine bed”, has custom-made according to some specific model's engine bed. The result indicated that the simulation processes not only the fabricated parts and the actual end product is similar, is the one-to-one copy simply.
The intuition type control interface, the simulation as well as other software technique are progressive, the more Production workshops have opened wide the front door to the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, but if does not have the corresponding knowledge to train and to solve the question creativity, the manufacturer is also very difficult to realize and the full use advanced engine bed flexibility aspect superiority. The work which does to the machine are more, the machine will be more complex, also needs to have the stronger skill person correspondingly to be able to operate it.
If machinist past one day operated 3 engine beds, then he has this kind of multi-purpose engine bed now, might produce more components. More importantly, he may draw support from software's help to cause the production efficiency to be higher, regarding transformation processing components preparation, may also establish the processing craft plan. Because the replacement components need to lower 3 main axles, therefore before replacing the components, the workshop should process as far as possible many components. Regarding the multi-purpose engine beds, the transformation components speed is quick, the production batch of time interval is shorter, the stock is lower, the production efficiency is higher. Can use multi-purpose engine bed's some workshops fully, very quick will discover the post function the unification. Now, a workshop may only use an operator, an adjuster and a programming teacher, in the future these 3 work definitely may do by a person.
In the traditional post description the machinist will transit becomes one to adjust engineer, if this engineer the familiar components processing programming, that were also more ideal. Regarding such transformation, training has been simple, so long as trains 1 individual line, but is not 3 individuals. Looking from the long views, this will provide to the people the higher post degree of satisfaction. When adjusts engineer to be responsible to process the programming, and pays attention to the components processing personally time the entire process, he completely has become this components control. In addition, but should also makes more effort in the cutting tool choice and the programming aspect, must make any model the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tool to succeed, the workshop needs to provide the skilled machinist, has ability and completes many kinds of operations nimbly. Therefore, crosswise training was at any time in the past more important. Regarded as the milling and the lathe work the different discipline the viewpoint never to return. Regarding the programmers, this belongs to their time. Regarding personnel who will program, will understand the engine bed and controls it, this will be their ability manifestation.
The cutting tool will choose most people not to install the passenger vehicle tire to the race car on, but processed the cutting tool to have such situation. The cutting tool should match with the new engine bed, is conceivably redundant on the new engine bed uses the old cutting tool to the production efficiency influence. In order to match the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, the new cutting tool and the cutting tool adapter technology was already developed. At present the industrial field is developing the development the processing cutting tool, may complete the turning on the identical tool rest, boring and drills truncates the processing, is only processes the phase to differ from regarding the work piece angle. The processing operates the difference even confuses is unclear. The new processing cutting tool may complete the milling and the turning.
Since has moved the technology (engine bed) is this century develops is extremely rapid and one of influence enormous science and technology. The modern automation technology is one kind of completely new productive forces, is one of direct creation public wealth principal means that is playing the enormous promotion effect to humanity's production activity and the material civilization. Therefore, the automated technology receives various countries widely to take seriously with more and more applications. The machinery automation (engine bed), mainly refers to the machine-building industry applies the automated technology, realizes the processing object continuously the automatic production, realizes the optimized effective automatic production process, the increase production investment processing transformation and the flow rate. The machinery automation technology's application and the development, are the machine-building industry technological transformations, the technology advancement principal means and the technological development main direction. Machinery automation technical standards, not only affects the entire machine-building industry the development, and has the very tremendous immediate influence to the national economy various departments' technology advancement. Therefore, develops our country's machine-building industry automation technology, conforms to our country socialism basic principle, conforms to our country modern production law of development. How to develop our country's machinery automation technology (engine bed), here has the technical policy question, should be realistic, all embark from our country's concrete national condition, do each foundation work, takes the China's road of machinery automation technological development. The domestic and foreign industry history tells us, realizes the machinery automation is from to high-level, from simply to complex, from is preliminarily imperfect the consummation the developing process. After machine's operation uses the automatic regulator, the production method only then gradually transits from the mechanization to the mechanism control (tradition) automated, the numerical control automation, the computer control automation. Only then after having established the Automated factory, the production process can overall automate, can make the productivity to enhance comprehensively, achieves automated the high-level ideal stage.
The machinery automation technology first starts from the 1920s in the machine manufacture cold finishing production in enormous quantities process to develop the application, after in the 60s, to adapt the market demand and the change, for the enhancement machine-building industry to the market nimble rapid reaction's ability, starts to establish the variable automation production system, namely revolves the computer technology the flexible automation. It is in the manufacture system invariable or in the change small situation, the machinery equipment either production management process through the automatic detection, the information processing, the analysis judgment realizes the anticipated operation or some kind of process automatically, and can from make one kind of components to transform automatically to makes another kind of different components. The social practice proved that under this kind of definition's manufacture system automation and the contemporary majority enterprises are not actually accommodating. The contemporary society also not in the science and technology, the material and the personnel aspect prepares to realize this automated condition, insists such to do only meets the wasted effort. This kind of situation is not exceptional regarding the separate production method's machine-building industry, the difficulty can bigger.
In the 80s internationally appeared started to use computer integration manufacture system CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing), the flexible automation production pattern also had this kind of situation. The initial period take the information integration as a key point, take the high automaticity as the characteristic, but in realized in the process to encounter the difficulty. In view of the fact that realizes the large amount investment which the computer integration manufacture system's automation overall needs (an overall Automated factory to spend several hundred hundred million US dollars, flexible manufacture system regular price is 600 ~ 25,000,000 US dollars), undertakes the huge risk, in addition questions and so on technical difficulty and reliability, the world industrially advanced country started “to run into a wall produces a different product”, transfers pays great attention the information integration the effect, pursues low cost automation LCA (Low Cost Automation) enterprise organizational structure and movement way.
The aggregate machine-tool future development more use transmissions and so on variable speed motor and ball bearing guide screw, will simplify structure, the reduction production metre; Uses the numerical control system and the headstock, the jig automatic replacement system, enhances the craft controllability; As well as integrates the flexible manufacture system and so on.
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