中南大學(xué)研究生學(xué)術(shù)交流英語(yǔ)期末翻譯.doc

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1. P5 A helpful image is to think about submitting a manuscript to an international journal as a way of participating in the international scientific community. You are, in effect, joining an international conversation. To join this conversation, you need to know what has already been said by the other people conversing. In other words, you need to understand the ‘‘cutting edge ’’ of your scientific discipline: what work is being done now by the important players in the field internationally. This means: 向國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)雜志投稿有助于進(jìn)入國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)界，事實(shí)上你加入了國(guó)際間的交流。加入國(guó)際間的交流你需要了解其他人已經(jīng)說(shuō)了什么。換句話說(shuō)，你需要了解你的學(xué)科“前沿”：即國(guó)際上你的研究領(lǐng)域中重量級(jí)的科學(xué)工作者正在做什么。這意味著你需要： ● getting access to the journals where people in the field are publishing; ● subscribing to the e-mail alert schemes offered by journal publishers on their websites so that you receive tables of contents when new issues are published; and ● developing skills for searching the Internet and electronic databases in libraries to which you have access. ● 閱讀你的研究領(lǐng)域中科技工作者發(fā)表論文的雜志； ● 通過(guò)雜志出版商網(wǎng)站訂閱他們通過(guò)電子郵件發(fā)送的雜志目錄，可以收到雜志出版商 提供的最新一期雜志的目錄； ● 提升你在網(wǎng)絡(luò)和圖書(shū)館電子數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)查閱資料的技能。 2. P15 Each journal has its own set of instructions for referees and sometimes these are available on the journal’s website. You should check and see whether this is the case for the journal you are targeting, and obtain a copy if possible. For the purposes of this book, we have constructed a composite list of referee criteria that includes the sorts of questions referees are commonly asked to respond to (Figure 3.1). In addition to ‘‘ticking the boxes’’ to provide yes/no answers to the questions, referees are asked to write their comments about any problems with the manuscript or any suggestions for improvement that need to be followed before the manuscript can be considered suitable for publication in the journal. Increasingly, as the number of manuscripts submitted to journals has grown, referees are asked to give some numerical rating of the paper’s novelty or quality as well (e.g. Does this manuscript fall within the top 20% of manuscripts you have read in the last 12 months?). Referees return their comments to the editor. 每一種學(xué)術(shù)期刊都有自己的一套評(píng)審規(guī)則，有時(shí)能在期刊網(wǎng)站上找到。你應(yīng)該查看你的目標(biāo)期刊是否也如此，并盡可能得到一份。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)本書(shū)的目的，我們總結(jié)了一個(gè)評(píng)審標(biāo)準(zhǔn)表，此表包括了評(píng)委們通常要回答的各種問(wèn)題。評(píng)委們除了要在方框中打鉤來(lái)對(duì)這些問(wèn)題進(jìn)行“是”或“否”的回答，還要對(duì)稿件的問(wèn)題寫(xiě)出評(píng)論以及進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)的建議，以使稿件適合在期刊發(fā)表。由于學(xué)術(shù)期刊的收到的投稿數(shù)量不斷增加，評(píng)審們還要對(duì)論文的新穎性和質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評(píng)分。 評(píng)審們把他們的意見(jiàn)反饋給編輯。 3. P23 Data presentation styles vary with discipline and personal preference and change over time, and there is a large amount of contradictory published advice about what to do, and what looks good. Our aim in this section is not to provide a concrete set of rules for data presentation but rather to help you optimize the presentation of your data to support the story of your article. One over-arching guideline is that tables and figures should “stand alone”: that is, the reader should not need to consult the text of the article to understand the data presented in the table or figure; all necessary information should appear in the table/figure, in the title/legend, or in keys or footnotes. 數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)方式會(huì)因?yàn)閷W(xué)科和個(gè)人偏好發(fā)生變化，也會(huì)隨著時(shí)間發(fā)生變化。在究竟該做些什么，哪種方式看起來(lái)更好的問(wèn)題上，大量的出版物提供的建議也會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些矛盾。我們本章的目的不在于提供一套數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)的固定規(guī)則，而是幫助大家優(yōu)化數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)方式，以支撐論文的主旨。一條首要的規(guī)則是，圖表應(yīng)該“獨(dú)立呈現(xiàn)”：也就是說(shuō)，讀者應(yīng)該無(wú)需通過(guò)查閱文字部份即可理解圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)，所有必要的信息都應(yīng)該包含在圖表、標(biāo)題、圖例或腳注中。 The first reference for style of data presentation is the Instructions to Contributors (sometimes called Instructions to Authors or Author Guidelines, or other similar names) of the journal you intend to submit the article to. Not all Instructions to Contributors provide great detail about data presentation, but they will generally guide you in formatting and preferred style. The next best source of information on data presentation style is articles in recent issues of the journal. You can maximize your chances of meeting the journal’s requirements by analysing the types of data presented, the choice of figures or tables, the choice of figure type, and the amount of data presented in the text and in the titles and legends. Use the results of your analyses to inform your decisions on the data presentation for your own manuscript. 數(shù)據(jù)的呈現(xiàn)方式應(yīng)首先參考你打算投稿的期刊的“投稿須知”（有的時(shí)候也叫作者須知等類(lèi)似的名稱）。不是所有的投稿須知都會(huì)提供數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)方式的詳細(xì)規(guī)定，但一定會(huì)就格式和優(yōu)選的方式提出一般性的建議。另一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)方式的參考來(lái)自該期刊最近幾期上的論文。為了盡可能滿足該期刊的要求，你可以分析一下這些論文的數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)方式、對(duì)圖或表的選擇、對(duì)不同類(lèi)型圖示的選擇以及在正文部分、標(biāo)題、和圖例中所出現(xiàn)的數(shù)據(jù)的多少，利用你的分析結(jié)果來(lái)指導(dǎo)自己決定論文中的數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)方式。 4. P35 Traditionally, students are taught that the Methods section provides the information needed for another competent scientist to repeat the work. In your experience of reading papers, is this what you find? Many participants in work- shops we have conducted report that they have had problems in replicating what authors have done in their published studies even after reading the Methods section thoroughly. 傳統(tǒng)上，老師們總是告訴學(xué)生，方法部分為另一個(gè)有能力的科學(xué)家重復(fù)這一研究提供了所需的信息。從你閱讀論文的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)看，情況真的是這樣嗎？很多參與過(guò)我們組織的研習(xí)班的人說(shuō)，哪怕已經(jīng)仔細(xì)研讀過(guò)已發(fā)表的論文的方法部分，他們?cè)谥貜?fù)作者的研究時(shí)還是遇到了問(wèn)題。 Another way to think about the goal of the Methods section is that it establishes credibility for the results and should therefore provide enough information about how the work was done for readers to evaluate the results; i.e. to decide for themselves whether the results actually mean what the author claims they mean. Referees are likely to look in this section for evidence to answer the question: Do the methods and the treatment of results conform to acceptable scientific standards? 對(duì)方法部分的寫(xiě)作目的的另一種認(rèn)識(shí)是，方法部分為研究結(jié)果確定了可信度，因此應(yīng)當(dāng)提供足夠的有關(guān)研究方式的信息，以使讀者能對(duì)研究結(jié)果做出評(píng)估，也就是說(shuō)，讀者能夠據(jù)此判斷，該研究結(jié)果是否與作者所聲稱的一致。審稿人則往往會(huì)在這一部分尋找證據(jù)，來(lái)判斷研究方法和對(duì)結(jié)果的處理是否符合現(xiàn)行的科研標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 5. P48 Another important reason to pay careful attention to referencing is to avoid plagiarizing other people’s work unintentionally. Plagiarism is using data, ideas, or words that originated in work by another person without appropriately acknowledging their source. It is generally regarded as a form of cheating in academic and publishing contexts, and papers will be rejected if plagiarism is detected. Incomplete citation also prevents your gaining credit for knowing the work of other researchers in the field. Effective and inclusive citation helps you present yourself as a knowledgeable member of the research community, which can be important in terms of the impression you make on referees evaluating your manuscripts. It also allows others to benefit from the sources of information you have used. 對(duì)文獻(xiàn)引用標(biāo)注要尤為注意的另一個(gè)重要原因是避免非故意地剽竊。剽竊是在沒(méi)有以適當(dāng)方式說(shuō)明來(lái)源的情況下，使用原創(chuàng)于其他人作品的數(shù)據(jù)，觀點(diǎn)或文字。在學(xué)術(shù)界和出版界，這種做法通常被認(rèn)為是一種作弊行為，如果被發(fā)現(xiàn)有剽竊行為，論文將被拒稿。不完整的引用也會(huì)使人懷疑你是否了解本領(lǐng)域其他研究人員的工作。有效而廣泛的引用能幫助你在研究領(lǐng)域建立博學(xué)多識(shí)的形象，這對(duì)于你給你的論文評(píng)審人留下的印象是相當(dāng)重要的。同時(shí)這也使得其他人能從你所使用的信息來(lái)源中受益。 6. P63 If writers place a string of nouns and adjectives together, to form a title which packs a lot of meaning into a few words, they can sometimes cause problems of ambiguity: more than one possible meaning. This is particularly the case when nouns are used as adjectives, i.e. placed in front of the head word of the noun phrase. To investigate why this is so, let’s consider some examples. 如果把一系列名詞和形容詞組合在一起作為論文標(biāo)題，這樣的標(biāo)題把許多含義塞進(jìn)了少數(shù)幾個(gè)詞中，這些詞有時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義：即可能會(huì)有不止一個(gè)含義。這種情況多出現(xiàn)在名詞用作形容詞時(shí)，也就是位于名詞短語(yǔ)的中心詞前面的時(shí)候。為了探究原因，我們首先考察一些例子。 The noun phrase germination conditions has only one possible meaning: conditions for germination, and thus it can be used without risk of ambiguity. Similarly, application rate can only mean the rate of application. However, enzymatic activity suppression could mean either suppression of enzymatic activity or suppression by enzymatic activity and is therefore ambiguous. A general guideline is to restrict these noun phrases to a maximum of three words, and this many only if there is no risk of misunderstanding. If they grow longer, rewrite them by inserting the prepositions that clarify the meaning (e.g. of, by, for). 名詞短語(yǔ)“germination conditions”只有一種可能的含義，“conditions for germination”，這一名詞短語(yǔ)不會(huì)出現(xiàn)模棱兩可的危險(xiǎn)。同樣，“application rate ”只是表示“rate of application ”。然而，“enzymatic activity suppression ”既可能是“suppression of enzymatic activity ”的意思，也可能是“suppression by enzymatic activity”的意思。因此，這個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)的意義是模棱兩可的。一般的指導(dǎo)原則是吧這樣的名詞短語(yǔ)性限制在最多三個(gè)單詞，并且是不存在錯(cuò)誤理解的危險(xiǎn)。如果名詞短語(yǔ)比較長(zhǎng)，我們可以插入介詞（如of, by, for）來(lái)澄清名詞短語(yǔ)的含義。 7. P85 It is important to respond quickly to reviewers ’comments and the editor ’s recommendation about publishing the manuscript. This is true regardless of whether the manuscript has been accepted with minor changes or you have been encouraged to re-submit it after major revision. As with the covering letter you sent when you originally submitted the manuscript, the letter accompanying the revised manuscript is an opportunity to demonstrate that you appreciate the role of the editor and that you have done everything you can to improve the manuscript to meet the journal’s and the reviewers’ requirements. 無(wú)論你的論文是只需要做些小的修改就能被采納還是需要做出很大的修改之后再重新投稿，你都應(yīng)該快速地對(duì)審稿人的意見(jiàn)和編輯對(duì)于論文發(fā)表的建議做出回復(fù)，這一點(diǎn)是非常重要的。正如你最初投稿時(shí)一樣，隨修訂稿一同附上的信件是一個(gè)很好的機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)證明你對(duì)編輯的重視，并證明你已經(jīng)竭盡所能地按照雜志和審稿人的要求去修改論文。 8. P108-109 To summarize the section above, science writing is largely made up of sentence structures (templates), which are usable for many different areas of science, plus noun phrases, which are often specific to particular areas. Once you understand this concept, you will probably find it easier to read articles from areas of science with which you are not completely familiar. This is because you can skip over the unfamiliar noun phrases on your first reading, just concentrating on the sentence structures and main meanings. Then you can identify which noun phrases recur frequently, and use a dictionary or website to find out their meanings, if you need to know them. This will depend on your reason for reading the article. If you need to understand more about the area of research and are new to it, then you will probably need to look up many noun phrases. If you are reading the article only to find one specific piece of information, perhaps about the use of a method, you will need to look up fewer noun phrases. As you make your decisions about which ones to look up, remember to identify the headword of each noun phrase first, as this is the most important part for the sentence meaning. 綜上所述，學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作很大程度上是由一些適用于很多不同學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的句型（模板）組成和一些特定領(lǐng)域的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)組成的。一旦理解了這一點(diǎn)，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一些你太不熟悉的領(lǐng)域的論文閱讀起來(lái)變?nèi)菀琢?。這是因?yàn)槟阍诘谝淮伍喿x的時(shí)候可以略過(guò)那些不熟悉的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，專(zhuān)注于句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和大意。然后你可以識(shí)別出那些反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，如果需要的話，使用字典或網(wǎng)站了解其含義。這取決于你閱讀這篇論文的目的。如果你需要深入了解此研究領(lǐng)域，并且對(duì)它十分陌生，那么你很可能需要查詢很多名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的含義。如果你只是為了找到某一特定信息而閱讀，也許是某一種方法的使用，你要查詢的名詞結(jié)構(gòu)就會(huì)少一些。在你決定哪些名詞詞組需要查詢時(shí)，記得首先確定名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的中心詞，因?yàn)樗钦麄€(gè)句子含義的最重要的部分。 Unit 1 Page74 1、我是北京大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院副教授。近日從網(wǎng)上得知，“第五屆國(guó)際跨文化交流研討會(huì)” 將于 2016 年 3 月在牛津大學(xué)舉辦。 我對(duì)參加 這次會(huì)議非常感興趣，因?yàn)槲乙褟氖逻@方面 研究多年。 I’m an associate professor in the School of Foreign Languages of Beijing University. Recently, Ive learned online that the 5th International Inter-cultural Communication Seminar will be held in March 2016 in Oxford University. I’m very much interested in attending this event because I have been studying in this field for many years. 4. 我已接到論文被采用的通知和出席會(huì)議的正式邀請(qǐng)，并已于2月20日在網(wǎng)上正式注冊(cè)參加會(huì)議，但至今尚未得到任何會(huì)議資料。煩請(qǐng)告知組委會(huì)聯(lián)系人及email 地址，以便我們聯(lián)系與會(huì)的具體事宜。 I have received the acknowledgment of my paper ’s acceptance and the official invitation to the conference, and registered online on February 20th. However, I have not received any conference material. Please let me know the Organizing Committees contact and email address so that we can obtain information related to this conference. 5. 感謝您對(duì)此事的關(guān)照。如能早日得到您的答復(fù)，我們將不勝感激。 Thanks for your kind consideration of this matter. Your early reply would be appreciated. (We should be very much obliged if you reply to us at your earliest convenience. Unit II Page 97 2. 現(xiàn)以 Word 文檔附件發(fā)去由劉南和張?zhí)K撰寫(xiě)的兩篇論文《文化研究：西方與中國(guó)》（liu.doc ）和《中國(guó)比較文學(xué)與多元文化對(duì)話》（zhang.doc ）。我們希望前一篇能被安排在分組會(huì)上宣讀，而另一篇在張貼會(huì)議中展示 Word document attachments are two papers entitled “Cultural Studies: The West and China” (liu.doc) by Liu Nan and "Comparative Literature in China and Multi-cultural Dialogue"(zhang.doc) by Zhang Su. We hope that the former can be orally presented at the group meeting while the other can be displayed in the poster session. 3. 我已在網(wǎng)上提交了我的論文文摘，希望我的論文能被論文委員會(huì)錄用，我在宣讀方式上沒(méi)有特別的要求。 I have submitted my abstracts online, hoping that my paper can be employed by thesis committee, and we have no presentation preference. 4. 我們利用EPS2003主頁(yè)是的“論文提交功能”向大會(huì)提交了馮麗等人撰寫(xiě)的題為《中國(guó)荒漠化治理的模式與制度創(chuàng)新》的論文。希望早日告知我們是否可以得到會(huì)議的邀請(qǐng)。 We have submitted the paper entitled “China’s pattern of desertification controlling and institutional innovation” of Feng Li on homepage of EPS2003. We look forward to receiving an invitation to the meeting as soon as possible. Unit III Page 107 2. 我是中國(guó)貴州師范大學(xué)教育學(xué)系講師，屬于欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)青年教師代表，根據(jù)有關(guān)規(guī)定似可優(yōu)先申請(qǐng)由貴基金會(huì)資助的國(guó)際研討會(huì)。希望您能盡早把資助申請(qǐng)表發(fā)到我的郵箱。 I am a lecturer of education in Guizhou Normal University in China, belonging to representatives of young (college) teachers in underdeveloped areas. According to relevant regulations, it seems that I have priority of applying for attending the International Seminar of this organization. Hoping for your emailing of application form for financial assistance as soon as possible. 3. 根據(jù)“獲得博士學(xué)位不滿兩年，且正在從事博士后研究者可以申請(qǐng)參加會(huì)議的旅費(fèi)資助”的規(guī)定，本信旨在申請(qǐng)我往返紐約的旅費(fèi)資助。如想申請(qǐng)減免注冊(cè)費(fèi)，是否還有其他表格需要填寫(xiě)？ According to the regulation of “the one who has had a doctor degree no more than two years and is doing post-doctor research can apply for travel support of attending meeting”, the aim of this letter is applying for the travel support to and from New York. If I want to apply for reducing the registration fee, whether there is other form needed to fill? (Are there any other forms needed to fill if I want to apply for reducing the registration fee?) 6. 隨信寄上倆份論文摘要和一份個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷，請(qǐng)查收。請(qǐng)便中告知我是否有資格申請(qǐng)大會(huì)的資助。 Two copies of the abstract of the paper and a resume are enclosed in the letter, please see to them. Please inform me whether I am qualified to the financial aid from the conference in your convenience. Unit V Page 127 6、非常感謝貴方11月12日來(lái)函邀請(qǐng)我出席2013年10月22-26日在倫敦大學(xué)舉行的“計(jì)算機(jī)與社會(huì)發(fā)展研討會(huì)”。十分抱歉的是，由于我已同意出席并主持明年十月在北京召開(kāi)的一個(gè)會(huì)議，恐不能應(yīng)邀與會(huì)。失去與您和其他許多計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)界同行見(jiàn)面的機(jī)會(huì)，深感遺憾。 Many thanks for your letter of Nov. 12, inviting me to attend the “Seminar on the computer and social development” to be held in London University, from Oct. 22 to 26,2013. Much to my regret, I shall not be able to honor the invitation because I have agreed to attend and preside a meeting to be held in Beijing in Oct. next year. I feel sorry to miss the opportunity of meeting you and many other counterparts in the field of computer science. 9、我曾在世界各地參加過(guò)許多學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議，而此次之行給我留下了非常美好的回憶。在貴實(shí)驗(yàn)室的一個(gè)小時(shí)的參觀活動(dòng)，使我了解了你們的研究條件和科研成果。希望我們以后能在資源共享、合作研究、聯(lián)合培養(yǎng)博士生等方面尋求更多合作途徑。 I have participated in many academic conferences around the world, but this trip left me with very good memories. The one hour visit in your laboratory let me know your research conditions and achievements. We hope that we could seek more ways in the aspects of sharing resources，cooperative research and joint training of doctoral students in the future.