油閥座 加工工藝及鉆φ10.5孔夾具設(shè)計(jì)【三維PROE】[含CAD高清圖和說(shuō)明書(shū)]

油閥座 加工工藝及鉆φ10.5孔夾具設(shè)計(jì)【三維PROE】[含CAD高清圖和說(shuō)明書(shū)],三維PROE,含CAD高清圖和說(shuō)明書(shū),油閥座,加工工藝及鉆φ10.5孔夾具設(shè)計(jì)【三維PROE】[含CAD高清圖和說(shuō)明書(shū)],加工,工藝,夾具,設(shè)計(jì),三維,proe,cad,高清,以及,說(shuō)明書(shū),仿單 工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)( 論文 ）開(kāi)題報(bào)告 題 目: CA6140油閥座工藝規(guī)程及夾具設(shè)計(jì) 專(zhuān) 業(yè)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 班 級(jí)： 2007級(jí)（3）班 姓 名： 劉飛 學(xué) 號(hào)： 1666070311 指導(dǎo)教師： 張 春 雨 日 期： 2011年3月5日 機(jī)床夾具現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 1.前言 夾具是涵蓋了從加工到組裝的幾乎所有操作過(guò)程的一種裝夾設(shè)備。裝夾最重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是位置精度、工件穩(wěn)定性、最小工件變形和最小位移，以及夾具和切割工具之間無(wú)干涉等要求。由于大量的加工操作需要裝夾，夾具設(shè)計(jì)在制造系統(tǒng)中就變得非常重要，它直接影響加工質(zhì)量，生產(chǎn)率和制造成本。在機(jī)床上加工工件時(shí)，為了保證工件在該工序所加工的表面能達(dá)到圖紙上規(guī)定的尺寸及位置精度等技術(shù)要求，必須使得工件相對(duì)于刀具和機(jī)床占有正確的加工位置（即工件的定位），并把工件壓緊夾牢，以便在加工過(guò)程中，工件受到切削力、離心力的作用及沖擊、振動(dòng)等影響時(shí)，能保持這個(gè)確定了的位置穩(wěn)定不變（即工件的夾緊）。在機(jī)床上對(duì)工件進(jìn)行定位和夾緊，稱(chēng)作裝夾。一切能使工件在機(jī)床上實(shí)現(xiàn)定位和夾緊的工藝裝置，一般稱(chēng)為機(jī)床夾具，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)夾具。 機(jī)床夾具按專(zhuān)門(mén)化程度分通用夾具、專(zhuān)用夾具、可調(diào)整夾具、專(zhuān)門(mén)化拼裝夾具和自用化生產(chǎn)用夾具。通用夾具是指已經(jīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，且具有較大適用范圍的夾具。它由專(zhuān)業(yè)廠生產(chǎn)供應(yīng)，有的已作為機(jī)床附件與通用機(jī)床配套，這類(lèi)夾具主要用于單件小批生產(chǎn)。專(zhuān)用夾具是根據(jù)零件工藝機(jī)械加工過(guò)程中的某一道工序而專(zhuān)門(mén)設(shè)計(jì)的夾具。由于不考慮通用性，故結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、操作方便。這類(lèi)夾具可保證高的加工精度和生產(chǎn)率。但這類(lèi)夾具的針對(duì)性很強(qiáng)。本文通過(guò)分析注油器油閥座零件的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和加工要求，制定了一套較合理的夾具設(shè)計(jì)，從而為保證該零件的加工精度將提供一種經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)用的工藝裝備，具有一定的實(shí)用價(jià)值。對(duì)于夾具設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)說(shuō)，最重要的就是定位、夾緊方案的確定。通過(guò)對(duì)各種定位夾緊裝置的分析比較，選擇并組合了一套既能夠滿(mǎn)足加工要求的，又比較簡(jiǎn)潔的裝置。 機(jī)械的加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì)是我們?cè)谕瓿闪舜髮W(xué)的全部課程之后，進(jìn)行的一次理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的綜合運(yùn)用，使我對(duì)專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)、技能有了進(jìn)一步的提高，為從事專(zhuān)業(yè)的工作打下基礎(chǔ)。機(jī)械加工工藝是實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)，保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、節(jié)約能源、降低成本的重要手段，是企業(yè)進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備，計(jì)劃調(diào)度、加工操作、生產(chǎn)安全、技術(shù)檢測(cè)和健全勞動(dòng)組織的重要依據(jù)，也是企業(yè)上品種、上質(zhì)量、上水平，加速產(chǎn)品更新，提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的技術(shù)保證。然而夾具又是制造系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，不論是傳統(tǒng)制造，還是現(xiàn)代制造系統(tǒng)，夾具都是十分重要的。因此，好的夾具設(shè)計(jì)可以提高產(chǎn)品勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，保證和提高加工精度，降低生產(chǎn)成本等，還可以擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的使用范圍，從而使產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)在保證精度的前提下提高效率、降低成本。當(dāng)今激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和企業(yè)信息化的要求,企業(yè)對(duì)夾具的設(shè)計(jì)及制造提出了更高的要求。 2．發(fā)展歷史 夾具從產(chǎn)生到現(xiàn)在，大約可以分為三個(gè)階段：第一個(gè)階段主要表現(xiàn)在夾具與人的結(jié)合上，這一階段的夾具主要是以人為主，夾具作為單純的輔助工具，使加工過(guò)程趨于完善；第二階段，夾具成為人與機(jī)床之間的橋梁，夾具的機(jī)能發(fā)生變化，它主要用于工件的定位和夾緊。人們?cè)絹?lái)越認(rèn)識(shí)到，夾具的改進(jìn)可以提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率、提高加工精度、改善操作者的工作條件和擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的使用范圍，所以對(duì)夾具引起了重視；第三階段表現(xiàn)為夾具與機(jī)床的結(jié)合，夾具作為機(jī)床的一部分，成為機(jī)械加工中不可缺少的工藝裝備。 夾具的種類(lèi)雖然很多，但是他們的工作原理基本上相同，一般有如下幾個(gè)組成部分。 （1）定位元件 是用來(lái)確定工件再夾具中的位置的元件，它包括元件或元件的組合。 （2）夾緊裝置 這種裝置包括夾緊元件或其組合及動(dòng)力源。其作用是將工件壓緊夾牢，保證工件在定位時(shí)所占據(jù)的位置在加工過(guò)程中不因外力而破壞。 （3）確定夾具對(duì)機(jī)床相互位置的元件 此類(lèi)的元件是為了用來(lái)確定夾具對(duì)機(jī)床工作臺(tái)、導(dǎo)軌或主軸的相互位置。 （4）對(duì)刀—導(dǎo)引元件 這類(lèi)元件的共同作用是保證工件和刀具之間的正確加工位置。 （5）其他裝置或元件 這類(lèi)裝置或元件主要有：為使工件在依次裝夾中多次轉(zhuǎn)位而加工不同位置上的表面所設(shè)置的分度裝置，為了便于卸下工件而設(shè)置的頂出器；以及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)話了的連件元件等。 （6）夾具體 夾具體是夾具的基座和骨架。其他裝置都安在夾具體上使之成為一個(gè)夾具的整體。 當(dāng)然上述的各組成部分，不是每個(gè)夾具都必須完全具備的。但一般來(lái)說(shuō)，定位元件、夾緊裝置、夾具體則是夾具的基本組成部分。 專(zhuān)用夾具的組成 （1）定位裝置 這種裝置包括定位元件及其組合，其作用是確定工件在夾具中的位置，即通過(guò)它使工件加工時(shí)相對(duì)于刀具及切削成形運(yùn)動(dòng)處于正確的位置，如支承釘、支承板、V形塊、定位銷(xiāo)等。 （2）夾緊裝置 它的作用是將工件壓緊夾牢，保證工件在定位時(shí)所占據(jù)的位置在加工過(guò)程中不因受重力、慣性力以及切削力等外力作用而產(chǎn)生位移，同時(shí)防止或減小振動(dòng)。它通常是一種機(jī)構(gòu)，包括夾緊元件（如夾爪、壓板等），增力及傳動(dòng)裝置（如杠桿、螺紋傳動(dòng)副、斜楔、凸輪等）以及動(dòng)力裝置（如氣缸、油缸）等。 （3）對(duì)刀—引導(dǎo)裝置 它的作用是確定夾具相對(duì)于刀具的位置，或引導(dǎo)刀具進(jìn)行加工，如對(duì)刀塊、鉆套、鏜套等。 （4）其他元件及裝置 如定向件、操作件以及根據(jù)夾具特殊功用需要設(shè)置的一些裝置，如分度裝置、工件頂出裝置、上下料裝置等。 （5）夾具體 用于連接夾具各元件及裝置，使其成為一個(gè)整體的基礎(chǔ)件，并與機(jī)床有關(guān)部位連接，以確定夾具相對(duì)于機(jī)床的位置。 工件夾緊的基本要求 工件在定位后，因加工中還要受切削力、慣性力及工件自重等影響，將使工件產(chǎn)生位移或振動(dòng)，破壞工件已有的正確定位，故必須用夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)，將工件固定在定位元件上。在設(shè)計(jì)夾具時(shí)，確定夾緊方法一般與定位問(wèn)題應(yīng)同時(shí)考慮。夾緊方案通常需滿(mǎn)足以下要求： （1）夾得穩(wěn)——夾緊時(shí)不能破壞工件穩(wěn)定的正確定位；夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)的動(dòng)作應(yīng)平穩(wěn)，有足夠的剛度和強(qiáng)度。 （2）夾得牢——夾緊力要合適，過(guò)小易使工件移動(dòng)或振動(dòng)，過(guò)大也會(huì)使工件變形或損傷，影響加工精度。此外，夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)要有自鎖作用，即原始作用力除后，工件仍能保持夾緊狀態(tài)而不松開(kāi)。 （3）夾得快——夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)盡量簡(jiǎn)單、緊湊、操作時(shí)安全省力，迅速方便，以減輕工人勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，縮短輔助時(shí)間，提高生產(chǎn)效率。 為了達(dá)到以上要求，正確設(shè)計(jì)夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)，首先必須合理確定夾緊力的三要素：大小、方向和作用力（數(shù)量和位置）。 3．發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 制造業(yè)是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)，隨著以計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)為主導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，以“時(shí)間驅(qū)動(dòng)”為特征的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的加快、商品需求的多樣化等使制造業(yè)面臨著巨大的挑戰(zhàn)，特別是像撥叉類(lèi)不規(guī)則零件的加工就出現(xiàn)了重大問(wèn)題，在現(xiàn)階段撥叉類(lèi)零件的加工還沒(méi)有達(dá)到現(xiàn)代自動(dòng)化的加工水平。在批量的生產(chǎn)中，它的加工工藝還需要人工畫(huà)線的方法來(lái)保證其精度，而對(duì)工件的裝夾也是通過(guò)人工的方法進(jìn)行的。因此，我國(guó)對(duì)撥叉類(lèi)不規(guī)則零件的加工還處于效率低、加工成本高的階段。 夾具是機(jī)械加工中的一種工藝設(shè)備，它在機(jī)械加工中起著十分重要的作用，主要有以下的幾個(gè)方面。 （1）便于工件的正確定位，以保證加工精度 工件裝夾在夾具上后，工件上各有關(guān)的幾何元素（點(diǎn)、線、面）之間的相互位置精度在一定程度上就由夾具保證。當(dāng)夾具在機(jī)床上正確定位及固定以后，工件在夾具中又得到正確定位并被夾緊，這樣就保證了再加工過(guò)程中“同批”工件對(duì)刀具和機(jī)床保持確定的相對(duì)位置，使加工得以順利進(jìn)行。 （2）提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)效率和降低加工成本 采用夾具以后，可以省去即十分費(fèi)時(shí)又不很緊缺的劃線、找正工序，減少了輔助時(shí)間。若采用聯(lián)動(dòng)夾具裝置、快速夾緊裝置，既能降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，又能提高生產(chǎn)效率。例如采用氣壓、液壓等傳動(dòng)裝置，只需要幾秒鐘舊可以完成夾緊動(dòng)作。 （3）改善工人的勞動(dòng)條件 采用夾具后，工件的裝卸比不用夾具要方便、省力、安全。如果生產(chǎn)規(guī)模較大，還可以采用機(jī)械化傳動(dòng)裝置和自動(dòng)裝卸工件的自動(dòng)化夾具，以實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的自動(dòng)化，進(jìn)一步提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)效率和改善工人的勞動(dòng)條件。 （4）擴(kuò)大機(jī)床工藝范圍 在單件小批量生產(chǎn)的條件下，工件的種類(lèi)、規(guī)格多，而機(jī)床的數(shù)量、品種卻有限。為了解決這種矛盾，可以設(shè)計(jì)制造專(zhuān)用的夾具，使機(jī)床“一機(jī)多用”。例如，可以采用專(zhuān)用的夾具，在車(chē)床上實(shí)現(xiàn)拉削。 夾具在機(jī)械加工中的作用是重要的，但是在不同的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模和不同的生產(chǎn)條件下，夾具的功用也有所側(cè)重，其結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜程度也有很大的不同。例如，在單件小批生產(chǎn)條件下，宜于使用通用的可調(diào)夾具，若采用專(zhuān)用的夾具，其結(jié)構(gòu)也應(yīng)求簡(jiǎn)單。在大批量生產(chǎn)的條件下，夾具的作用則主要是在保證加工精度的前提下提高生產(chǎn)效率，因此夾具的結(jié)構(gòu)更完善些是必要的。雖然此時(shí)夾具的制造費(fèi)用大一些，但由于生產(chǎn)效率的提高，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的穩(wěn)定，技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)效果還是好的。 4、發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 夾具是機(jī)械加工不可缺少的部件，在機(jī)床技術(shù)向高速、高效、精密、復(fù)合、智能、環(huán)保方向發(fā)展的帶動(dòng)下，夾具技術(shù)正朝著高精、高效、模塊、組合、通用、經(jīng)濟(jì)方向發(fā)展。 隨著機(jī)械工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展，對(duì)產(chǎn)品的品種和生產(chǎn)率提出了愈來(lái)愈高的要求，使多品種，中小批生產(chǎn)作為機(jī)械生產(chǎn)的主流，為了適應(yīng)機(jī)械生產(chǎn)的這種發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，必然對(duì)機(jī)床夾具提出更高的要求。特別是像撥叉類(lèi)不規(guī)則零件的加工還處于落后階段。然而，在今后的發(fā)展過(guò)程中，為加速撥叉類(lèi)零件的生產(chǎn)，簡(jiǎn)化設(shè)計(jì)工作，加速工藝裝備的準(zhǔn)備工作，以獲得良好的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)效果，必須重視機(jī)床夾具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，系列化和通用化工作。同時(shí)，在對(duì)該類(lèi)零件的設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)還應(yīng)大力推廣使用組合夾具、半組合夾具和可調(diào)夾具，尤其是成組夾具。隨著數(shù)控機(jī)床，組合機(jī)床及其它高效自動(dòng)化機(jī)床的出現(xiàn)，夾具的自動(dòng)化程度也得到相應(yīng)的提高，它將向著柔性化、集成化方向發(fā)展，才能更好的發(fā)揮機(jī)床的作用和提高生產(chǎn)效率。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1]孫麗媛.機(jī)械制造工藝及專(zhuān)用夾具.[M]. 北京: 冶金工業(yè)出版社出行, 2002 [2]朱耀祥，浦林祥.現(xiàn)代夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).[M]. 北京: 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 2009 [3]王光斗，王春福.機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).[M]. 上海: 上?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社, 2000 [4]吳拓.簡(jiǎn)明機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).[M]. 北京: 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社, 2009 [5]萬(wàn)洪強(qiáng)，陳慧等.基于Pro/E的三維夾具設(shè)計(jì)[J].機(jī)械工程師，2010(4):65-66 [6]牛文志.機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)的幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)[J].金屬加工：冷加工，2010(14):40-41 [7]羅愛(ài)武.談機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)中定位誤差的分析與計(jì)算[J].科技信息，2010(27):I0265-I0267 工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（ 論文 ）文獻(xiàn)綜述 題 目: CA6140油閥座工藝規(guī)程及夾具設(shè)計(jì) 專(zhuān) 業(yè)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 班 級(jí)： 2007級(jí)（3）班 姓 名： 劉飛 學(xué) 號(hào)： 1666070311 指導(dǎo)教師： 張 春 雨 日 期： 2011年6月5日 外文文獻(xiàn)原文 Mechanical processing is introduced 1. Lathe The lathe is mainly for the car round face and boring, car and so on a work and design of machine tools. Turning in rarely on other kinds of machine tools, and any other machine tools are not like lathe so easily turning processing. Because of the lathe can also be used to drilling and reaming, lathe versatility can make the work piece in an installation of complete several processing. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. Lathe basic parts are: lathe bed、spindle box components、the tailstock components、slip board components and screw and light poles. The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It can often is by after a full normalizing or aging treatment of ductile iron of grey or into. It is a strong rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Usually in bed body have two set of parallel rails inside. Some manufacturers are using to all four guide rails the triangle guide pointed (i.e. prefecture, and some factory guide) in a group or is in both groups are using a triangle guide and a rectangular guide. Guide to machine to guarantee their straightness precision. In order to resist wear and scratches, most modern tools of guide is through the surface hardening, but during operation should also be careful to avoid damage guide. Guide rail, any error means the whole machine precision often undermined. Spindle box installed in the fixed position medial guide, usually left end of the bed. It provides power, and can make the work piece under various speed in turn. It basically consists of a installed in the hollow shaft and precision bearing a series of change gear (similar to the truck gearbox) together. Through the sliding gears, spindle can swim in the many kinds of rotating speed. Most of the lathe have 8 ~ 12 kinds of speed, general form. According to arrange series But in the modern machine just pull (2 ~ 4 handle, can get full speed. A growing trend is through the electrical or mechanical device speed. Due to the accuracy of machine tool depends largely on spindle, spindle structure size is larger, normally installed in pre-tightening after the heavy tapered roller bearings or ball bearings. Axis in a full-length through-hole throughout, long bar stock through the hole can be feeding. The size of the Lord when an important dimension is lathe, so when the work-piece must be through the main when material feeding, it confirms that can process the maximum size of the blank bar feeders. The tailstock component mainly consists of three parts. The inside of the motherboard and lathe bed rails, can be in guide with the mobile longitudinally. Floor has a can make whole the tailstock component clamping device at any position. The tailstock bodies are installed at the bottom, along some type of the keyway in floor , make the tailstock the spindle with spindle box for positive. The tailstock third part is the tailstock sleeve. It is a diameter usually at about 51 ~ 76mm (2 ~ 3 inches) between steel hollow cylinder. Through the spindle and screw, the tailstock sleeve can in the tailstock body and move the longitudinal a few inches move. The lathe with two dimensions specifications said. The first called lathe bed surface the largest machining diameter. This is able to rotate in lathe of the biggest diameter work piece. It is about two top attachment and guide rail of the distance of the nearest point two times. The second size is the maximum distance between the two top. Lathe bed surface in the largest machining diameter says the biggest to turning lathe, and two top diameter work piece is the maximum distance between two top means in between the work piece can be installed the maximum length. Ordinary lathe is in the production of the most frequently used lathes type. They have all those in front of Syracuse, and heavy machine parts, all except for small knife tools outside the sport has motor feed. Their specifications are usually: lathe bed face biggest process diameter for 305 ~ 610mm (12 to 24 inches); But, the bed surface to the largest machining diameter 1270mm (50 inches) and the distance between the two top 3658mm lathe is not to unusual. Most of these lathes are installed in the plate and a scraps internal cooling fluid circulation system. Small plain lathe bed face biggest - lathe machining diameter usually less than 330mm (13 inches) is designed, and its bench-type lathe bed installed in a table or on the cabinet. Although there are many USES, ordinary lathe is very useful, but the machine tool and replacement and adjust to measure the work piece spending a lot of time, so they are not suitable for mass production application. Usually, their actual processing time is less than 30% of its total processing time. In addition, need skilled workers to operate ordinary lathe, the worker's salary high and difficult to hire. However, most of the time but operating workers spend on simply repeating adjustment and observation on scraps process. Therefore, in order to reduce or totally not to hire this kind of skilled workers, hex lathe, threaded processing lathe and other types of semi-automatic and automatic lathe has well developed, and has been widely applied in production. 2. Digital control One of the advanced manufacturing technologies, the basic concept is numerical control (NC). In the numerical control technology there before all of the machine tool is artificially manipulation and control. With artificially controlled machine tools in many of the limitations on the skills, the operator is probably the most prominent problem. Using artificial control is directly with the product, the quality of the skills related. Operator Digital control from artificially controlled machine tool represents the first step came out. Digital control means that USES preliminary recording, storage of symbolic instruction to control machine tools and other manufacturing system. A nc technician job is not to manipulate tools, but that produces a machine manipulation instructions written the program. For a NC machine tool, it must Ann have a known as reading machine interface device used to accept and interpret the programming instructions. Development of numerical control technology is in order to overcome the limitations of human operator, and it really finished the work. Digital control machine than artificially manipulated the machine precision higher, produce parts consistency better, faster, and long-term production technology and equipment costs less. CNC technology development led to the manufacturing process several other new inventions in the generation: Electrical discharge machining technology, laser cutting, electron beam welding digital control also makes machines used artificially exercise than their predecessors' use of more widely. A numerical control machine tool can automatic production many kind of parts, each parts can have different and complicated process. NC can make manufacturers undertake those for the artificially controlled machine tools and technology, it is not economically cost-effective products production tasks. As with many advanced technology, CNC was born in MIT lab. NC this concept is in early 1950s under a grant from the United States air force brought out. In its initial price section, NC machine tools can economic and efficient straight-line cutting. However, the curve track becomes a problem of the machine tool should be used when programming, in a series of horizontal and vertical steps to generate curve. Each of the steps counting constitutes the shorter and more smooth curve. Each of the steps line must pass calculation. For this problem, in 1959 automatic programming tools (born APT) language has born. This is a special suitable for CNC programming languages, use similar to English sentences to define parts geometric shape, describe the shape and provisions cutting tools necessary movements. APT language research and development is in the numerical control technology further development in a big improvement. Initial CNC system and application of the numerical control system is today, there was a big difference between. At the time of machine tools, only have hard line logic circuit. Instruction program written in perforated tape (it was later replaced by plastic band), adopt take reading machine will be written on paper tape or tape on instructions to machine translation. All these together constitute a digital control machine have the great progress. However, in this stage of the numerical control development still have many problems. A major problem is the easy attaint sex punched paper tape. In machining process, carrying programming instructions information tape fracture and were ripped is common things. In every processing a parts on the machine, all needs will carrying programming instructions tape into reading machine to run again. Therefore, the problem becomes very serious. If needs to make 100 some parts, it should be a tape by reading machine 100 times respectively. Easy attaint tape obviously cannot withstand severe worthy workshop environment and the repeated use. This led to a kind of special plastic tape development. By adopting a series on the tape to produce holes in carrying programming instructions, and by using a series of plastic with magnetic point narrowed carrying programming instructions. The strength of the plastic belt than the intensity of paper tape is much higher, this can solve common torn and fracture problem. However, it still has two problems. One of the most important questions is, with instructions to input to the amendment is very difficult, or is simply impossible. Even the most minor procedure to commands the adjustment, also must interrupt processing, making a new band. And by using reading machine with The Times must also and need the same number of parts processing. Fortunately, the practical application of computer technology in the numerical control technology resolved soon with perforated tape and plastic belt pertinent questions. In form the direct numerical control (DNC) this concept later, can no longer using paper tape or plastic zone as the carrier of programming instructions, thus solved the related problems. In direct numerical control, a few tool machine through the data transmission on receiving a chromatic main computer. Manipulating these machines need procedures are stored in this one host computer. When required, through the data transmission lines provide each machine tool. Direct numerical control is in perforated tape and plastic belt on the basis of a big improvement. However, it is trust in the Lord with other with the limitations of computer technologies like. The main computer malfunction by the control of all machines will stop working. This problem prompted computer numerical control technology production. The development of the microprocessor for programmable logic controller and microcomputer development prepared well. These two kinds of technology for computer numerical control (CNC) hair and lay the foundation. After using CNC technology, each machine has a programmable logic controller or the digital control microcomputer. This allows the program is input and stored in every tool machine inside. It can still outside the machine, and the program downloaded to each machine tool. Computer numerical control solved the main computer failure brought about by the problem, but it has another called data management problem. The same program may be individually in polythene ten mutual communication was not the microcomputer. This problem is the currently solution, it is through using among local area network will link up with each microcomputer, to better data management. 3. Turning processing Ordinary lathe as the first metal cutting machine, and is still a kind of known and has many useful properties and characteristics of needed for people. Now, these machine mainly USES in the factory in a small, small batch production, rather than volume production. In the modern production workshops, ordinary lathe has been a wide variety of automatic lathes, such as automatic copy replaced fractal lathe, hex lathe and automatic screw lathe. Now, design personnel already knows how to make a single blade knives of metal removal, and by using the molding tool headroom get surface finish and precision of the processing method advantages. The processing method production speed and now used in the fastest factory of machining equipment speed equal. Ordinary lathe with deviation mainly depends on the degree of the skilled operator. The design engineer should seriously by skilled workers is determined on the plain lathe machining test pieces of tolerance. In the test "for production parts design again, should choose economic tolerances. Hex lathe: production and processing equipment, it to more attention than the past now whether it has to evaluate its precise and rapid repeat processing ability. Application of this standard to evaluate concrete processing methods, hex lathe can obtain higher quality evaluation. For small batch in the parts (100 to 200 pieces), the design and machining method is the most economical hex lathe. In order to obtain the lathe as small as possible with the tolerance values, designers should as far as possible the number of processes will be minimized. Automatic screw lathe: automatic screw lathe is usually divided into the following several types: screw automatically, the single-spindle automatic and automatic clamping lathe. Automatic screw lathe was originally used to with threaded screw and similar parts for automation and rapid tooling. However, this lathe purposes would have more than the narrow scope. Now, it is in many kinds of precision components of mass production of plays an important role. The number of work piece to adopt the automatic screw lathe machining parts of the economy that have a major influence. If the number of work piece in 1000 pieces, hex lathes than in automatic screw lathe machining much want economy in processing. If the calculated minimum economic batch, and choose correct for work piece batch machine, can reduce parts processing cost. Automatic copy form lathe: because parts surface roughness depends largely on whether the work piece material, tools, feeding and cutting speed, adopts automatic copy form lathe processing get minimum tolerance must be the most economic tolerances. In some cases, in the continuous production process, only when a cutting the tolerance can reach 0.05 mm. For some parts, groove wider tolerance can achieve 0.125 mm. Boring and Hugh single blade knives with precision, tolerance can achieve premium mm. Hoping to gain the maximum principal amount in the mass production, diameter and length of turning the minimum for tolerance values of 0.125 mm is economic. 外文文獻(xiàn)中文翻譯 機(jī)械加工介紹 1.車(chē)床 車(chē)床主要是為了進(jìn)行車(chē)外圓、車(chē)端面和鏜孔等項(xiàng)工作而設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)床。車(chē)削很少在其他種類(lèi)的機(jī)床上進(jìn)行，而且任何一種其他機(jī)床都不能像車(chē)床那樣方便地進(jìn)行車(chē)削加工。由于車(chē)床還可以用來(lái)鉆孔和鉸孔，車(chē)床的多功能性可以使工件在一次安裝中完成幾種加工。因此，在生產(chǎn)中使用的各種車(chē)床比任何其他種類(lèi)的機(jī)床都多。 車(chē)床基本部件有：床身、主軸箱組件、尾座組件、溜板組件、絲杠和光杠。 床身是車(chē)床的基礎(chǔ)件。它能常是由經(jīng)過(guò)充分正火或時(shí)效處理的灰鑄鐵或者球墨鐵制成。它是一個(gè)堅(jiān)固的剛性框架，所有其他基本部件都安裝在床身上。通常在床身上有內(nèi)外兩組平行的導(dǎo)軌。有些制造廠對(duì)全部四條導(dǎo)軌都采用導(dǎo)軌尖朝上的三角形導(dǎo)軌（即山形導(dǎo)軌），而有的制造廠則在一組中或者兩組中都采用一個(gè)三角形導(dǎo)軌和一個(gè)矩形導(dǎo)軌。導(dǎo)軌要經(jīng)過(guò)精密加工以保證其直線度精度。為了抵抗磨損和擦傷，大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代機(jī)床的導(dǎo)軌是經(jīng)過(guò)表面淬硬的，但是在操作時(shí)還應(yīng)該小心，以避免損傷導(dǎo)軌。導(dǎo)軌上的任何誤差，常常意味著整個(gè)機(jī)床的精度遭到破壞。 主軸箱安裝在內(nèi)側(cè)導(dǎo)軌的固定位置上，一般在床身的左端。它提供動(dòng)力，并可使工件在各種速度下回轉(zhuǎn)。它基本上由一個(gè)安裝在精密軸承中的空心主軸和一系列變速齒輪(類(lèi)似于卡車(chē)變速箱)所組成。通過(guò)變速齒輪，主軸可以在許多種轉(zhuǎn)速下旋轉(zhuǎn)。大多數(shù)車(chē)床有8～12種轉(zhuǎn)速，一般按等比級(jí)數(shù)排列。而且在現(xiàn)代機(jī)床上只需扳動(dòng)2～4個(gè)手柄，就能得到全部轉(zhuǎn)速。一種正在不斷增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)是通過(guò)電氣的或者機(jī)械的裝置進(jìn)行無(wú)級(jí)變速。 由于機(jī)床的精度在很大程度上取決于主軸，因此，主軸的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸較大，通常安裝在預(yù)緊后的重型圓錐滾子軸承或球軸承中。主軸中有一個(gè)貫穿全長(zhǎng)的通孔，長(zhǎng)棒料可以通過(guò)該孔送料。主軸孔的大小是車(chē)床的一個(gè)重要尺寸，因此當(dāng)工件必須通過(guò)主軸孔供料時(shí)，它確定了能夠加工的棒料毛坯的最大尺寸。 尾座組件主要由三部分組成。底板與床身的內(nèi)側(cè)導(dǎo)軌配合，并可以在導(dǎo)軌上作縱向移動(dòng)。底板上有一個(gè)可以使整個(gè)尾座組件夾緊在任意位置上的裝置。尾座體安裝在底板上，可以沿某種類(lèi)型的鍵槽在底板上橫向移動(dòng)，使尾座能與主軸箱中的主軸對(duì)正。尾座的第三個(gè)組成部分是尾座套筒。它是一個(gè)直徑通常大約在51～76mm（2～3英寸）之間的鋼制空心圓柱體。通過(guò)手輪和螺桿，尾座套筒可以在尾座體中縱向移入和移出幾個(gè)英寸。 車(chē)床的規(guī)格用兩個(gè)尺寸表示。第一個(gè)稱(chēng)為車(chē)床的床面上最大加工直徑。這是在車(chē)床上能夠旋轉(zhuǎn)的工件的最大直徑。它大約是兩頂尖連線與導(dǎo)軌上最近點(diǎn)之間距離的兩倍。第二個(gè)規(guī)格尺寸是兩頂尖之間的最大距離。車(chē)床床面上最大加工直徑表示在車(chē)床上能夠車(chē)削的最大工件直徑，而兩頂尖之間的最大距離則表示在兩個(gè)頂尖之間能夠安裝的工件的最大長(zhǎng)度。 普通車(chē)床是生產(chǎn)中最經(jīng)常使用的車(chē)床種類(lèi)。它們是具有前面所敘的所有那些部件的重載機(jī)床，并且除了小刀架之外，全部刀具的運(yùn)動(dòng)都有機(jī)動(dòng)進(jìn)給。它們的規(guī)格通常是：車(chē)床床面上最大加工直徑為305～610mm（12～24英寸）；但是，床面上最大加工直徑達(dá)到1270mm（50英寸）和兩頂尖之間距離達(dá)到3658mm的車(chē)床也并不少見(jiàn)。這些車(chē)床大部分都有切屑盤(pán)和一個(gè)安裝在內(nèi)部的冷卻液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。小型的普通車(chē)床—車(chē)床床面最大加工直徑一般不超過(guò)330mm（13英寸）--被設(shè)計(jì)成臺(tái)式車(chē)床，其床身安裝在工作臺(tái)或柜子上。 雖然普通車(chē)床有很多用途，是很有用的機(jī)床，但是更換和調(diào)整刀具以及測(cè)量工件花費(fèi)很多時(shí)間，所以它們不適合在大量生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用。通常，它們的實(shí)際加工時(shí)間少于其總加工時(shí)間的30%。此外，需要技術(shù)熟練的工人來(lái)操作普通車(chē)床，這種工人的工資高而且很難雇到。然而，操作工人的大部分時(shí)間卻花費(fèi)在簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)調(diào)整和觀察切屑過(guò)程上。因此，為了減少或者完全不雇用這類(lèi)熟練工人，六角車(chē)床、螺紋加工車(chē)床和其他類(lèi)型的半自動(dòng)和自動(dòng)車(chē)床已經(jīng)很好地研制出來(lái)，并已經(jīng)在生產(chǎn)中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。 2．?dāng)?shù)字控制 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)中的一個(gè)基本的概念是數(shù)字控制（NC）。在數(shù)控技術(shù)出現(xiàn)之前，所有的機(jī)床都是由人工操縱和控制的。在與人工控制的機(jī)床有關(guān)的很多局限性中，操作者的技能大概是最突出的問(wèn)題。采用人工控制是，產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量直接與操作者的技能有關(guān)。數(shù)字控制代表了從人工控制機(jī)床走出來(lái)的第一步。 數(shù)字控制意味著采用預(yù)先錄制的、存儲(chǔ)的符號(hào)指令來(lái)控制機(jī)床和其他制造系統(tǒng)。一個(gè)數(shù)控技師的工作不是去操縱機(jī)床，而是編寫(xiě)能夠發(fā)出機(jī)床操縱指令的程序。對(duì)于一臺(tái)數(shù)控機(jī)床，其上必須安有一個(gè)被稱(chēng)為閱讀機(jī)的界面裝置，用來(lái)接受和解譯出編程指令。 發(fā)展數(shù)控技術(shù)是為了克服人類(lèi)操作者的局限性，而且它確實(shí)完成了這項(xiàng)工作。數(shù)字控制的機(jī)器比人工操縱的機(jī)器精度更高、生產(chǎn)出零件的一致性更好、生產(chǎn)速度更快、而且長(zhǎng)期的工藝裝備成本更低。數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致了制造工藝中其他幾項(xiàng)新發(fā)明的產(chǎn)生： 電火花加工技術(shù)、激光切割、電子束焊接數(shù)字控制還使得機(jī)床比它們采用有人工操的前輩們的用途更為廣泛。 一臺(tái)數(shù)控機(jī)床可以自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)很多類(lèi)的零件，每一個(gè)零件都可以有不同的和復(fù)雜的加工過(guò)程。數(shù)控可以使生產(chǎn)廠家承擔(dān)那些對(duì)于采用人工控制的機(jī)床和工藝來(lái)說(shuō)，在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是不劃算的產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)任務(wù)。 同許多先進(jìn)技術(shù)一樣，數(shù)控誕生于麻省理工學(xué)院的實(shí)驗(yàn)室中。數(shù)控這個(gè)概念是50年代初在美國(guó)空軍的資助下提出來(lái)的。在其最初的價(jià)段，數(shù)控機(jī)床可以經(jīng)濟(jì)和有效地進(jìn)行直線切割。 然而，曲線軌跡成為機(jī)床加工的一個(gè)問(wèn)題，在編程時(shí)應(yīng)該采用一系列的水平與豎直的臺(tái)階來(lái)生成曲線。構(gòu)成臺(tái)階的每一個(gè)線段越短，曲線就越光滑。臺(tái)階中的每一個(gè)線段都必須經(jīng)過(guò)計(jì)算。 在這個(gè)問(wèn)題促使下，于1959年誕生了自動(dòng)編程工具（APT）語(yǔ)言。這是一個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)適用于數(shù)控的編程語(yǔ)言，使用類(lèi)似于英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)句來(lái)定義零件的幾何形狀，描述切削刀具的形狀和規(guī)定必要的運(yùn)動(dòng)。APT語(yǔ)言的研究和發(fā)展是在數(shù)控技術(shù)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展過(guò)程中的一大進(jìn)步。最初的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)與今天應(yīng)用的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)是有很大差別的。在那時(shí)的機(jī)床中，只有硬線邏輯電路。指令程序?qū)懺诖┛准垘希ㄋ髞?lái)被塑料帶所取代），采用帶閱讀機(jī)將寫(xiě)在紙帶或磁帶上的指令給機(jī)器翻譯出來(lái)。所有這些共同構(gòu)成了機(jī)床數(shù)字控制方面的巨大進(jìn)步。然而，在數(shù)控發(fā)展的這個(gè)階段中還存在著許多問(wèn)題。 一個(gè)主要問(wèn)題是穿孔紙帶的易損壞性。在機(jī)械加工過(guò)程中，載有編程指令信息的紙帶斷裂和被撕壞是常見(jiàn)的事情。在機(jī)床上每加工一個(gè)零件，都需要將載有編程指令的紙帶放入閱讀機(jī)中重新運(yùn)行一次。因此，這個(gè)問(wèn)題變得很?chē)?yán)重。如果需要制造100個(gè)某種零件，則應(yīng)該將紙帶分別通過(guò)閱讀機(jī)100次。易損壞的紙帶顯然不能承受?chē)?yán)配的車(chē)間環(huán)境和這種重復(fù)使用。 這就導(dǎo)致了一種專(zhuān)門(mén)的塑料磁帶的研制。在紙帶上通過(guò)采用一系列的小孔來(lái)載有編程指令，而在塑料帶上通過(guò)采用一系列的磁點(diǎn)瞇載有編程指令。塑料帶的強(qiáng)度比紙帶的強(qiáng)度要高很多，這就可以解決常見(jiàn)的撕壞和斷裂問(wèn)題。然而，它仍然存在著兩個(gè)問(wèn)題。 其中最重要的一個(gè)問(wèn)題是，對(duì)輸入到帶中指令進(jìn)行修改是非常困難的，或者是根本不可能的。即使對(duì)指令程序進(jìn)行最微小的調(diào)整，也必須中斷加工，制作一條新帶。而且?guī)ㄟ^(guò)利用閱讀機(jī)的次數(shù)還必須與需要加工的零件的個(gè)數(shù)相同。幸運(yùn)的是，計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用很快解決了數(shù)控技術(shù)中與穿孔紙帶和塑料帶有關(guān)的問(wèn)題。 在形成了直接數(shù)字控制（DNC）這個(gè)概念之后，可以不再采用紙帶或塑料帶作為編程指令的載體，這樣就解決了與之有關(guān)的問(wèn)題。在直接數(shù)字控制中，幾臺(tái)機(jī)床通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸線路聯(lián)接到一臺(tái)主計(jì)算機(jī)上。操縱這些機(jī)床所需要的程序都存儲(chǔ)在這臺(tái)主計(jì)算機(jī)中。當(dāng)需要時(shí)，通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸線路提供給每臺(tái)機(jī)床。直接數(shù)字控制是在穿孔紙帶和塑料帶基礎(chǔ)上的一大進(jìn)步。然而，它敢有著同其他信賴(lài)于主計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)一樣的局限性。當(dāng)主計(jì)算機(jī)出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)，由其控制的所有機(jī)床都將停止工作。這個(gè)問(wèn)題促使了計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)字控制技術(shù)的產(chǎn)生。微處理器的發(fā)展為可編程邏輯控制器和微型計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展做好了準(zhǔn)備。這兩種技術(shù)為計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控（CNC）的發(fā)打下了基礎(chǔ)。采用CNC技術(shù)后，每臺(tái)機(jī)床上都有一個(gè)可編程邏輯控制器或者微機(jī)對(duì)其進(jìn)行數(shù)字控制。這可以使得程序被輸入和存儲(chǔ)在每臺(tái)機(jī)床內(nèi)部。它還可以在機(jī)床以外編制程序，并將其下載到每臺(tái)機(jī)床中。計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控解決了主計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)生故障所帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題，但是它產(chǎn)生了另一個(gè)被稱(chēng)為數(shù)據(jù)管理的問(wèn)題。同一個(gè)程序可能要分別裝入十個(gè)相互之間沒(méi)有通訊聯(lián)系的微機(jī)中。這個(gè)問(wèn)題目前正在解決之中，它是通過(guò)采用局部區(qū)域網(wǎng)絡(luò)將各個(gè)微機(jī)聯(lián)接起來(lái)，以得于更好地進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)管理。 3．車(chē)削加工 普通車(chē)床作為最早的金屬切削機(jī)床的一種，目前仍然有許多有用的和為人要的特性和為人們所需的特性?，F(xiàn)在，這些機(jī)床主要用在規(guī)模較小的工廠中，進(jìn)行小批量的生產(chǎn)，而不是進(jìn)行大批量的生產(chǎn)。 在現(xiàn)代的生產(chǎn)車(chē)間中，普通車(chē)床已經(jīng)被種類(lèi)繁多的自動(dòng)車(chē)床所取代，諸如自動(dòng)仿形車(chē)床，六角車(chē)床和自動(dòng)螺絲車(chē)床?，F(xiàn)在，設(shè)計(jì)人員已經(jīng)熟知先利用單刃刀具去除大量的金屬余量，然后利用成型刀具獲得表面光潔度和精度這種加工方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。這種加工方法的生產(chǎn)速度與現(xiàn)在工廠中使用的最快的加工設(shè)備的速度相等。 普通車(chē)床的加偏差主要信賴(lài)于操作者的技術(shù)熟練程度。設(shè)計(jì)工程師應(yīng)該認(rèn)真地確定由熟練工人在普通車(chē)床上加工的試驗(yàn)件的公差。在把試驗(yàn)伯重新設(shè)計(jì)為生產(chǎn)零件時(shí)，應(yīng)該選用經(jīng)濟(jì)的公差。 六角車(chē)床：對(duì)生產(chǎn)加工設(shè)備來(lái)說(shuō)，目前比過(guò)去更注重評(píng)價(jià)其是否具有精確的和快速的重復(fù)加工能力。應(yīng)用這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)具體的加工方法，六角車(chē)床可以獲得較高的質(zhì)量評(píng)定。在為小批量的零件（100～200件）設(shè)計(jì)加工方法時(shí)，采用六角車(chē)床是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的。為了在六角車(chē)床上獲得盡可能小的公差值，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該盡量將加工工序的數(shù)目減至最少。 自動(dòng)螺絲車(chē)床：自動(dòng)螺絲車(chē)床通常被分為以下幾種類(lèi)型：?jiǎn)屋S自動(dòng)、多軸自動(dòng)和自動(dòng)夾緊車(chē)床。自動(dòng)螺絲車(chē)床最初是被用來(lái)對(duì)螺釘和類(lèi)似的帶有螺紋的零件進(jìn)行自動(dòng)化和快速加工的。但是，這種車(chē)床的用途早就超過(guò)了這個(gè)狹窄的范圍?，F(xiàn)在，它在許多種類(lèi)的精密零件的大批量生產(chǎn)中起著重要的作用。工件的數(shù)量對(duì)采用自動(dòng)螺絲車(chē)床所加工的零件的經(jīng)濟(jì)性有較大的影響。如果工件的數(shù)量少于1000件，在六角車(chē)床上進(jìn)行加工比在自動(dòng)螺絲車(chē)床上加工要經(jīng)濟(jì)得多。如果計(jì)算出最小經(jīng)濟(jì)批量，并且針對(duì)工件批量正確地選擇機(jī)床，就會(huì)降低零件的加工成本。 自動(dòng)仿形車(chē)床：因?yàn)榱慵谋砻娲植诙仍诤艽蟪潭壬先Q于工件材料、刀具、進(jìn)給量和切削速度，采用自動(dòng)仿形車(chē)床加工所得到的最小公差一定是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的公差。 在某些情況下，在連續(xù)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中，只進(jìn)行一次切削加工時(shí)的公差可以達(dá)到0.05mm。對(duì)于某些零件，槽寬的公差可以達(dá)到0.125mm。鏜孔和休用單刃刀具進(jìn)行精加工時(shí)，公差可達(dá)到0.0125mm。在希望獲得大批量生產(chǎn)中，進(jìn)行直徑和長(zhǎng)度的車(chē)削時(shí)的最小公差值為0.125mm是經(jīng)濟(jì)的。