多孔定位片沖壓工藝分析及其模具設計【全套含CAD圖紙、說明書】

多孔定位片沖壓工藝分析及其模具設計【全套含CAD圖紙、說明書】,全套含CAD圖紙、說明書,多孔,定位,沖壓,工藝,分析,及其,模具設計,全套,CAD,圖紙,說明書 畢業(yè)設計（論文）中期檢查表（指導教師） 指導教師姓名： 楊曉清 　　 填表日期： 2016 年 4 月 23 日 學生學號 1200110408 學生姓名 黃修蘭 題目名稱 多孔定位片沖壓工藝分析及其模具設計 已完成內(nèi)容 （請根據(jù)任務書進度計劃認真檢查） 1. 完成開題報告； 2.完成外文翻譯； 3.完成總體設計圖、部件及零件圖； 4.完成相關計算。 檢查日期： 完成情況 □全部完成 t按進度完成 □滯后進度安排 存在困難 1. 查找資料有些困難； 2. 在標準件的選擇上面，有些標準件的選擇有點困難； 3. 在繪圖的過程的中，有些地方有些圖形的表達不好表達。 解決辦法 1. 遇到需要查找的資料，多去圖書館查找，或者在網(wǎng)上搜索； 2. 在標準件的選擇上面，多查找資料或者找老師交流咨詢； 3. 在圖形表達方面，遇到不懂的，多與老師交流。 預期成績 □優(yōu) 秀 t良 好 □中 等 □及 格 □不及格 建 議 教師簽名： 教務處實踐教學科制表 說明：1、本表由檢查畢業(yè)設計的指導教師如實填寫；2、此表要放入畢業(yè)設計（論文）檔案袋中； 3、各院(系)分類匯總后報教務處實踐教學科備案。 編號： 畢業(yè)設計(論文)外文翻譯 （譯文） 院 （系）： 機電工程學院 專 業(yè)：機械設計制造及其自動化 學生姓名： 黃修蘭 學 號： 1200110408 指導教師單位： 機電工程學院 姓 名： 楊曉清 職 稱： 講 師 2016年 6 月 3 日 第 9 頁 共 10 頁 模具設計與制造 模具是制造業(yè)的重要工藝基礎，在我國，模具制造屬于專用設備制造業(yè)。中國雖然很早就開始制造模具和使用模具，但長期未形成產(chǎn)業(yè)。直到20世紀80年代后期，中國模具工業(yè)才駛?cè)氚l(fā)展的快車道。近年，不僅國有模具企業(yè)有了很大發(fā)展，三資企業(yè)、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（個體）模具企業(yè)的發(fā)展也相當迅速。 雖然中國模具工業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，但與需求相比，顯然供不應求，其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、復雜、長壽命模具領域。由于在模具精度、壽命、制造周期及生產(chǎn)能力等方面，中國與國際平均水平和發(fā)達國家仍有較大差距，因此，每年需要大量進口模具。 中國模具產(chǎn)業(yè)除了要繼續(xù)提高生產(chǎn)能力，今后更要著重于行業(yè)內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整和技術(shù)發(fā)展水平的提高。結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整方面，主要是企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)向?qū)I(yè)化調(diào)整，產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)向著中高檔模具發(fā)展，向進出口結(jié)構(gòu)的改進，中高檔汽車覆蓋件模具成形分析及結(jié)構(gòu)改進、多功能復合模具和復合加工及激光技術(shù)在模具設計制造上的應用、高速切削、超精加工及拋光技術(shù)、信息化方向發(fā)展。 近年，模具行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和體制改革步伐加大，主要表現(xiàn)在，大型、精密、復雜、長壽命、中高檔模具及模具標準件發(fā)展速度高于一般模具產(chǎn)品；塑料模和壓鑄模比例增大；專業(yè)模具廠數(shù)量及其生產(chǎn)能力增加；“三資”及私營企業(yè)發(fā)展迅速；股份制改造步伐加快等。從地區(qū)分布來看，以珠江三角洲和長江三角洲為中心的東南沿海地區(qū)發(fā)展快于中西部地區(qū)，南方的發(fā)展快于北方。目前發(fā)展最快、模具生產(chǎn)最為集中的省份是廣東和浙江，江蘇、上海、安徽和山東等地近幾年也有較大發(fā)展。 雖然我國模具總量目前已達到相當規(guī)模，模具水平也有很大提高，但設計制造水平總體上落后于德、美、日、法、意等工業(yè)發(fā)達國家許多。當前存在的問題和差距主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面： （1）總量供不應求 國內(nèi)模具自配率只有70%左右。其中低檔模具供過于求，中高檔模具自配率只有50%左右。 （2）企業(yè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)和進出口結(jié)構(gòu)均不合理 我國模具生產(chǎn)廠中多數(shù)是自產(chǎn)自配的工模具車間（分廠），自產(chǎn)自配比例高達60%左右，而國外模具超過70%屬商品模具。專業(yè)模具廠大多是“大而全”、“小而全”的組織形式，而國外大多是“小而?！薄ⅰ靶《?。國內(nèi)大型、精密、復雜、長壽命的模具占總量比例不足30%，而國外在50%以上。2004年，模具進出口之比為3.7:1，進出口相抵后的凈進口額達13.2億美元，為世界模具凈進口量最大的國家。 （3）模具產(chǎn)品水平大大低于國際水平，生產(chǎn)周期卻高于國際水平 產(chǎn)品水平低主要表現(xiàn)在模具的精度、型腔表面粗糙度、壽命及結(jié)構(gòu)等方面。 （4）開發(fā)能力較差，經(jīng)濟效益欠佳 我國模具企業(yè)技術(shù)人員比例低，水平較低，且不重視產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，在市場中經(jīng)常處于被動地位。我國每個模具職工平均年創(chuàng)造產(chǎn)值約合1萬美元，國外模具工業(yè)發(fā)達國家大多是15～20萬美元，有的高達25～30萬美元，與之相對的是我國相當一部分模具企業(yè)還沿用過去作坊式管理，真正實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化企業(yè)管理的企業(yè)較少。 造成上述差距的原因很多，除了歷史上模具作為產(chǎn)品長期未得到應有的重視，以及多數(shù)國有企業(yè)機制不能適應市場經(jīng)濟之外，還有下列幾個原因： （1）國家對模具工業(yè)的政策支持力度還不夠 雖然國家已經(jīng)明確頒布了模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策，但配套政策少，執(zhí)行力度弱。目前享受模具產(chǎn)品增值稅的企業(yè)全國只有185家，大多數(shù)企業(yè)仍舊稅負過重。模具企業(yè)進行技術(shù)改造引進設備要繳納相當數(shù)量的稅金，影響技術(shù)進步，而且民營企業(yè)貸款十分困難。 （2）人才嚴重不足，科研開發(fā)及技術(shù)攻關投入太少 模具行業(yè)是技術(shù)、資金、勞動密集的產(chǎn)業(yè)，隨著時代的進步和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，掌握并且熟練運用新技術(shù)的人才異常短缺，高級模具鉗工及企業(yè)管理人才也非常緊張。由于模具企業(yè)效益欠佳及對科研開發(fā)和技術(shù)攻關重視不夠，科研單位和大專院校的眼睛盯著創(chuàng)收，導致模具行業(yè)在科研開發(fā)和技術(shù)攻關方面投入太少，致使模具技術(shù)發(fā)展步伐不大，進展不快。 （3）工藝裝備水平低，且配套性不好，利用率低 近年來我國機床行業(yè)進步較快，已能提供比較成套的高精度加工設備，但與國外裝備相比，仍有較大差距。雖然國內(nèi)許多企業(yè)已引進許多國外先進設備，但總體的裝備水平比國外許多企業(yè)低很多。由于體制和資金等方面的原因，引進設備不配套，設備與附件不配套現(xiàn)象十分普遍，設備利用率低的問題長期得不到較妥善的解決。 （4）專業(yè)化、標準化、商品化程度低，協(xié)作能力差 由于長期以來受“大而全”“小而全”影響，模具專業(yè)化水平低，專業(yè)分工不細致，商品化程度低。目前國內(nèi)每年生產(chǎn)的模具，商品模具只占40%左右，其余為自產(chǎn)自用。模具企業(yè)之間協(xié)作不暢，難以完成較大規(guī)模的模具成套任務。模具標準化水平低，模具標準件使用覆蓋率低也對模具質(zhì)量、成本有較大影響，特別是對模具制造周期有很大影響。 （5）模具材料及模具相關技術(shù)落后 模具材料性能、質(zhì)量和品種問題往往會影響模具質(zhì)量、壽命及成本，國產(chǎn)模具鋼與國外進口鋼材相比有較大差距。塑料、板材、設備性能差，也直接影響模具水平的提高。 目前，我國經(jīng)濟仍處于高速發(fā)展階段，國際上經(jīng)濟全球化發(fā)展趨勢日趨明顯，這為我國模具工業(yè)高速發(fā)展提供了良好的條件和機遇。一方面，國內(nèi)模具市場將繼續(xù)高速發(fā)展，另一方面，模具制造也逐漸向我國轉(zhuǎn)移以及跨國集團到我國進行模具采購趨向也十分明顯。因此，放眼未來，國際、國內(nèi)的模具市場總體發(fā)展趨勢前景看好，預計中國模具將在良好的市場環(huán)境下得到高速發(fā)展，我國不但會成為模具大國，而且一定逐步向模具制造強國的行列邁進。“十一五”期間，中國模具工業(yè)水平不僅在量和質(zhì)的方面有很大提高，而且行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品水平、開發(fā)創(chuàng)新能力、企業(yè)的體制與機制以及技術(shù)進步的方面也會取得較大發(fā)展。 模具技術(shù)集合了機械、電子、化學、光學、材料、計算機、精密監(jiān)測和信息網(wǎng)絡等諸多學科，是一個綜合性多學科的系統(tǒng)工程。模具技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢主要是模具產(chǎn)品向著更大型、更精密、更復雜及更經(jīng)濟的方向發(fā)展，模具產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)含量不斷提高，模具制造周期不斷縮短，模具生產(chǎn)朝著信息化、無圖化、精細化、自動化的方向發(fā)展，模具企業(yè)向著技術(shù)集成化、設備精良化、產(chǎn)批品牌化、管理信息化、經(jīng)營國際化的方向發(fā)展。我國模具行業(yè)今后仍需提高的共性技術(shù)有： （1）建立在CAD/CAE平臺上的先進模具設計技術(shù)，提高模具設計的現(xiàn)代化、信息化、智能化、標準化水平。 （2）建立在CAM/CAPP基礎上的先進模具加工技術(shù)與先進制造技術(shù)相結(jié)合，提高模具加工的自動化水平與生產(chǎn)效率。 （3）模具生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的信息化管理技術(shù)。例如PDM（產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)管理）、ERP（企業(yè)資源管理）、MIS（模具制造管理信息系統(tǒng)）及INTERMET平臺等信息網(wǎng)絡技術(shù)的應用、推廣及發(fā)展。 （4）高速、高精、復合模具加工技術(shù)的研究與應用。例如超精沖壓模具制造技術(shù)、精密塑料和壓鑄模具制造技術(shù)等。 （5）提高模具生產(chǎn)效率、降低成本和縮短模具生產(chǎn)周期的各種快速經(jīng)濟模具制造技術(shù)。 （6）先進制造技術(shù)的應用。例如熱流道技術(shù)、氣輔技術(shù)、虛擬技術(shù)、納米技術(shù)、高速掃描技術(shù)、逆向工程、并行工程等技術(shù)在模具研究、開發(fā)、加工過程中的應用 （7）原材料在模具中成形的仿真技術(shù)。 （8）先進的模具加工和專有設備的研究與開發(fā)。 （9）模具及模具標準件、重要輔件的標準化技術(shù)。 （10）模具及其制品的檢測技術(shù)。 （11）優(yōu)質(zhì)、新型模具材料的研究與開發(fā)及其正確應用。 （12）模具生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化管理技術(shù)。 模具行業(yè)在“十一五”期間需要解決的重點關鍵技術(shù)應是模具信息化、數(shù)字化技術(shù)和精密、超精、高速、高效制造技術(shù)方面的突破。 隨著國民經(jīng)濟總量和工業(yè)產(chǎn)品技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，各行各業(yè)對模具的需求量越來越大，技術(shù)要求也越來越高。雖然模具種類繁多，但其發(fā)展重點應該是既能滿足大量需要，又有較高技術(shù)含量，特別是目前國內(nèi)尚不能自給，需大量進口的模具和能代表發(fā)展方向的大型、精密、復雜、長壽命模具。模具標準件的種類、數(shù)量、水平、生產(chǎn)集中度等對整個模具行業(yè)的發(fā)展有重大影響。因此，一些重要的模具標準件也必須重點發(fā)展，而且其發(fā)展速度應快于模具的發(fā)展速度，這樣才能不斷提高我國模具標準化水平，從而提高模具質(zhì)量，縮短模具生產(chǎn)周期，降低成本。由于我國的模具產(chǎn)品在國際市場上占有較大的價格優(yōu)勢，因此對于出口前景好的模具產(chǎn)品也應作為重點來發(fā)展。根據(jù)上述需要量大、技術(shù)含量高、代表發(fā)展方向、出口前景好的原則選擇重點發(fā)展產(chǎn)品，而且所選產(chǎn)品必須目前已有一定技術(shù)基礎，屬于有條件、有可能發(fā)展起來的產(chǎn)品。 根據(jù)“十一五”模具行業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃，“十一五”期間模具產(chǎn)品發(fā)展重點主要有如下幾類： （1）汽車覆蓋件模具 沖壓模具占模具總量的40%以上。汽車覆蓋件模具主要為汽車配套，也包括為農(nóng)用車、工程機械和農(nóng)機配套的覆蓋件模具，它在沖壓模具中具有很大的代表性，模具大都是大中型，結(jié)構(gòu)復雜，技術(shù)要求高。尤其是為轎車配套的覆蓋件模具，要求更高，可以代表沖壓模具的水平。此類模具我國已有一定的技術(shù)基礎，已為中檔轎車配套，但水平還不高，能力不足，目前滿足率只有一半左右。中高檔轎車覆蓋件模具主要依靠進口，已成為汽車發(fā)展的瓶頸，極大的影響著車型開發(fā)。 （2）精密沖壓模具 多工位級進模和精沖模代表了沖壓模具的發(fā)展方向，精度要求壽命要求極高，主要為電子工業(yè)、汽車、儀器儀表、電機電器等配套。這兩種模具，國內(nèi)已有相當基礎，并已引進了國外技術(shù)及設備，個別企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品已達到世界水平，但大部分企業(yè)仍有較大差距，供應總量不足，進口很多。 （3）大型精密塑料模具 塑料模具占模具總量近40%，而且這個比例還在上升。塑料模具中為汽車和家電配套的大型注塑模具，為集成電路配套的塑封模，為電子信息產(chǎn)業(yè)和機械及包裝配套的多層、多腔、多材質(zhì)、多色精密注塑模，為新型建材及節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)配套的塑料異型材擠出模及管路和噴頭模具等，目前雖然已有相當技術(shù)基礎并正在快速發(fā)展，但技術(shù)水平與國外仍有較大差距，總量供不應求，每年的進口額達幾億美元。 （4）主要模具標準件 目前國內(nèi)已有較大產(chǎn)量的模具標準件主要是模架、導向件、推桿推管、彈性元件等。這些產(chǎn)品不但國內(nèi)配套大量需要，出口前景也很好，應繼續(xù)大力發(fā)展。氮氣缸和熱流道元件主要依靠進口，應在現(xiàn)有基礎上提高水平，形成標準并組織規(guī)?；a(chǎn)。 （5）其他高技術(shù)含量的模具 占模具總量給8%的壓鑄模具中，大型薄壁精密壓鑄技術(shù)含量高，難度大。鎂合金壓鑄模具目前雖然剛起步，但發(fā)展前景好，有代表性。子午線橡膠輪胎模具也是發(fā)展方向，其中活絡模技術(shù)難度最大。與快速成型技術(shù)相結(jié)合的一些快速制模技術(shù)及相應的快速經(jīng)濟模具具有很好的發(fā)展前景。這些高技術(shù)含量的模具在“十一五”期間也應重點發(fā)展。 冷沖模具使用壽命的影響及對策 一、沖壓模具概述 沖壓模具--在冷沖壓加工中，將材料（金屬或非金屬）加工成零件（或半成品）的一種特殊工藝裝備，稱為冷沖壓模具（俗稱冷沖模）。沖壓--是在室溫下，利用安裝在壓力機上的模具對材料施加壓力，使其產(chǎn)生分離或塑性變形，從而獲得所需零件的一種壓力加工方法。 沖壓模具的形式很多，一般可按以下幾個主要特征分類： 1.根據(jù)工藝性質(zhì)分類 　　（1）沖裁模 沿封閉或敞開的輪廓線使材料產(chǎn)生分離的模具。如落料模、沖孔模、切斷模、切口模、切邊模、剖切模等。 （2）彎曲模 使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿著直線（彎曲線）產(chǎn)生彎曲變形，從而獲得一定角度和形狀的工件的模具。 （3）拉深模 是把板料毛坯制成開口空心件，或使空心件進一步改變形狀和尺寸的模具。 　　（4）成形模 是將毛坯或半成品工件按圖凸、凹模的形狀直接復制成形，而材料本身僅產(chǎn)生局部塑性變形的模具。如脹形模、縮口模、擴口模、起伏成形模、翻邊模、整形模等。 2.根據(jù)工序組合程度分類 （1）單工序模 在壓力機的一次行程中，只完成一道沖壓工序的模具。 （2）復合模 只有一個工位，在壓力機的一次行程中，在同一工位上同時完成兩道或兩道以上沖壓工序的模具。 （3）級進模（也稱連續(xù)模） 在毛坯的送進方向上，具有兩個或更多的工位，在壓力機的一次行程中，在不同的工位上逐次完成兩道或兩道以上沖壓工序的模具。 沖冷沖模全稱為冷沖壓模具。 冷沖壓模具是一種應用于模具行業(yè)冷沖壓模具及其配件所需高性能結(jié)構(gòu)陶瓷材料的制備方法，高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化鋯、氧化釔粉中加鋁、鐠元素構(gòu)成，制備工藝是將氧化鋯溶液、氧化釔溶液、氧化鐠溶液、氧化鋁溶液按一定比例混合配成母液，滴入碳酸氫銨，采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料，反應生成的沉淀經(jīng)濾水、干燥，煅燒得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉，再經(jīng)過成型、燒結(jié)、精加工，便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本發(fā)明的優(yōu)點是本發(fā)明制成的冷沖壓模具及其配件使用壽命長，在沖壓過程中未出現(xiàn)模具及其配件與沖壓件產(chǎn)生粘結(jié)現(xiàn)象，沖壓件表面光滑、無毛刺，完全可以替代傳統(tǒng)高速鋼、鎢鋼材料。 二、冷沖模具主要零件 冷沖模具是沖壓加工的主要工藝裝備，沖壓制件就是靠上、下模具的相對運動來完成的。加工時由于上、下模具之間不斷地分合，如果操作工人的手指不斷進入或停留在模具閉合區(qū)，便會對其人身安全帶來嚴重威脅。 （一）模具的主要零件、作用及安全要求 1．工作零件凸凹模是直接使坯料成形的工作零件，因此，它是模具上的關鍵零件。凸凹模不但精密而且復雜，它應滿足如下要求： （1）應有足夠的強度，不能在沖壓過程中斷裂或破壞． 　?。?）對其材料及熱處理應有適當要求，防止硬度太高而脆裂。 2．定位零件定位零件是確定坯件安裝位置的零件，有定位銷（板）、擋料銷（板）、導正銷、導料板、定距側(cè)刀、側(cè)壓器等。設計定位零件時應考慮操作方便，不應有過定位，位置要便于觀察，最好采用前推定位、外廓定位和導正銷定位等。 3．壓料、卸料及出料零件壓料零件有壓邊圈、壓料板等。 　　壓邊圈可對拉延坯料加壓邊力，從而防止坯料在切向壓力的作用下拱起而形成皺褶。壓料板的作用是防止坯料移動和彈跳。頂出器、卸料板的作用是便于出件和清理廢料。它們由彈簧、橡膠和設備上的氣墊推桿支撐，可上下運動，頂出件設計時應具有足夠的頂出力，運動要有限位。卸料板應盡量縮小閉合區(qū)域或在操作位置上銑出空手槽。暴露的卸料板的四周應設有防護板，防止手指伸入或異物進入，外露表面棱角應倒鈍。 4．導向零件導柱和導套是應用最廣泛的一種導向零件。其作用是保證凸凹模在沖壓工作時有精確的配合間隙。因此，導柱、導套的間隙應小于沖裁間隙。導柱設在下模座，要保證在沖程下死點時，導柱的上端面在上模板頂面以上最少5至10毫米。導柱應安排在遠離模塊和壓料板的部位，使操作者的手臂不用越過導柱送取料。 5．支承及夾持零件它包括上下模板、模柄、凸凹模固定板、墊板、限位器等。 上下模板是冷沖模具的基礎零件，其他各種零件都分別安裝固定在上面。模板的平面尺寸，尤其是前后方向應與制件相適應，過大或過小均不利于操作。 　　有些模具（落料、沖孔類模具）為了出件方便，需在模架下設墊板。這時墊板最好與模板之間用螺釘連接在一起，兩墊板的厚度應絕對相等。墊板的間距以能出件為準，不要太大，以免模板斷裂。 6．緊固零件它包括螺釘、螺母、彈簧、柱銷、墊圈等，一般都采用標準件。冷沖模具的標準件用量較多，設計選用時應保證緊固和彈性頂出的需要，避免緊固件暴露在表面操作位置上，防止碰傷人手和妨礙操作。 三、冷沖模具的發(fā)展 改革開放以來，隨著國民經(jīng)濟的高速發(fā)展，市場對冷沖模具的需求量不斷增長。近年來，冷沖模具工業(yè)一直以15%左右的增長速度快速發(fā)展，冷沖模具工業(yè)企業(yè)的所有制成分也發(fā)生了巨大變化，除了國有專業(yè)模具廠外，集體、合資、獨資和私營也得到了快速發(fā)展。 　　隨著與國際接軌的腳步不斷加快，市場競爭的日益加劇，人們已經(jīng)越來越認識到產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、成本和新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)能力的重要性。而冷沖模具制造是整個鏈條中最基礎的要素之一，冷沖模具制造技術(shù)現(xiàn)已成為衡量一個國家制造業(yè)水平高低的重要標志，并在很大程度上決定企業(yè)的生存空間。 　　近年許多冷沖模具企業(yè)加大了用于技術(shù)進步的投資力度，將技術(shù)進步視為企業(yè)發(fā)展的重要動力。一些國內(nèi)模具企業(yè)已普及了二維CAD，并陸續(xù)開始使用UG、Pro/Engineer、I-DEAS、Euclid-IS等國際通用軟件，個別廠家還引進了Moldflow、C-Flow、DYNAFORM、Optris和MAGMASOFT等CAE軟件，并成功應用于沖壓模的設計中。 以汽車覆蓋件模具為代表的大型沖壓模具的制造技術(shù)已取得很大進步，東風汽車公司模具廠、一汽模具中心等模具廠家已能生產(chǎn)部分轎車覆蓋件模具。此外，許多研究機構(gòu)和大專院校開展模具技術(shù)的研究和開發(fā)。經(jīng)過多年的努力，在模具CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)方面取得了顯著進步；在提高模具質(zhì)量和縮短模具設計制造周期等方面做出了貢獻。 雖然中國冷沖模具工業(yè)在過去十多年中取得了令人矚目的發(fā)展，但許多方面與工業(yè)發(fā)達國家相比仍有較大的差距。例如，精密加工設備在冷沖模具加工設備中的比重比較低；CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)的普及率不高；許多先進的模具技術(shù)應用不夠廣泛等等，致使相當一部分大型、精密、復雜和長壽命冷沖模具依賴進口。 隨著科學技術(shù)的不斷進步,現(xiàn)代工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)日益復雜與多樣化,產(chǎn)品性能和質(zhì)量也在不斷提高,因而對冷沖壓技術(shù)提出了更高的要求.為了使冷沖壓技術(shù)能適應各工業(yè)部門的需要,冷沖壓技術(shù)自身也在不斷革新和發(fā)展.冷沖壓技術(shù)的發(fā)展思路就是盡可能地完善和擴充冷沖壓工藝的優(yōu)點,克服其缺點.在冷沖壓技術(shù)的發(fā)展過程中,應注意以下幾方面： (1)冷沖壓技術(shù)的發(fā)展過程中應正確地確定工藝參數(shù)及冷沖模具工作部分的形狀與尺寸,提高沖壓件的質(zhì)量、縮短新產(chǎn)品試制周期,應在加強沖壓成形理論研究的基礎上,使沖壓成形理論達到能對生產(chǎn)實際起指導作用,逐步建立起一套密切結(jié)合生產(chǎn)實際的先進的工藝分析計算方法.國外已開始采用彈塑性有限元法對汽車覆蓋零件的成形過程進行應力應變分析和計算機模擬,以預測某一工藝方案對零件成形的可能性和可能出現(xiàn)的問題。 (2)加快產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代,克服模具設計周期長的缺點.應大力開展模具計算機輔助設計和制造(CAD/CAM)技術(shù)的研究.在我國,目前要特別注意加強多工位級進模CAD/CAM技術(shù)的研究。 (3)滿足大量生產(chǎn)需要以及減輕勞動強度.應加強冷沖壓生產(chǎn)的機械化和自動化研究,使一般中、小件能在高速壓力機上采用多工位級進模生產(chǎn),達到生產(chǎn)高度自動化,進一步提高沖壓的生產(chǎn)率。 (4)擴大冷沖壓生產(chǎn)的運用范圍.使冷沖壓既適合大量生產(chǎn),也適合小批量生產(chǎn);既能生產(chǎn)一般精度的產(chǎn)品,也能生產(chǎn)精密零件.應注意開發(fā)如精密沖裁(特別是厚料精沖)、高能成形、軟模成形、施壓和超塑性加工等新成形工藝,還要推廣簡易模(軟模和低熔點合金模)、通用組合模、數(shù)控沖床等設備的運用。 此外,對沖壓板料性能的改進,模具新材料、模具新加工方法的開發(fā)也應進一步加強。 四、冷沖模具使用壽命的影響及對策 冷沖模具的使用壽命是以沖制出的工件數(shù)量來計算的。影響冷沖模壽命的因素很多。主要有模具結(jié)構(gòu)設計、制造模具所用凸模和凹模的材料、模具的熱處理質(zhì)量與表面強化、沖模零件的制造精度和冷沖壓材料的選取。除此之外，還有沖模的安裝、調(diào)整、使用以及維修等。 1．模具設計對壽命的影響 (1)排樣設計的影響排樣方法與搭邊值對模具壽命的影響很大，過小的搭邊值，往往是造成模具急劇磨損和凸、凹?？袀闹匾颉墓?jié)約材料出發(fā)，搭邊值愈小愈好，但搭邊值小于一定數(shù)值后，對模具壽命和剪切表面質(zhì)量不利。在沖裁中有可能被拉人模具問隙中，使零件產(chǎn)生毛刺，甚至損壞模具刃口，降低模具壽命。因此，在考慮提高材料利用率的同時，必須根據(jù)零件產(chǎn)量、質(zhì)量和壽命，確定排樣方法和搭邊值。 (2)凹模結(jié)構(gòu)的影響對容易產(chǎn)生應力集中而開裂的凹模結(jié)構(gòu)，可以采用組合結(jié)構(gòu)或鑲拼結(jié)構(gòu)，以及預應力結(jié)構(gòu)，從而提高模具使用壽命。 (3)間隙的影響當間隙過小時，壓縮擠壓利害，摩擦力增大，磨損增大，側(cè)面的磨損加劇，沖裁后卸料和推件時，材料與凸、凹模之間的摩擦還將造成刃口側(cè)面的磨損比端面的磨大大，同時也容易造成凸、凹模溫度很高，把金屬碎屑吸附在刃口側(cè)面，形成金屬瘤，使凸、凹模出現(xiàn)崩刃或脹裂現(xiàn)象。因此，過小的間隙對模具壽命極為不利。間隙太大，會增加凸模與凹模端面邊緣的集中應力，致使壓應力急劇增加，于是刃口邊很快屈服變形而失去棱角。因此又增加了沖裁力，進而使刃口邊更快磨損，降低模具壽命。但為了減小凸、凹模的磨損，延長模具使用壽命，在保證沖裁件質(zhì)量的前提下，設計時適當采用較大間隙是十分必要的。 (4)模具導向結(jié)構(gòu)對壽命的影響可靠的導向?qū)τ跍p小工作零件的磨損，避免凸、凹模啃傷是非常有效的。特別對無問隙或小問隙沖裁模、復合模和多工位級進模更為重要。為提高模具壽命，必須根據(jù)工序和零件精度要求，正確選擇導向形式和導向精度，所選擇導向精度應高于凸、凹模的配合精度。 (5)冷沖壓材料選取的影響冷沖壓材料應滿足制件的設計要求和沖壓工藝要求，否則容易損傷模具，降低模具使用壽命。冷沖壓材料表面質(zhì)量不好，沖壓時制件易破裂，也易擦傷模具。冷沖壓材料塑性不好，變形量小，沖壓時制件易破裂，也易擦傷模具。另外，材料的厚度公差應符合國家標準。因為一副沖模適用于一定材料的厚度，成形、彎曲、翻邊、引伸模具的凸、凹模結(jié)構(gòu)間隙是直接根據(jù)材料厚度來確定的。所以材料厚度不均勻，會導致廢品產(chǎn)生和模具損壞。 2．模具材料對模具壽命的影響 模具材料對模具壽命的影響是模具材料性質(zhì)、化學成分、組織結(jié)構(gòu)、硬度和冶金質(zhì)量等的綜合反映。其中，材料性質(zhì)和熱處理質(zhì)量影響最為明顯。模具材料性質(zhì)對模具壽命的影響是很大的。如將同一種工件，使用不同的模具材料做彎曲試驗，試驗結(jié)果：用9Mn2V材料，其壽命為5萬次；用Crl2MoV滲氮，其壽命可達40萬次。因此，在選用材料時，應根據(jù)制件的批量大小，合理選用模具材料。模具工作零件的硬度對模具壽命的影響也很大。但并不是硬度愈高、模具壽命愈長。這是因為硬度與強度、韌性及耐磨性等有密切的關系。有的沖模要求硬度高，壽命長。如采用T10鋼制造沖模，硬度為54～58HRC，只沖幾千次，制件毛刺就很大。如果將硬度提高到60～64HRC，則刃磨壽命可達2～3萬次。但如果繼續(xù)提高硬度，則會出現(xiàn)早期斷裂。有的沖模硬度不宜過高，如采用Crl2MoV制造凹模硬度為58～62HRC時，一般壽命為2—3萬件，失效形式是崩刃和開裂以及如果將硬度降到54～58HRC，壽命提高到5～6萬件，但硬度降低到50～53HRC會出現(xiàn)凹模刃口易磨鈍現(xiàn)象。由此可見，模具硬度必須根據(jù)材料性質(zhì)和失效形式而定。應使硬度、強度、韌性及耐磨性、耐疲勞強度等達到特定沖壓工序所需要的最佳配合。 3．模具的熱處理質(zhì)量與表面強化對壽命的影響 模具的熱處理質(zhì)量對模具的性質(zhì)與使用壽命影響很大。實踐證明，模具工作零件的淬火變形與開裂，使用過程中早期斷裂，雖然與材料的冶金質(zhì)量、鍛造質(zhì)量、模具結(jié)構(gòu)及加工有關，但與模具的熱處理關系更大。根據(jù)模具失效原因的分析統(tǒng)計，熱處理不當引起的失效占50％ 以上。實踐證明，高級的模具材料必須配以正確的熱處理工藝，才能真正發(fā)揮材料的潛力。模具工作零件表面強化處理的目的，是獲得外硬內(nèi)韌的效果，從而得到硬度、耐磨性、韌性、耐疲勞強度的良好配合。模具表面強化處理方法很多，表面處理的新技術(shù)工藝發(fā)展很快。除氮碳共滲和離子氮化、滲硼、滲鈮、滲釩、表面鍍硬鉻和電火花強化外，化學氣相沉積(CVD)和物理氣相沉積(PVD)已逐步采用。經(jīng)CVD和PVD處理后，模具表面覆蓋一層超硬物質(zhì)，如TiC、TiN等。硬度極高、耐磨性、耐蝕性、抗黏合性很好，可提高模具壽命幾倍到幾十倍。 4．沖模零件的制造精度對模具壽命的影響 沖模制造的精度與使用壽命關系很大，特別是模具表面粗糙度對模具影響很大。如用Crl2MoV鋼制造落料模，如果表面粗糙度值R =1．6 m時，其壽命為3萬件左右。如經(jīng)精拋光，表面粗糙度值R =0．4 m，壽命可提高到4—5萬件。因此，對模具工作零件表面，一般都要經(jīng)過磨削、研磨、拋光等精加工和精細加工。 5．其他方面對模具壽命的影響 (1)壓力機的精度不高，也易使沖模損壞。 (2)沖模在壓力機上安裝的正確與否及操作者的技術(shù)水平高低，對模具壽命也有很大影響。 (3)沖模的保管和維護好壞，以及使用潤滑劑的情況，也影響模具使用壽命。 6．結(jié)語 在實際生產(chǎn)中，對于薄板沖模使用，很少出現(xiàn)非正常磨損的情況。但對于厚板沖模時則發(fā)現(xiàn)易出現(xiàn)非正常磨損，我們總是針對出現(xiàn)的問題進行研究總結(jié)。因為一副冷沖模，從設計、加工制造、裝配、調(diào)試到安裝、使用，都耗費了眾多工時，同時沖模的凸、凹模使用的材料，大都是優(yōu)質(zhì)合金鋼。因此，沖模的成本都是比較高的。所以在生產(chǎn)中了解影響沖模壽命的因素及采取相應的對策來指導生產(chǎn)，具有重大的現(xiàn)實意義。 編號： 畢業(yè)設計(論文)外文翻譯 （原文） 學 院： 機電工程學院 專 業(yè)：機械設計制造及其自動化 學生姓名： 黃修蘭 學 號： 1200110408 指導教師單位： 機電工程學院 姓 名： 楊曉清 職 稱： 講 師 2016年 6 月 3 日 第 14 頁 共 15 頁 Mold design and manufacture The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also quite rapid . Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year . The Chinese mold industry except must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the superfinishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops . The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked, take Zhujiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years . Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects: (1) The total quantity falls short of demand Domestic mold assembling oneself rate only ,about 70%. Low-grade mold , center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about . (2) The enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gather Iin our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 2004 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and export balances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country . (3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standard The production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad product level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure . (4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion low The level is lower, also does not take the product development, frequently is in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately ,ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10,000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10,000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages few To create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: . (1) Country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficiently Although the country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. At present enjoyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185, the majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have to pay the considerable amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreover privately operated enterprise loan extremely difficult . (2) Talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research development and the technical attack investment too urine Mold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, along with the time progress and the technical development, grasps the talented person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short, the high-quality mold fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the technical attack, the scientific research unit and the universities, colleges and institutes eye stares at is creating income, causes the mold profession invests too few in the scientific research development and the technical attack aspect, causes the mold technological development step not to be big, progresses not quick . (3) The craft equipment level to be low, also necessary is not good, the use factor low recent years our country engine bed profession progressed quickly, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so on system and fund reason, introduces the equipment not not necessary, the equipment and the appendix not necessary phenomenon are extremely common, the equipment utilization rate low question cannot obtain the comparatively properly solution for a long time . (4) Specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the cooperation ability Because receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the influence since long ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At present domestic every year produces mold, commodity mold minister 40% About, other for from produce uses for oneself. Between the mold enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the comparatively large-scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, mold standard letter use cave rare is low also to the mold quality, the cost has a more tremendous influence, specially has very tremendous influence . (5) To the mold manufacture cycle) the mold material and the mold correlation technology falls The mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement . At present, our country economy still was at the high speed development phase, on the international economical globalization development tendency is day by day obvious, this has provided the good condition and the opportunity for the our country mold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold market will continue high speed to develop, on the other hand, the mold manufacture also gradually will shift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on the mold purchase trend to our country extremely to be also obvious. Therefore, will take a broad view the future, international, the domestic mold market overall development tendency prospect will favor, estimated the Chinese mold will obtain the high speed development under the good market environment, our country not only can become the mold great nation, moreover certainly gradually will make the powerful nation to the mold the ranks to make great strides forward. "15" period, the Chinese mold industry level not only has the very big enhancement in the quantity and the archery target aspect, moreover the profession structure, the product level, the development innovation ability, enterprise's system and the mechanism as well as the technology advancement aspect also can obtain a bigger development . The mold technology has gathered the machinery, the electron, chemistry, optics, the material, the computer, the precise monitor and the information network and so on many disciplines, is a comprehensive nature multi-disciplinary systems engineering. The mold technology development tendency mainly is the mold product to larger-scale, preciser, more complex and a more economical direction develops, the mold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold manufacture cycle unceasingly reduces, the mold production faces the information, is not having the chart, is fine, the automated direction develops, the mold enterprise to the technical integration, the equipment excellent, is producing approves the brand, the management information, the management internationalization direction develops. Our country mold profession still will have to enhance from now on the general character technology had : (1) To establish in the CAD/CAE platform the advanced mold design technology, enhances modernization which the mold designed, information, intellectualization, standardized level . (2) Establishes in the CAM/CAPP foundation the advanced mold processing technology and the advanced manufacture technology unifies, raises the automated level and the production efficiency which the mold processes . (3) The mold production enterprise's information management technology. For example PDM (product data management), ERP (enterprise resource management), MIS (mold manufacture management information system) and information network technology the and so on INTERMET platform application, the promotion and the development . (4) Are high speed, Gao Jing, the compound mold processing technology research and the application. For example the ultra fine ramming mold manufacture technology, the precise plastic and the compression casting mold manufacture technology and so on . (5) Enhances the mold production efficiency, reduces the cost and reduces the mold production cycle each kind of fast economical mold manufacture technology . (6) The advanced manufacture technology application. For example hot technology and so on flow channel technology, gas auxiliary technology, hypothesized technology, nanotechnology, rapid scanning technology, reversion project, parallel project in the mold research, the development, the processing process application . (7) The raw material the simulation technology which forms in the mold . (8) The advanced mold processing and the appropriation equipment research and the development . (9) The mold and the mold standard letter, the important auxiliary standardized technology . (10) The mold and its the product examination technology. (11) High quality, the new mold material research and the development and its the correct application . (12) The mold production enterprise's modern management technology □ Mold profession in "十15" period needs to solve the key essential technology should be the mold information, the digitized technology and precise, ultra fine, high speed, the highly effective manufacture technology aspect breakthrough Along with the national economy total quantity and the industry product technology unceasing development, all the various trades and occupations to the mold demand quantity more and more big, the specification more and more is also high. Although mold type many, but its development should be with emphasis both can meet the massive needs, and has the comparatively high-tech content, specially at present domestic still could not be self-sufficient, needs the massive imports the mold and can represent the development direction large-scale, precise, is complex, the long life mold. The mold standard letter type, the quantity, the level, the production a and so on have the significant influence to the entire mold profession development. Therefore, some important mold standard letters also must the prioritize, moreover its development speed should quickly to the mold development speed, like this be able unceasingly to raise our country mold standardization level, thus improves the mold quality, reduces the mold production cycle, reduces the cost. Because our country mold product holds the bigger price superiority in the international market, therefore regarding the exportation prospect good mold product also should take key develops. According to the above required quantity big, the technical content is high, represents the development direction, the export prospect good principle choice prioritize product, moreover chooses the product to have at present to have the certain technology base, belongs has the condition, has the product which the possibility develops . According to "十15" the mold profession development plan, "十15" the period mold product development mainly has following several kind of the automobile cover mold (1)Ramming mold to occupy The mold total quantity dish with emphasis above 40%. Automobile cover mold mainly for automobile necessary, also includes for the agriculture with the vehicle, the project machinery and the farm machinery necessary cover mold, it has the very big representation in the ramming mold, the mold mostly is large and middle scale, structure complex, the specification is high. For the passenger vehicle necessary cover mold, the request is in particular higher, may represent the ramming mold the level. This kind of mold our country had the certain technology base, already for middle-grade passenger vehicle necessary, but the level is not high, the ability is insufficient, at present satisfying rate only has one about the half. Center the upscale passenger vehicle cover mold main dependence import, has become the bottleneck which the automobile develops, enormous influence vehicle type development . (2)The precise ramming mold Multi- locations level was entering the mold and fine represents the ramming mold development direction, the precision request life request has been extremely high, mainly for the electronics industry, the automobile, the instrument measuring appliance, the electrical machinery electric appliance and so on formed a complete set. These two kind of molds, domestic had the suitable foundation, and has introduced the overseas technology and the equipment, the individual enterprise produces the product has achieved the world level, but the majority of enterprises still had a bigger disparity, the supply total quantity insufficient, the import were very many (3) The large-scale precise plastic mold Plastic mold accounts for the mold total quantity 10%, moreover this proportion also is rising. In the plastic mold necessary large-scale casts the mold for the automobile and the electrical appliances, necessary models for the integrated circuit seals the mold, for the electronic information industry and the machinery and the packing necessary multilayer, the multi- cavities, the multi- material qualities, the multicolor precise note , and saves water the agricultural necessary plastic different molding for the new building materials to squeeze out the mold and the pipeline and the nozzle mold and so on, at present although had the suitable technology base and fast is developing, but the technical level and overseas still had a bigger disparity, the total quantity falls short of demand, Every year import amount reaches several hundred million US dollar. (4) The main mold standard to imitatee At present domestically to have an greater output the mold standard letter mainly is the mold frame, the guidance, the throwout lever pushes the tube, the elastic part and so on. These products not only the domestic necessary massive need, the exportation prospect very is also good, should continue vigorously to develop. The nitrogen cylinder and the hot flow channel part main dependence import, should raise the level in the existing foundation, forms the standard and organization scale production. (5) The other high-tech content molds Occupiesin the mold total quantity green 8% compression casting mold, large-scale thin wall precise compression casting technology content high, the difficulty is big. The magnesium alloy compression casting mold at present although just started, but the prospects for development were good, have the representation. The meridian rubber tire mold also is the development direction, detachable mold technology difficulty is biggest. With fast takes shape some fast pattern making technologies and the corresponding fast economical mold which the technology unifies has the very good prospects for development. These high-tech content molds in "十15" period also should the prioritize . Die Life of cold stamping die and mprovements 一、Overview of stamping die Stamping Die - Stamping in the cold, the material (metal or non-metallic) processing into parts (or half) of a special technical equipment, called cold stamping die (commonly known as Die). Press - is at room temperature, using the die installed in the press to put pressure on the material to produce a separation or plastic deformation, and thus to obtain the necessary parts of a pressure processing method. Stamping die in the form of many, the general categories according to the following main features: 1. According to the technical nature of (1) Die along the closed or open contour the material are derived from mold.