膜片彈簧離合器設計【車型-馬自達3】【含5張CAD圖紙+文檔全套】

喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請放心下載，，有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請放心下載，，有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 畢 業(yè) 設 計 實 習 報 告 專業(yè)：機械制造 班級：08機制3班 學號：0828070098 姓名：秦緒佳 指導老師：張昌娟 實習單位：平高機械動力公司 時間：2012-3-1至2012-3-31 目 錄 前言 一、離合器概述 二、離合器的工作原理 三、離合器的應用 四、離合器應滿足的基本要求 五、汽車離合器分類 六、離合器的異常問題 七、離合器的部件 八、摩擦式離合器基本結構原理 九、公司簡介 十、心得體會 前 言 對于任何一位大學生來說，畢業(yè)實習是一個很關鍵的學習內容，也是一個很好的鍛煉機會。對于我們來說，平常學到的都是書面上的知識，而畢業(yè)實習正好就給了我們一個在投身社會工作之前把理論知識與實際設計聯(lián)系起來的機會，畢業(yè)實習作為學校為我們安排的在校期間最后一次全面性、總結性的教學實踐環(huán)節(jié)，它既讓我們看到實際的中設計生產狀況，也我們在就業(yè)之前“實戰(zhàn)預演”，我們可以從中看到的不僅僅是一個車間的生產運作過程，還有大量實際設計方面的知識，以及我們還十分缺乏的實際經驗都包含在每個生產設計過程中，通過實習能夠使我們更好的完善自己。 對于畢業(yè)實習來說，其中一個主要目的就是通過實習所學的內容來完善我們的畢業(yè)設計，當然我們在實習過程中還會收集相關資料、了解相關產品設計制造的基本技術和發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，從而制定畢業(yè)設計設計思路與方法，了解相關的工藝以及工序，這也是我們在畢業(yè)設計中要符合實際的現(xiàn)成參考文件。認真完成好這次實習，為完成好畢業(yè)設計做好充分的準備，也為不久以后的工作打下堅實的基礎。 畢業(yè)實習只有短短的幾天，但無論是對我的畢業(yè)設計還是今后的工作，都帶來了很大的幫助。 一、離合器概述 所謂離合器，顧名思義就是說利用“離”與“合”來傳遞適量的動力。對于手動擋的車型而言，離合器是汽車動力系統(tǒng)的重要部件，它擔負著將動力與發(fā)動機之間進行切斷與連接的工作。在城市道路或者復雜路段駕駛時，離合器成了我們最頻繁使用的部件之一，而離合器運用的好壞，直接體現(xiàn)了駕駛水平的高低，也體現(xiàn)了對于車輛保護的好壞。正確使用離合器，掌握離合器的原理以在特殊情況下利用離合器來解決問題，是每個駕駛手動擋車型的車友應該掌握的。 二、離合器工作原理 離合器由摩擦片，彈簧片，壓盤以及動力輸出軸組成，布置在發(fā)動機與變速箱之間，用來將發(fā)動機飛輪上儲存的力矩傳遞給變速箱，保證車輛在不同的行駛狀況下傳遞給驅動輪適量的驅動力和扭矩，屬于動力總成的范疇。 離合器分為三個工作狀態(tài)，即不踩下離合器的全連動，部分踩下離合器的半連動（在半聯(lián)動的時候，離合器的動力輸入端與動力輸出端允許有轉速差，也就是通過其轉速差來實現(xiàn)傳遞適量的動力），以及踩下離合器的不連動。 當車輛在正常行駛時，壓盤是緊緊擠靠在飛輪的摩擦片上的，此時壓盤與摩擦片之間的摩擦力最大，輸入軸和輸出軸之間保持相對靜摩擦，二者轉速相同。 當車輛起步時，司機踩下離合器，離合器踏板的運動拉動壓盤向后靠，也就是壓盤與摩擦片分離，此時壓盤與飛輪完全不接觸，也就不存在相對摩擦。 最后一種，也就是離合器的半連動狀態(tài)。此時，壓盤與摩擦片的摩擦力小于全連動狀態(tài)。離合器壓盤與飛輪上的摩擦片之間是滑動摩擦狀態(tài)。飛輪的轉速大于輸出軸的轉速，從飛輪傳輸出來的動力部分傳遞給變速箱。此時發(fā)動機與驅動輪之間相當于一種軟連接狀態(tài)。 三、離合器的應用 一般來說，離合器是在車輛起步和換擋的時候發(fā)揮作用，此時變速箱的一軸和二軸之間存在轉速差，必須將發(fā)動機的動力與一軸切開以后，同步器才能很好的將一軸的轉速保持與二軸同步，擋位掛進以后，再通過離合器將一軸與發(fā)動機動力結合，使動力繼續(xù)得以傳輸。 1.保證汽車平穩(wěn)起步 　　起步前汽車處于靜止狀態(tài)，與變速箱是剛性連如果發(fā)動機接的，一旦掛上檔，汽車將由于突然接上動力突然前沖，不但會造成機件的損傷，而且驅動力也不足以克服汽車前沖產生的巨大慣性力，使發(fā)動機轉速急劇下降而熄火。如果在起步時利用離合器暫時將發(fā)動機和變速箱分離，然后離合器逐漸接合，由于離合器的主動部分與從動部分之間存在著滑磨的現(xiàn)象，可以使離合器傳出的扭矩由零逐漸增大，而汽車的驅動力也逐漸增大，從而讓汽車平穩(wěn)地起步。 2.便于換檔 　　汽車行駛過程中，經常換用不同的變速箱檔位，以適應不斷變化的行駛條件。如果沒有離合器將發(fā)動機與變速箱暫時分離，那么變速箱中嚙合的傳力齒輪會因載荷沒有卸除，其嚙合齒面間的壓力很大而難于分開。另一對待嚙合齒輪會因二者圓周速度不等而難于嚙合。即使強行進入嚙合也會產生很大的齒端沖擊，容易損壞機件。利用離合器使發(fā)動機和變速箱暫時分離后進行換檔，則原來嚙合的一對齒輪因載荷卸除，嚙合面間的壓力大大減小，就容易分開。而待嚙合的另一對齒輪，由于主動齒輪與發(fā)動機分開后轉動慣量很小，采用合適的換檔動作就能使待嚙合的齒輪圓周速度相等或接近相等，從而避免或減輕齒輪間的沖擊。 3.防止傳動系過載 　　汽車緊急制動時，車輪突然急劇降速，而與發(fā)動機相連的傳動系由于旋轉的慣性，仍保持原有轉速，這往往會在傳動系統(tǒng)中產生遠大于發(fā)動機轉矩的慣性矩，使傳動系的零件容易損壞。由于離合器是靠摩擦力來傳遞轉矩的，所以當傳動系內載荷超過摩擦力所能傳遞的轉矩時，離合器的主、從動部分就會自動打滑，因而起到了防止傳動系過載的作用。 4.降低扭振沖擊 　　汽車發(fā)動機的工作原理決定了其輸出扭矩的不平穩(wěn)。在做功沖程，燃燒室氣體爆炸產生極大沖擊扭矩，而在其他沖程，卻是靠慣性反拖發(fā)動機。雖然發(fā)動機本身轉動系具有的慣性可降低扭振，但剩余的沖擊力仍然對后續(xù)的變速箱、傳動軸產生不利影響。而離合器中的減振彈簧（切向分布），可顯著降低發(fā)動機帶來的扭振沖擊，延長變速齒輪壽命。 汽車離合器的工作原理 離合器的主動部分和從動部分借接觸面間的摩擦作用，或是用液體作為傳動介質(液力偶合器)，或是用磁力傳動(電磁離合器)來傳遞轉矩，使兩者之間可以暫時分離，又可逐漸接合，在傳動過程中又允許兩部分相互轉動。 目前在汽車上廣泛采用的是用彈簧壓緊的摩擦離合器(簡稱為摩擦離合器)。 發(fā)動機發(fā)出的轉矩，通過飛輪及壓盤與從動盤接觸面的摩擦作用，傳給從動盤。當駕駛員踩下離合器踏板時，通過機件的傳遞，使膜片彈簧大端帶動壓盤后移，此時從動部分與主動部分分離。 四、離合器應滿足的基本要求 摩擦離合器應能滿足以下基本要求： (1)保證能傳遞發(fā)動機發(fā)出的最大轉矩，并且還有一定的傳遞轉矩余力。 (2)能作到分離時，徹底分離，接合時柔和，并具有良好的散熱能力。 　　 (3)從動部分的轉動慣量盡量小一些。這樣，在分離離合器換檔時，與變速器輸入軸相連部分的轉速就比較容易變化，從而減輕齒輪間沖擊。 　　 (4)具有緩和轉動方向沖擊，衰減該方向振動的能力，且噪音小。 　　 (5)壓盤壓力和摩擦片的摩擦系數(shù)變化小，工作穩(wěn)定。 (6)操縱省力，維修保養(yǎng)方便。 在離合器中，還有一個不可或缺的緩沖裝置，它由兩個類似于飛輪的圓盤對在一起，在圓盤上打有矩形凹槽，在凹槽內布置彈簧，在遇到激烈的沖擊時，兩個圓盤之間的彈簧相互發(fā)生彈性作用，緩沖外界刺激。有效的保護了發(fā)動機和離合器。在離合器的各個配件中，壓盤彈簧的強度，摩擦片的摩擦系數(shù)，離合器直徑，摩擦片位置以及離合器數(shù)目就是決定離合器性能的關鍵因素，彈簧的剛度越大，摩擦片的摩擦系數(shù)越高，離合器的直徑越大，離合器性能也就越好。 五、汽車離合器的分類 汽車離合器 汽車離合器位于發(fā)動機和變速箱之間的飛輪殼內，用螺釘將離合器總成固定在飛輪的后平面上，離合器的輸出軸就是變速箱的輸入軸。在汽車行駛過程中，駕駛員可根據(jù)需要踩下或松開離合器踏板，使發(fā)動機與變速箱暫時分離和逐漸接合，以切斷或傳遞發(fā)動機向變速器輸入的動力。汽車離合器簡介汽車離合器的功用1.保證汽車平穩(wěn)起步 2.便于換檔 3.防止傳動系過載 4.降低扭振沖擊 汽車離合器的工作原理 汽車離合器的分類液力耦合器 電磁離合器 自動離合器 離合器異常問題 汽車離合器的分類 　　離合器分類 國家標準GBT10043-2003 　　汽車離合器有摩擦式離合器、液力變矩器(液力耦合器)、電磁離合器等幾種。摩擦式離合器又分為濕式和干式兩種。 液力耦合器 　　靠工作液（油液）傳遞轉矩，外殼與泵輪連為一體，是主動件；渦輪與泵輪相對，是從動件。當泵輪轉速較低時，渦輪不能被帶動，主動件與從動件之間處于分離狀態(tài)；隨著泵輪轉速的提高，渦輪被帶動，主動件與從動件之間處于接合狀態(tài)。 電磁離合器 靠線圈的通斷電來控制離合器的接合與分離。如在主動與從動件之間放置磁粉，則可以加強兩者之間的接合力，這樣的離合器稱為磁粉式電磁離合器。 　　 目前，與手動變速器相配合的絕大多數(shù)離合器為干式摩擦式離合器，按其從動盤的數(shù)目，又分為單盤式、雙盤式和多盤式等幾種。 濕式摩擦式離合器一般為多盤式的，浸在油中以便于散熱。采用若干個螺旋彈簧作為壓緊彈簧，并將這些彈簧沿壓盤圓周分布的離合器稱為周布彈簧離合器。采用膜片彈簧作為壓緊彈簧的離合器稱為膜片彈簧離合器。 自動離合器 隨著電子技術在汽車上應用，一種自動離合器系統(tǒng)也進入了汽車領域。這種由控制單元（ECU）控制的離合器已經應用在一些轎車上，使手動變速器換檔的一個重要步驟—離合器的斷開與接合能夠自動地適時完成，簡化了駕駛員的操縱動作。 傳統(tǒng)離合器分有拉線和液壓式兩種，自動離合器也分為兩種：機械電機式自動離合器和液壓式自動離合器。 機械電機式自動離合器的ECU匯集油門踏板、發(fā)動機轉速傳感器、車速傳感器等信號，經處理后發(fā)送指令驅動伺服馬達，通過拉桿等機械形式驅使離合器動作； 液壓式自動離合器則是由ECU發(fā)送信號驅動電動液壓系統(tǒng)，通過液壓操縱離合器動作。 　　 液壓式自動離合器在目前通用的膜片離合器的基礎上增加了電子控制單元（ECU）和液壓執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)，將踏板操縱離合器油缸活塞改為由開關裝置控制電動油泵去操縱離合器油缸活塞。變速器控制單元（ECU）與發(fā)動機控制單元（ECU）是集成在一起的，根據(jù)油門踏板、變速器檔位、變速器輸入/輸出軸轉速、發(fā)動機轉速、節(jié)氣門開度等傳感器反饋信息，計算出離合器最佳的接合時間與速度。 　　自動離合器的執(zhí)行機構由電動油泵、電磁閥和離合器油缸組成，當ECU發(fā)出指令驅動電動油泵，電動油泵產生的高壓油液通過電磁閥輸送到離合器油缸。通過ECU控制電磁閥的電流量來控制油液流量和油液的通道變換，實現(xiàn)離合器油缸活塞的移動，從而完成汽車起動、換檔時的離合器動作。 　　ECU具有自動離合器裝置的汽車與自動變速器（AT）和無級變速器（CVT）汽車相比，它在運行經濟性方面有優(yōu)勢，因為它的變速器還是手動變速器，因此耗油比較低，制造成本也低于AT和CVT。當然，汽車操縱的便利性也會遜色于AT和CVT，畢竟它是裝配手動變速器，仍然要手動換檔。 六、離合器異常問題 注意離合器是否打滑，造成此類現(xiàn)象的原因有幾種，其主要原因是離合器踏板自由行程太小、分離軸承經常壓在膜片彈簧上，使壓盤總是處于半分離狀態(tài)。或者是離合器壓盤彈簧過軟或有折斷，離合器與飛輪連接的螺絲松動等。 　　在發(fā)動機怠速狀態(tài)下，踩下離合器踏板幾乎觸底時，才能切斷離合器。踩下離合器踏板，感到掛擋困難或變速器齒輪出現(xiàn)刺耳的撞擊聲，或掛擋后不抬離合器踏板，車輛開始行駛，這都表明該車的離合器分離不徹底。 　　踩下離合器踏板到3/4時，離合器就應該穩(wěn)固接合，否則檢查其行程是否合適，可用直尺在踏板處測量，先測出踏板最高位置高度，再測出踩下踏板到感到有阻力時的高度，兩個數(shù)值的差就是該車離合器行程數(shù)值。 如果在使用離合器過程中出現(xiàn)異響也是不正常的。其故障原因是分離軸承磨損嚴重、軸承回位彈簧過軟或折斷、膜片彈簧支架有故障等。 七、離合器的部件 每一個離合器都是由以下的部分組成的： （1） 主動部分：飛輪、壓盤、離合器蓋等； 離合器壓盤 （2） 從動部分：從動盤、從動軸（即變速器第一軸）； （3）壓緊部分：壓緊彈簧； （4）操縱機構：分離杠桿、分離杠桿支承柱、擺動銷、分離套筒、分離軸承、離合器踏板等。 八、摩擦式離合器基本結構原理 在分析離合器工作過程之前，首先掌握以下常用名詞： 自由間隙：離合器接合時，分離軸承前端面與分離杠桿端頭之間的間隙。 分離間隙：離合器分離后，從動盤前后端面與飛輪及壓盤表面間的間隙。 離合器踏板自由行程：從踩下離合器踏板到消除自由間隙所對應的踏板行程是自由行程。 離合器踏板工作行程：消除自由間隙后，繼續(xù)踩下離合器踏板，將會產生分離間隙，此過程所對應的踏板行程是工作行程。 離合器的工作過程可以分為分離過程和接合過程 　　在分離過程中，踩下離合器踏板，在自由行程內首先消除離合器的自由間隙，然后在工作行程內產生分離間隙，離合器分離。 　　在接合過程中，逐漸松開離合器踏板，壓盤在壓緊彈簧的作用下向前移動，首先消除分離間隙，并在壓盤、從動盤和飛輪工作表面上作用足夠的壓緊力；之后分離軸承在復位彈簧的作用下向后移動，產生自由間隙，離合器接合。 離合器的調整： 　　離合器在使用過程中，從動盤會因磨損而變薄，使自由間隙變小，最終會影響離合器的正常接合，所以離合器使用過一段時間后需要調整。離合器調整的目的是保證合適的自由間隙，離合器調整的部位和方法依具體車型而定。 壓盤是離合器的主動部件，始終隨飛輪旋轉，通?？梢酝ㄟ^凸臺、鍵或銷傳動，使其與飛輪一同旋轉，同時壓盤又可以相對飛輪向后移動，使離合器分離。從動盤主要由從動盤本體、摩擦片和從動盤轂組成。 在離合器從分離到接合的過程中，摩擦片與飛輪和壓盤之間要發(fā)生摩擦，產生大量熱量。這些熱量需要及時散出，以避免摩擦片因溫度過高而損壞，所以在離合器蓋上都設有窗口，有的還制有導風片，以加強其內部的通風散熱。 摩擦離合器的最常見的壓緊結構就是螺旋彈簧和膜片彈簧，膜片彈簧離合器有推式和拉式兩種結構形式。而螺旋彈簧離合器根據(jù)彈簧壓在壓盤上的方式分為周布彈簧和中央彈簧式。 離合器的操縱機構分為機械式操縱機構，液壓式操縱機構，為了減少所需的離合器踏板力，又不致因傳動裝置的傳動比過大而加大踏板行程，在一些中重型貨車和某些轎車上采用了離合器踏板的助力裝置。另外還有一種氣壓助力式離合器操縱機構利用發(fā)動機帶動空氣壓縮機作為主要的操縱能源，駕駛員的肌體作為輔助的或后備的操縱能源，多與汽車的氣壓制動系統(tǒng)或其他氣動設備共用一套壓縮空氣源。 　　膜片彈簧離合器是用膜片彈簧代替了一般螺旋彈簧以及分離桿機構而做成的離合器，因為它布置在中央，所以也可算中央彈簧離合器。 特點 優(yōu)點 1、膜片彈簧離合器所需作用力比螺旋彈簧離合器的作用力小的多，膜片彈簧離合器操作輕便。 　 2、膜片彈簧離合器本身兼壓緊彈簧和分離杠桿的作用，使離合器結構大大簡化并顯著地縮短了離合器的軸間尺寸；再者，膜片彈簧具有良好的非線性特性，設計合適可使摩擦片磨損到極限，壓緊力仍能維持很少改變，且減輕分離離合器時的踏板力，使操縱輕便。 　 3、由于膜片彈簧與壓盤的整個圓周接觸，使壓力分布均勻，摩擦片接觸良好，磨損均勻； 　　4、膜片彈簧是一種旋轉對稱零件，平衡性好，在高速下，其壓緊力降低很小，而周置的螺旋彈簧在高速下因受離心力作用會產生橫向撓曲，彈簧嚴重鼓出，從而降低對壓盤的壓緊力； 　　5、易于實現(xiàn)良好的通風散熱。 缺點 膜片彈簧離合器缺點 在一般的壓式膜片彈簧離合器中，在支承環(huán)磨損時，在膜片彈簧與支承環(huán)之間形成的間隙導致離合器踏板自由行程增大，但在拉式膜片彈簧離合器中能消除上述缺點。 九、公司簡介 平高集團機械動力公司，位于河南省平頂山市南環(huán)路２２號，是一家中型綜合機械制造公司。公司主營各種機械動力設備及其配屬機構，實力雄厚，員工眾多。 公司主要為平高集團總公司供應各式機械動力機構，包括離合器，提升機構，傳動系統(tǒng)等。 平高集團有限責任公司成立于1970年,通過30多年的發(fā)展已經成為我國高壓、超高壓及特高壓開關重大裝備研發(fā)制造基地，是首家通過中科院、科技部“雙高”認證的高壓開關行業(yè)高新技術企業(yè)。 公司占地面積76萬平方米，總資產66億，擁有國家級技術中心及河南省高壓電器研究所等研究開發(fā)機構， 2007年實現(xiàn)銷售收入37億元,利稅總額5億，出口創(chuàng)匯突破4200萬美元。公司擁有550 kV、800 kV、1100 kV高電壓等級GIS和GCB開關設備研發(fā)制造核心技術及自有知識產權，代表我國民族高壓開關制造水平，尤其是1100 kV級特高壓開關設備代表著世界高壓開關制造水平；曾多次承擔國家高壓開關重大裝備攻關項目，為我國電力建設提供了大量的開關裝備，為國民經濟建設和國家經濟安全做出了貢獻，在國內外具有很高的知名度和美譽度，其品牌、規(guī)模、實力和可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力居國內同行業(yè)前列。 公司現(xiàn)擁有二十多家分（子）公司，其中平高電氣2001年在滬上市（證券代碼為600312），擁有河南平高東芝高壓開關有限公司和平高安川開關電器有限公司2家中外合資公司，10個專業(yè)配套制造廠；擁有強大的營銷網(wǎng)絡，擁有數(shù)十家駐外營銷分支機構及一支300多人的營銷隊伍，分布于國內各省市（臺灣省除外）及國際目標市場。 十、心得體會 畢業(yè)實習的意義在于參與實際生產，在實際生產中了解所研究課題的實際狀況和各方面要點及問題，并鞏固自己所學的知識，為以后的設計活動鋪路架橋。 離合器是汽車的關鍵部件，其效用和可靠性直接影響整車行駛質量和安全性。因此在離合器的設計和檢驗中務必謹慎細心，不能有差錯。實際生產中也要時刻注意檢查檢驗，避免疏漏。 通過本次實習，我較為系統(tǒng)的了解了離合器的結構及其運作方式，對各式離合器的特點也有了一定的認知，對我完成畢業(yè)設計以及今后踏入工作崗位有很大幫助。 河南理工大學萬方科技學院 本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）中期檢查表 指導教師： 張昌娟 職稱： 講師 所在院（系）： 機械與動力工程學院 教研室（研究室）： 機械制造系 題 目 膜片彈簧式離合器 學生姓名 秦緒佳 專業(yè)班級 08機設3班 學號 0828070098 一、 選題質量： 根據(jù)相關統(tǒng)計資料及所做的分析預測得知從目前到將來離合器這一部件都將會伴隨著內燃機一起存在，不可能在汽車上消失。隨著汽車行業(yè)的發(fā)展，離合器需要在原有的基礎上不斷提高改進，以適應新的使用條件，隨著汽車發(fā)動機轉速及功率的不斷提高和汽車電子技術（ECU）的飛速發(fā)展，對離合器的要求越來越高，離合器的使用條件越來越苛刻。因此，提高離合器的可靠性和延長期使用壽命，適應發(fā)動機的高轉速，增加離合器傳遞扭矩的能力和簡化操作，亟待解決。 離合器屬于傳統(tǒng)機械零部件，其設計涵蓋大量機械設計及制造的大量知識，且難易程度適中。通過本次設計不僅是對自己掌握知識的檢測及重新學習，更對知識的宏觀掌控、系統(tǒng)整合提出了要求，能夠很好地完場綜合訓練的目的。 二、 開題報告完成情況： 開題報告已完成 通過閱讀相關設計叢書，確定了明確的課題設計方向；對離合器的結構形式及工 作性能已經有了一定的認識了解。對零部件進行了設計、分析。 三、 階段性成果： 1、 根據(jù)相關資料已完成總體方案的設計，并細化了方案，對各部件的設計做出了模塊 化設計規(guī)劃方案。 2、 查找了網(wǎng)絡圖書館根據(jù)課題進行了英文文獻的選擇，現(xiàn)已完成了翻譯工作。 3、 對設計書籍進行了系統(tǒng)的閱讀和學習，對離合器的工作性能、結構形式有了深入的 理解，進行了基本結構尺寸及參數(shù)的選擇。 4、使用Pro-E完成了部分零部件的草繪。 四、 存在主要問題： 1、開始時，不知道怎樣選擇原始數(shù)據(jù)，雖然相關書籍給出了基本結構尺寸、參數(shù)的選擇，但是不知道怎么整合到一起，在查看了多本相關設計叢書并查閱了網(wǎng)上圖書館的信息，最后確定了粗略的基本機構尺寸及參數(shù)的選擇，等待后續(xù)的校核、檢驗。 2、設計課題是新知識，需要學習，所涵蓋的知識點比較綜合，由于專業(yè)基礎知識學 習不夠深入，設計經驗欠缺，一些問題不能夠靈活的解決。 五、指導教師對學生在畢業(yè)實習中，勞動、學習紀律及畢業(yè)設計（論文）進展等方面的評語 指導教師： （簽名） 年 月 日 2 外文資料與中文翻譯 外文資料 The diaphragm spring clutch profile [ Key word ] Diaphragm spring; nonlinear; friction plate First, clutch overview The so-called clutch, just as its name implies that is using "from" and "close" to deliver the right amount of power. Regarding the manual to block of models is concerned, the clutch is an important part of the car power system, it will have power and the engine cut off and connection between the work. In urban road sections or complex when driving, clutch became the most frequently used our one of the components and the clutch the stand or fall of use, directly reflect the driving of level, also reflected the stand or fall of protection for vehicles. Correctly use the clutch, and master the principle of clutch in special circumstances use clutch to solve the problem, is every block if car driving manual should grasp. Second, the clutch working principle By friction clutch piece, shrapnal, pressure plate and power output shaft composition, decorate in engine and transmission between, used to the engine flywheel stored in torque transfer to the gearbox, ensure the in different driving conditions on to the drive wheels right amount of driving force and torque, belongs to the category of powertrain. The clutch is divided into three working state, that is, not on the clutch type all, in part on the clutch type and a half (in half the time, clutch linkage power input and power output terminal allow rotation difference have, that is through the rotation speed difference to implement the transfer right amount of power), and on the clutch not by year-end. When the vehicle in normal road, pressure plate is tightly on the flywheel crowded friction slices, and the pressure plate and friction of the friction between the largest, input and output shaft axis between remained relatively static friction, both speed and in the same. When the car started, the driver on the clutch, the clutch pedal sports pull the pressure plate lean back, also is the pressure plate and friction piece of separation, right now the pressure plate and the flywheel completely not contact, are relatively friction. The last one, also is the clutch type half state. At this time, pressure plate and friction piece of friction small type in state. Clutch disc and the flywheel of friction between sliding friction is state. The flywheel is greater than the speed of output shaft speed, from the flywheel transmission out of power transfer to the gearbox. At this time between the engine and the drive wheels is equivalent to a soft link state. Third, the application of the clutch Generally speaking, the clutch is in the vehicle when start and shift work; the transmission shaft and the second shaft rotation difference between, the power of the engine and must be a shaft after cut, synchronizer to will be a very good one axis and keep the speed of the second shaft synchronization, block a hang into later, again through the clutch and a shaft engine power combination to make power to continue to transmission. 1. Ensure smooth car started Before starting car dormant, and transmission is rigid even if the engine connect of, once hung up the file, the car will be connected to the power before suddenly suddenly blunt, not only will cause damage to the parts, and driving force was enough to overcome before the car produced a blunt force, make the engine speed sharply down. If the use of the clutch temporarily started the engine and transmission separate, then the clutch gradually junction, because of the active part of the clutch and part driven exists between the friction phenomenon, can make the clutch came out of the torque by zero increase gradually, but the car driving force also increase gradually, thus let the car started smoothly. 2. Easy to shift The course of driving cars, often for a different gear transmission, in order to adapt to the constantly changing driving conditions. If no clutch of engine and transmission will temporarily separation, then in the power transmission gearbox meshing gears for load will not discharge is divided, the meshing between tooth face a lot of pressure and hard to separate. Another treat meshing gears for both circumference speed will differ and hard to mesh. Even if force their way into meshing will have a great impact the tooth, easy attaint parts. Use the clutch make the engine and transmission temporarily separation after the shift, the original meshing pair gear for load unloading, meshing face the pressure between greatly decreases, and is easy to separate. And for another couple of meshing gears, active gear and engine because separated inertia is small, adopting appropriate shift action can make to the meshing gears circumference speed equal or close to equal, so as to avoid or reduce the impact of the gear wheel. 3. To prevent transmission overload Auto emergency braking, the sudden drop speed, and connected with the engine the transmission system for rotary inertia, still keep original speed, this often in transmission systems produce far outweigh the engine torque of inertia, make the transmission parts damage easily. Because the clutch is to rely on to deliver the friction torque, so when the transmission in load than what message friction torque, the Lord of the clutch, driven part will automatically sliding, and rose to prevent transmission overload role. 4. Reduce the impact of torsional vibration The engine's working principle decided their output torque is not even. In power stroke, the combustion chamber gas explosion have great impact torque, and in other stroke, but by inertia counter drag engine. Although the engine itself to have the rotation inertia can reduce the torsional vibration, but the rest of the impact on subsequent transmissions, and still produce adverse effect to drive shaft. The vibration reduction and clutch spring (tangential distribution), can significantly reduce the impact of torsional vibration of the engine bring, and extend the life of the sliding gears. The working principle of the clutch The active part of the clutch and driven by surface of the friction between the role, or to use liquid as transmission medium (hydraulic coupler), or a magnetic transmission (electromagnetic clutch) to transfer torque, make both between can temporarily separation, and gradually joints, in the course of transmission and allow the two part turn each other. At present in the car is widely used in spring pressure tight friction clutch (referred to as "friction clutch). The engine gave forth torque, through the flywheel and pressure plate and driven plate surface friction role, to the driven plate. When pilots on the clutch pedal through the part of transmission, make the diaphragm spring main drive the pressure plate back, this time with the active part of the separation of the driven. Fourth, clutch should satisfy the basic requirements Friction clutch should be able to meet the following basic requirements: (1) ensure that can deliver a maximum torque of the engine, and there is a certain transmission torque force. (2) can do separation, complete separation, engage in soft, and has good heat capacity. (3) the driven part of the rotational inertia as low as possible some. So, in separation and clutch shift, and transmission of the part of the input shaft connected speed is easy to change, and reducing the impact between gear. (4) with ease rotation direction impact, the direction of the vibration attenuation capability, and little noise. (5) the pressure plate of pressure and friction of the friction coefficient change small, stable work. (6) effortless manipulation, maintenance is convenient. In the clutch, and an indispensable buffer device, it consists of two similar to the flywheel disc to together, in a rectangular groove on the disk, decorate in the slots spring, in meet the intense shock, two disks of the spring happened between each other elastic role, buffer to external stimuli. Effective protection the engine and the clutch. In the clutch of each parts, pressure plate spring intensity, friction piece of the friction coefficient, clutch diameter, number and position of friction clutch is the key factor to clutch performance, the stiffness of hydropneumatic spring, the bigger the friction piece of the friction coefficient is high, the diameter of the clutch, the bigger the clutch performance and also more good. Fifth, the classification of the clutch clutch Clutch is located in between the engine and transmission of the flywheel crust, screwed the clutch assembly fixed in the flywheel after the plane, clutch output shaft is gearbox input shaft. In the course of driving cars, the brakes according to need or loosen the clutch pedal, make the engine and transmission temporarily separation and gradually joints, or transfer to cut off the engine to the transmission of the input power. Clutch profile clutch function 1. Ensure smooth car started 2. Easy to shift 3. To prevent transmission overload 4. Reduce the impact of torsional vibration The classification of the clutch The clutch classification national standards GBT10043-2003 clutch of friction type clutch, hydraulic torque converter (hydraulic coupler), electromagnetic clutch to wait for a few kinds. Friction type clutch and divided into wet and dry type two kinds. Hydraulic coupling By working liquid (oil) transmission torque, shell and pump wheels is an organic whole repeatedly, is active thing; Turbine and pump wheels relative, is a follower. When the pump impeller speed is low, turbine can't is driven, active and a follower in separation between state; With the improvement of the wheel speed pump, turbine is driven, active and a follower in state between junction. Electromagnetic clutch By the power of the coil to control the clutch of joint and separation. As in the initiative and follower placed between magnetic powder, can strengthen the force between the two meet, such clutch called magnetic powder type electromagnetic clutch. At present, combined with manual transmission of most of the clutch for dry friction type clutch, according to the number of the driven plate, and divided into the single disc, double disc and more disc to wait for a few kinds. Wet friction type clutch disc for the general, dip in oil in order to heat dissipation. Using several spiral spring as pressure spring, and will these spring along the pressure plate of the distribution of the circumference of the clutch called weeks cloth spring clutch. The diaphragm spring as pressure of the spring clutch called diaphragm spring clutch. Automatic clutch As the electronic technology in cars application, a kind of automatic clutch system also entered the automobile field. This from the control unit (ECU) control of the clutch has been used in some cars, make manual transmission shift one important step-the clutch disconnection and joints can automatically timely complete, simplify the driver's control movement. Traditional clutch points have arrows and hydraulic pressure type two kinds, automatic clutch also divided into two kinds: machine motor type automatic clutch and hydraulic pressure type automatic clutch. Machine motor type automatic clutch the ECU pooling the accelerator pedal, engine speed sensor, speed sensor signal, the processed send command servo motor drive, through the bars, and other machinery and form the clutch driven action; The hydraulic automatic clutch is by ECU send signal drive electric hydraulic system, through the hydraulic control clutch action. The hydraulic automatic clutch of the general in the basis of diaphragm clutch increased the electronic control unit (ECU) and hydraulic execution system, will control the clutch pedal oil cylinder piston to the switch equipment control electric pump to manipulate the clutch oil cylinder piston. The transmission control unit (ECU) and engine control unit (ECU) is integrated together, according to the accelerator pedal, transmission gear, transmission input/output shaft speed, the engine speed, the throttle valve and the feedback information of sensors, and calculates the clutch of joint best time and speed. Automatic clutch executive branch by electric fuel pump, electromagnetic valve and clutch oil cylinder composed, when ECU issue commands drive electric pump, electric pump the high pressure generated by the electromagnetic valve oil transport to clutch oil cylinder. Through the ECU control of electric solenoid valve to control the flow of oil and the oil flow channel transform, realize the clutch oil cylinder piston movement, thus completing car starting, shift the action when the clutch. ECU with automatic clutch of the car with automatic transmission device (AT) and step-less transmission (CVT) compared to cars, it has an advantage in running economy, because of it of transmission or manual transmission, therefore lower fuel consumption, production costs are lower than AT and CVT. Of course, the convenience of vehicle handling will favor AT and CVT. After all, it is the assembly manual transmission, still want to stick shift. Sixth, clutch unusual problem Note the clutch is sliding, cause the cause of this kind of phenomenon has a few kinds, the main reason is the clutch free trip is too small, bearings often pressure in the diaphragm spring, make the pressure plate is always in the half separated. Or is the clutch disc spring too soft or have broken, the clutch and the flywheel connection screw loose, etc. In engine idling state, on the clutch pedal almost touch the bottom, to cut off the clutch. On the clutch pedal, feel hang block difficulties or gears appeared harsh crash, or hang after block doesn't lift the clutch, the vehicles start driving, this suggests that the clutch is not complete. On the clutch pedal to 3/4, clutch should be firm joints, or check their trip is appropriate, available in the pedal ruler in measurement, first measure the highest position high pedal, then measured on the pedal to feel the height of the resistance, the difference of the two is the car trip clutch numerical. If in the use of the clutch appeared in the process of abnormal sound is not normal. The fault reason bearings is worn, bearing of the return of the spring is too soft or broken, the diaphragm spring stents have problem and so on. Seventh, clutch parts Each clutch is the following parts: (1)Active part: the flywheel, pressure plate, clutch cover, etc.; (2)The driven parts: driven plate, the driven shaft (i.e. first transmission shaft); (3) pressure parts: press the spring; (4) control mechanisms: separation lever, separation lever supporting columns, the swinging pin, separation sleeve, bearings, clutch pedal, etc. Eighth, friction type clutch basic structure theory On the analysis of the working process of the clutch, before the first master the following general term: Free gap: clutch engaging, bearings and separation before end of the gap between end leverage. Separation gap: clutch, driven plate surface and the flywheel and before and after the gaps between pressure plate surface. The clutch free trip: from the clutch on the freedom to eliminate the gap of the corresponding pedal stroke is a free trip. The clutch pedal working travel: the elimination of freedom after clearance, continue to on the clutch pedal, will produce a separation gap, this process of the corresponding pedal stroke is a work schedule. The clutch work process may be divided into separation process and jointing process in the separation process, on the clutch pedal, in a free trip to eliminate the freedom of the clutch in first gap, and then in the work schedule within the separation clearance, clutch release. In the jointing process, gradually loosen the clutch pedal, pressure plate in spring pressure under the action of moving forward, first eliminate separation clearance and in the pressure plate, driven plate and the flywheel work surface effect enough compaction force; Bearings after in under the action of reposition spring back mobile, produce free clearance, clutch engaging. The clutch adjustments: The clutch is in use process, driven plate for wear and will become thinner, and make the freedom clearance decrescent, will eventually affect the clutch normal answered close, so the clutch use over time need to adjust. The clutch adjustment the aim is to guarantee the freedom of appropriate clearance, the clutch The whole of the parts and methods in specific models and decide. The pressure plate is active components of the clutch, always with the flywheel spinning can usually be through the convex platform, key or pin transmission, together with the flywheel spinning turn, at the same time, pressure plate and can move back relatively the flywheel, make the clutch. Driven plate mainly by the driven plate ontology, friction piece and driven set up the hub. In the clutch from separation to reveal the process, friction piece with the flywheel and the pressure plate to friction between, produce a lot of heat. this some heat need timely spread out, in order to avoid friction piece for the temperature too high to damage, so in the clutch cover sets window, some still system a guide of the wind, in order to strengthen their internal ventilation cooling. The most common friction clutch pressure structure is spiral spring and diaphragm spring, diaphragm spring clutch have push type and rumsfeld two kind of structure. And the spiral spring clutch according to spring pressure in the way the pressure plate is divided into weeks cloth spring and the central spring type. The clutch operation into mechanical operation, hydraulic operation, in order to reduce the clutch pedal force. And not for transmission excessive transmission ratio and increase the pedal stroke, in some powered mechanical truck and some car used on the clutch. Board of power device. Another is pressure power type clutch control mechanism using engine driving air compressor as a major exercise. The energy, the driver's body as auxiliary or backup manipulate energy, and the automobile air brake system or other of pneumatic equipment With a set of compressed air source. The diaphragm spring clutch is to use the diaphragm spring instead of general spiral spring and separation stem institutions and make it of the clutch, because it cloth. Buy in the center, so also can calculate the central spring clutch. characteristics advantages 1, the diaphragm spring clutch force spiral spring clutch than needed, the power of the small, diaphragm spring clutch operation light. 2, the diaphragm spring clutch itself and press the spring and separation leverage in the role of the clutch structure greatly simplified and significantly reduced The clutch between shaft size; Moreover, the diaphragm spring has good nonlinear characteristics, design can make the right of friction wear to the limit. Compaction force can still maintain little changed, and reduce the separation of the clutch pedal force, to manipulate light. 3, because the diaphragm spring and the pressure plate the circumference of the contact, the pressure distribution uniformity, good contacts of friction and wear uniform; 4, the diaphragm spring is a rotational symmetrical parts, symmetrical, in high speed, the compaction force reduce small, and weeks for a spiral Spring in high speed by centrifugal force role will the transverse bending, spring serious drum out, which can reduce the pressure plate to the compaction force; 5 and easy to realize good ventilation cooling. Faults The diaphragm spring clutch shortcomings In ge