水果套袋機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
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課題題目及來源：
題目：水果套袋機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
題目來源： 自擬
課題研究的意義和國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀：
課題研究的意義：
水果套袋是水果在市場(chǎng)中是不可或缺的一個(gè)方面，水果套袋的好處主要有三個(gè)：優(yōu)點(diǎn)一是可以起到保障水果品質(zhì)，防止水果在途中造成不必要的損失，從而可以有效的降低破壞水果質(zhì)量的程度；優(yōu)點(diǎn)二是可以使得水果的樣貌上看上去更加漂亮；優(yōu)點(diǎn)三是運(yùn)送途徑多樣。
水果從摘取到最后流通于市場(chǎng)的過程當(dāng)中會(huì)因?yàn)楦鞣N原因?qū)е滤钠焚|(zhì)降低，這樣就會(huì)給供貨商和銷售商造成了不小的利潤(rùn)，究其原因不外乎水果運(yùn)輸過程中受到的損害。為了使水果在摘取下來以后，避免在交通運(yùn)輸和正常的存放中受到不同角度的碰撞，從而對(duì)水果造成更多的傷害，這就需要一種可以保護(hù)水果的產(chǎn)品出現(xiàn)，水果套袋機(jī)便應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。給水果進(jìn)行一次套袋的包裝就可以起到顯著的效果，讓水果受到更少的損傷。
目前而言，我國(guó)進(jìn)行水果套袋包裝還停留在人工手動(dòng)操作的階段，這樣套袋的效率十分低下而且還耗費(fèi)大量的勞動(dòng)力，并且還提高了供應(yīng)商的經(jīng)濟(jì)投入。所以，水果套袋機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)想法是非常好的，并且水果套袋機(jī)的市場(chǎng)前景也是非常廣闊的。水果套袋機(jī)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于他是機(jī)器自動(dòng)進(jìn)行套袋包裝，大大減少了勞動(dòng)力，降低了成本，也提高了水果在市場(chǎng)上的最終品質(zhì)。水果套袋機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)中的機(jī)器操作簡(jiǎn)單，容易上手，并且安全性能高沒有任何安全隱患。
水果套袋機(jī)一旦在市場(chǎng)流通起來便會(huì)引起新的潮流。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)表明，中國(guó)沿海地區(qū)和內(nèi)陸地區(qū)的水果貿(mào)易非常發(fā)達(dá)，使得許多農(nóng)民將水果種植業(yè)大力發(fā)展起來。最近的幾年里，中國(guó)的水果市場(chǎng)非常發(fā)達(dá)，這也必將導(dǎo)致水果種植業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展。時(shí)下，中國(guó)內(nèi)陸地區(qū)的水果種植和出產(chǎn)量都是世界第一的，各種水果的貿(mào)易數(shù)量早就突破了6000萬噸，大約占到了世界的15%的比重。在我國(guó)消費(fèi)者對(duì)水果的需求量巨大，目前的水果套袋包裝工業(yè)則遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)達(dá)不到要求。每年都會(huì)有一筆不小的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失是出自水果損傷方面的，消費(fèi)者夢(mèng)想能有一種機(jī)器來處理目前的這個(gè)現(xiàn)狀。水果套袋機(jī)不僅能夠提高水果套袋包裝的效率，降低勞動(dòng)力的投入，而且水果套袋機(jī)必將有光明的市場(chǎng)前景，并且水果套袋機(jī)還能滿足中國(guó)水果包裝工業(yè)的嚴(yán)格要求，可以為我國(guó)的水果套袋工業(yè)帶來不俗的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展?fàn)顩r：
目前，中國(guó)的水果套袋機(jī)是最近幾年設(shè)計(jì)出來的，并且它的種類也比較少，功能上也有所欠缺，缺少高精度高性能的優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品，并且現(xiàn)在設(shè)計(jì)出的水果套袋機(jī)安全性上也有一定的缺陷，一些主要零件的質(zhì)量太差，用不了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間就不能繼續(xù)使用，這也間接的決定了水果套袋機(jī)的性能。盡管水果套袋機(jī)的市場(chǎng)前景特別光明，而且我國(guó)也是水果生產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易大國(guó)；然而，我國(guó)水果套袋機(jī)根本程度上還停留在中國(guó)制造的階段，設(shè)計(jì)和創(chuàng)新的部分不行。
現(xiàn)在而言，在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中，水果套袋可以進(jìn)行包裝的種類超過了600種，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的水果套袋機(jī)在生產(chǎn)效率和安全性能上都比中國(guó)高出一大截?，F(xiàn)在，韓國(guó)水果套袋機(jī)的更替和生產(chǎn)規(guī)模都是很先進(jìn)的，在水果套袋工藝和生產(chǎn)線的加工方面都占有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)；在歐洲國(guó)家當(dāng)中，英國(guó)的水果套袋包裝工業(yè)就非常發(fā)達(dá)。在2008年的時(shí)候，英國(guó)的水果套袋水平就已經(jīng)達(dá)到了世界領(lǐng)先水平的，其中水果套袋機(jī)的種類選擇上更是無人能及 。
隨著社會(huì)的不斷發(fā)展和進(jìn)步，水果套袋技術(shù)則面臨著更大更嚴(yán)厲的挑戰(zhàn)，在水果流通的過程中水果套袋機(jī)有著不可或缺的意義。目前，在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力面前，水果套袋機(jī)的自動(dòng)化、安全性、智能型將成為這個(gè)新興行業(yè)的首選。在水果套袋包裝過程中，幾乎全部實(shí)現(xiàn)了自動(dòng)化，而且其中是應(yīng)用的高性能機(jī)械控制系統(tǒng)以及人工智能技術(shù)，提高了生產(chǎn)效率，節(jié)約了成本。在高級(jí)的水果套袋機(jī)當(dāng)中，較大程度運(yùn)行了可以實(shí)現(xiàn)多種水果套袋運(yùn)動(dòng)的高級(jí)控制云端科技。由人工智能技術(shù)進(jìn)行對(duì)機(jī)器桿的操控，計(jì)算機(jī)智能系統(tǒng)會(huì)將運(yùn)動(dòng)信息反饋回來，這樣整理起來非常方便快捷，這樣就大大提高了水果的質(zhì)量。未來的市場(chǎng)中，水果套袋機(jī)的前景將一片光明。
目前而言，我國(guó)的水果套袋機(jī)使用的材料都是催化棚已銑膜進(jìn)行操作的，這種材料的作用是可以很大程度上減少水分的散失，從而提高了水果的品質(zhì)，但是卻無法完全讓水果不受到機(jī)械損傷的效果。而目前可以預(yù)防機(jī)械損傷的催動(dòng)融狀包裝袋現(xiàn)在只能由人工自行套袋包裝，這方面還亟待解決。
課題研究的主要內(nèi)容和方法，研究過程中的主要問題和解決辦法：
課題研究的內(nèi)容：
水果套袋機(jī)實(shí)際上它的作用就是對(duì)水果進(jìn)行套袋處理使水果減少損失變的美觀，水果套袋機(jī)使用的套袋材料一般為網(wǎng)袋。對(duì)水果套袋機(jī)的工藝進(jìn)行分析的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該先分析水果自身的性質(zhì)，是否適合套袋包裝，網(wǎng)袋的質(zhì)量是否符合要求，水果套袋機(jī)的性能有很多特點(diǎn)，對(duì)其中的一些性能可以進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的分析和思考，在符合實(shí)際功能的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，可以對(duì)水果套袋機(jī)的樣式和工作方式進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，對(duì)水果套袋機(jī)的大小長(zhǎng)短進(jìn)行思考，對(duì)水果套袋機(jī)的套袋特質(zhì)進(jìn)行全方位的定位等等。最后進(jìn)行整體思路的分析和比對(duì)，使之能夠達(dá)到預(yù)期的效果。
水果套袋機(jī)套袋包裝的水果按實(shí)際要求應(yīng)該是近似圓形的水果，并且能夠讓人一目了然容易看明白，考慮到實(shí)際中水果無法統(tǒng)一到大小一樣，尺寸和柔軟度有大有小，無論是對(duì)水果進(jìn)行套袋包裝還是對(duì)水果進(jìn)行特殊的處理都是需要提前將水果分類放開，最終才能對(duì)水果進(jìn)行正常的套袋流程。
水果如何進(jìn)行一系列的包裝操作流程確定之后，接著就是思考如何能完全且順利的將這一流程進(jìn)行下去。所以，水果套袋機(jī)的各個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置，所應(yīng)用的智能技術(shù)和數(shù)據(jù)信息都要達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)要求，這樣才能確保設(shè)計(jì)思路的正確和方案的正確實(shí)施。
課題研究的主要方法：
（1） 搜集資料，了解并掌握水果套袋機(jī)的工作原理和功能。
（2） 確定設(shè)計(jì)大體思路，撰寫開題報(bào)告，按照要求完成具體的設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容。
（3） 根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書的要求，熟悉相關(guān)軟件，確定設(shè)計(jì)方法及設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)。按要求完成完整的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)劃及預(yù)期達(dá)到的結(jié)果，進(jìn)行相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)及計(jì)算。
（4） 對(duì)所設(shè)計(jì)的水果套袋機(jī)進(jìn)行樣機(jī)的搭建與調(diào)試。
（5） 對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)說明書初稿進(jìn)行相關(guān)格式修改，對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)圖紙并進(jìn)行修改。
研究過程中的主要問題和解決的方法：
(1) 封口裝置設(shè)計(jì)
水果套袋機(jī)中對(duì)水果進(jìn)行封口的時(shí)候會(huì)采用一種特殊的封合技術(shù)，通俗的來講就是在高溫情況下對(duì)其進(jìn)行壓力施加使水果網(wǎng)袋在封口處變得柔軟可塑，這樣做的意義在于可以是網(wǎng)袋的最終外觀變得美觀且穩(wěn)定，根據(jù)實(shí)際情況分析，這種特別的封合技術(shù)是符合和設(shè)計(jì)要求的技術(shù)[7]。
水果套袋的技術(shù)在社會(huì)上是必不可少的存在，水果套袋包裝技術(shù)在什么時(shí)候都是一個(gè)重要的技術(shù)。因?yàn)樵谒M(jìn)行套袋的時(shí)侯，難免會(huì)有意外情況的發(fā)生，需要在加壓封合的過程中都會(huì)因?yàn)槔鋮s過快或是其他因素而使得封口的地方被破壞，這種情況不可避免，但是也要將破壞程度降到最低。所以，充分考慮下應(yīng)該選擇合適的處理方法、加壓的力度以及信息數(shù)據(jù)的整理。只有這樣，才會(huì)既節(jié)約了成本的投入，也提高了產(chǎn)品的使用率而且可以明顯的提高水果套袋機(jī)的整體性能[8]。
在水果套袋機(jī)的工作過程中，采用加壓方式在高溫情況下對(duì)水果進(jìn)行封袋處理的方式是非要合理的，在外力的強(qiáng)壓下，網(wǎng)袋正反兩面都會(huì)變得緊密重合。影響封合質(zhì)量的條件有很多，有施加壓力的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短、外部壓力大小、網(wǎng)袋內(nèi)體積的變化等等?？紤]到影響封合質(zhì)量因素，這里采用接入電流的加壓方式來使得在加壓過程中保證壓力的平穩(wěn)，來穩(wěn)定壓力變化的頻率。這里也對(duì)水果套袋機(jī)的工作原理和工作方式進(jìn)行了具體的講解和分析使用戶能夠更加清楚的知道水果套袋機(jī)的工作方式和注意事項(xiàng)，從而使用起來更加容易，操作上也容易上手，因?yàn)樗状鼨C(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，容易操作和性能上優(yōu)越。因此，這里接入電流的加壓方法非常合適，也是符合本次設(shè)計(jì)要求的重要方法[3]。在水果套袋機(jī)中，封合裝置方向的不同也直接決定了網(wǎng)袋的封合方向。但是對(duì)其進(jìn)行封合的方式是固定的，就是接入電流進(jìn)行外力的加壓方法。
在水果套袋機(jī)當(dāng)中，封合裝置在進(jìn)行工作的時(shí)候是間斷不連續(xù)的進(jìn)行的，且還起到了對(duì)發(fā)泡網(wǎng)的牽引輸送的作用是水果套袋機(jī)的工作原理和工作方式進(jìn)行了具體的講解和分析使用戶能夠更加清楚的知道水果套袋機(jī)的工作方式和注意事項(xiàng)，從而使用起來更加容易，操作上也容易上手。所以，水果套袋機(jī)當(dāng)中的引網(wǎng)裝置和封合裝置是非常穩(wěn)定的進(jìn)行工作的，水果套袋機(jī)中對(duì)滾輪的要求是很嚴(yán)格的，必須是性能穩(wěn)定且符合設(shè)計(jì)要求的滾輪如圖3-1所示，是橫向封合裝置的基本構(gòu)圖。
1-調(diào)節(jié)螺母2-調(diào)節(jié)套筒3-彈簧4-加熱線圈5-電熱器鎖母6-橫封加熱器 7-可調(diào)軸承座8-固定軸承 座 9-橫封輥10-橫封輥11-齒輪12-齒輪13-齒輪14-測(cè)溫器15-螺母16-軸承17-箱18-齒輪
圖3-1 橫向封合裝置
（2）退網(wǎng)裝置設(shè)計(jì)
如圖3-3所示，這是水果套袋機(jī)的退卷機(jī)構(gòu)的基本示圖，將網(wǎng)袋固定在引導(dǎo)輥筒的一側(cè)，另一側(cè)由心軸進(jìn)行緊密連接。網(wǎng)袋的另一端則固定在方形平臺(tái)上面，可以進(jìn)行適度的調(diào)整。退卷機(jī)構(gòu)作為水果套袋機(jī)工作過程中必不可少的組成部分，有著十分重要的意義。當(dāng)網(wǎng)袋都到外力作用的時(shí)候，退卷機(jī)構(gòu)可以令網(wǎng)袋自由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)穩(wěn)定工作。
1-螺母 2-支撐座 3-軸承 4-卷網(wǎng) 5-彈性擋圈 6-心軸 7-套筒 8-滑套 9-鍵 10-墊片p
圖3-3 退網(wǎng)裝置
本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)最終的目的是設(shè)計(jì)一臺(tái)能對(duì)水果進(jìn)行套袋包裝使水果美觀且減少水果損害的水果套袋機(jī)。通過一系列的資料參考和信息處理，該水果套袋機(jī)從一定程度上來講已經(jīng)完成了最初的要求。這里只需要工作人員進(jìn)行少量的操作就能夠完全實(shí)現(xiàn)水果套袋機(jī)的自動(dòng)化，節(jié)約了大量時(shí)間和成本。
課題研究所需的參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1] 孫智慧. 包裝機(jī)械[M]. 北京：中國(guó)輕工業(yè)出版社，2010
[2] 中國(guó)出口商品包裝研究所. 外國(guó)包裝機(jī)械[M]. 北京中國(guó)財(cái)經(jīng)出版
社，1980
[3] 馬剛. 可調(diào)式水果包裝機(jī)[Z]. 中國(guó)專利，021096683X，2002-05-16
[4] 雷伏元. 自動(dòng)包裝及設(shè)計(jì)原理[M]．天津：天津科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，
1986
[5] 高德. 包裝機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2005，5—236
[6] 張富洲. 機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)書[M]. 陜西：西北工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社，
2002
[7] 黃穎. 包裝機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)與設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 北京：中國(guó)輕工業(yè)出版社，2007
[8] 吳宗澤. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)用手冊(cè)[K]. 北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2005
[9] 邵歷平，王利民，周樺，等. 果品包裝與運(yùn)輸[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)知識(shí)，
1998
[10] 趙寧，趙平貴. 柑桔自動(dòng)包裝機(jī)的研究與設(shè)計(jì)[J]. 湖南農(nóng)機(jī)，
2009
指導(dǎo)教師審查意見：
課題選擇可以使學(xué)生充分運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)，符合學(xué)生專業(yè)發(fā)展方向，對(duì)于提高學(xué)生的基本技能有幫助。該學(xué)生前期資料查閱充分，對(duì)課題理解較好。研究方法和研究計(jì)劃基本合理，難度合適，學(xué)生能夠在預(yù)定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成該課題的設(shè)計(jì)。同意該課題進(jìn)入下一階段，同意進(jìn)行畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。
指導(dǎo)教師簽字：
20 年 月 日
指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)意見審核意見：
組長(zhǎng)簽字：
20 年 月 日
任務(wù)書
學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué)號(hào)：
學(xué) 院： 專業(yè)：機(jī)械電子工程
任務(wù)起止時(shí)間：
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目：
水果套袋機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)工作內(nèi)容：
1、熟悉課題、調(diào)研、收集資料、撰寫開題報(bào)告 (第1-2周)
2、方案設(shè)計(jì) (第3-6周)
3、總體設(shè)計(jì)、設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 (第7-8周)
4、繪裝配圖及主要零件圖 (第9-13周)
5、撰寫說明書、翻譯資料、準(zhǔn)備答辯 (第14-16周)
資料：
1、 龔溎義．機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)書[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社
2、 澲良貴．.紀(jì)明鋼. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社
3、 潘嘹．典型果品機(jī)械損傷及其防護(hù)機(jī)理研究[Ｄ]. 江南大學(xué)，碩士論文，２０１１
指導(dǎo)教師意見：
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年 月 日
系主任意見：
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年 月 日
教務(wù)處制表
外文文獻(xiàn)
Packing machinery development
Our country packs the mechanical profession start in the 20th century 70's, and the 90's intermediate stages obtains the rapid development in the end of the 80's. Has become in the mechanical industry one of 10 big professions, regardless of is the output, in the variety, has all obtained the amazing achievement, packed the industry for our country the fast development to provide the powerful safeguard. At present, our country has become the world packing mechanical industrial production and expends one of great nations.
Current our country food and a packing machinery prominent question is the new product development cycle long, imitates much, innovates few, not only this with designs personnel's state-of-art related, also concerns with the correlation profession development. The international advanced method utilizes the simulation technology, by the computer automatic synthesis three-dimensional model, will pass has occurred production line breakdown data feeds the computer, then will demonstrate the actual operating mode, according to will need to carry on the revision in front of the user, finally will consummate. The packing machinery took one product, its meaning is not merely the product itself material significance, but is includes the form product, the stealth product and extends the product 3 meanings. The form product is refers to packaging machine itself the concrete shape and the basic function; The stealth product is refers to the packaging machine the actual utility which provides to the user; Extends the product is refers to the packaging machine the quality assurance, the use instruction and the post-sale service and so on. Therefore the packaging machine design should include: Market investigation and study, schematic diagram design, structural design, construction drawing design, instruction for use compilation and post-sale service predetermined plan and so on.
The new packing machinery often is machine, the electricity, the gas integration equipment. The full use information product newest achievement, uses air operated separation transmission technologies and so on implementing agency, servo motor-driven, may cause the complete machine the transmission chain to reduce greatly, the structure is greatly the simplification, the work precision and the speed enhances greatly. One of key technologies has used the multi-electrical machinery dragging synchronization control technology. Actually grasps this kind of technology not very difficultly, only is some designs the personnel not to understand the packing machinery this trend of development. If beforehand our country packs the machine design is the imitation, the study stage, then we should have the innovation design consciousness now.
The product design is the plan for the product and its components and subassemblies. To convert the product design into a physical entity, a manufacturing plan is needed. The activity of developing such a plan is called process planning. It is the link between product design and manufacturing. Process planning involves determining the sequence of processing and assembly steps that must be accomplished to make the product. In the present chapter, we examine processing planning and several related topics.
Process Planning
Process planning involves determining the most appropriate manufacturing and assembly processes and the sequence in which they should be accomplished to produce a given part or product according to specifications set forth in the product design documentation. The scope and variety of processes that can be planned are generally limited by the available processing equipment and technological capabilities of the company of plant. Parts that cannot be made internally must be purchased from outside vendors. It should be mentioned that the choice of processes is also limited by the details of the product design. This is a point we will return to later.
Process planning is usually accomplished by manufacturing engineers. The process planner must be familiar with the particular manufacturing processes available in the factory and be able to interpret engineering drawings. Based on the planner’s knowledge, skill, and experience, the processing steps are developed in the most logical sequence to make each part. Following is a list of the many decisions and details usually include within the scope of process planning.
Interpretation of design drawings. The part of product design must be analyzed (materials, dimensions, tolerances, surface finished, etc.) at the start of the process planning procedure.
Process and sequence. The process planner must select which processes are required and their sequence. A brief description of processing steps must be prepared.
Equipment selection. In general, process planners must develop plans that utilize existing equipment in the plant. Otherwise, the component must be purchased, or an investment must be made in new equipment.
Tools, dies, molds, fixtures, and gages. The process must decide what tooling is required for each processing step. The actual design and fabrication of these tools is usually delegated to a tool design department and tool room, or an outside vendor specializing in that type of tool is contacted.
Methods analysis. Workplace layout, small tools, hoists for lifting heavy parts, even in some cases hand and body motions must be specified for manual operations. The industrial engineering department is usually responsible for this area.
Work standards. Work measurement techniques are used to set time standards for each operation.
Cutting tools and cutting conditions. These must be specified for machining operations, often with reference to standard handbook recommendations.
Process planning for parts
For individual parts, the processing sequence is documented on a form called a route sheet. Just as engineering drawings are used to specify the product design, route sheets are used to specify the process plan. They are counterparts, one for product design, the other for manufacturing.
A typical processing sequence to fabricate an individual part consists of: (1) a basic process, (2) secondary processes, (3) operations to enhance physical properties, and (4) finishing operations. A basic process determines the starting geometry of the work parts. Metal casting, plastic molding, and rolling of sheet metal are examples of basic processes. The starting geometry must often be refined by secondary processes, operations that transform the starting geometry (or close to final geometry). The secondary geometry processes that might be used are closely correlated to the basic process that provides the starting geometry. When sand casting is the basic processes, machining operations are generally the second processes. When a rolling mill produces sheet metal, stamping operations such as punching and bending are the secondary processes. When plastic injection molding is the basic process, secondary operations are often unnecessary, because most of the geometric features that would otherwise require machining can be created by the molding operation. Plastic molding and other operation that require no subsequent secondary processing are called net shape processes. Operations that require some but not much secondary processing (usually machining) are referred to as near net shape processes. Some impression die forgings are in this category. These parts can often be shaped in the forging operation (basic processes) so that minimal machining (secondary processing) is required.
Once the geometry has been established, the next step for some parts is to improve their mechanical and physical properties. Operations to enhance properties do not alter the geometry of the part; instead, they alter physical properties. Heat treating operations on metal parts are the most common examples. Similar heating treatments are performed on glass to produce tempered glass. For most manufactured parts, these property-enhancing operations are not required in the processing sequence.
Finally finish operations usually provide a coat on the work parts (or assembly) surface. Examples included electroplating, thin film deposition techniques, and painting. The purpose of the coating is to enhance appearance, change color, or protect the surface from corrosion, abrasion, and so forth. Finishing operations are not required on many parts; for example, plastic molding rarely require finishing. When is required, it is usually the final step in the processing sequence.
Processing Planning for Assemblies
The type of assembly method used for a given product depends on factors such as: (1) the anticipated production quantities; (2) complexity of the assembled product, for example, the number of distinct components; and (3) assembly processes used, for example, mechanical assembly versus welding. For a product that is to be made in relatively small quantities, assembly is usually performed on manual assembly lines. For simple products of a dozen or so components, to be made in large quantities, automated assembly systems are appropriate. In any case, there is a precedence order in which the work must be accomplished. The precedence requirements are sometimes portrayed graphically on a precedence diagram.
Process planning for assembly involves development of assembly instructions, but in more detail .For low production quantities, the entire assembly is completed at a single station. For high production on an assembly line, process planning consists of allocating work elements to the individual stations of the line, a procedure called line balancing. The assembly line routes the work unit to individual stations in the proper order as determined by the line balance solution. As in process planning for individual components, any tools and fixtures required to accomplish an assembly task must be determined, designed, built, and the workstation arrangement must be laid out.
Make or Buy Decision
An important question that arises in process planning is whether a given part should be produced in the company’s own factory or purchased from an outside vendor, and the answer to this question is known as the make or buy decision. If the company does not possess the technological equipment or expertise in the particular manufacturing processes required to make the part, then the answer is obvious: The part must be purchased because there is no internal alternative. However, in many cases, the part could either be made internally using existing equipment, or it could be purchased externally from a vendor that process similar manufacturing capability.
In our discussion of the make or buy decision, it should be recognized at the outset that nearly all manufactures buy their raw materials from supplies. A machine shop purchases its starting bar stock from a metals distributor and its sand castings from a foundry. A plastic molding plant buys its molding compound from a chemical company. A stamping press factory purchases sheet metal either fro a distributor or direct from a rolling mill. Very few companies are vertically integrated in their production operations all the way from raw materials, it seems reasonable to consider purchasing at least some of the parts that would otherwise be produced in its own plant. It is probably appropriate to ask the make or buy question for every component that is used by the company.
There are a number of factors that enter into the make or buy decision. One would think that cost is the most important factor in determining whether to produce the part or purchase it. If an outside vendor is more proficient than the company’s own plant in the manufacturing processes used to make the part, then the internal production cost is likely to be greater than the purchase price even after the vendor has included a profit. However, if the decision to purchase results in idle equipment and labor in the company’s own plant, then the apparent advantage of purchasing the part may be lost. Consider the following example make or Buy Decision.
“十五”period,our country packs the mechanical industrial development to be rapid, in recent years imports the equipment all is domestic cannot make or the manufacture level is far from, may see our disparity from the import to be at. Food security problem whole nation attention. “十一五” period should enhance food security domain the science and technology and the equipment level, the development fast, in accurate appraisal food harms the factor the technology and the equipment, further researches and develops the pathogenic microorganism resistance, cause of disease prevention technologies and the preserve technology and the equipment and so on control. Food and the packing machinery form the profession already for 20 years, is opposite in food packing, a new profession. This 20 years also are the world technological development quickest times, the new technology applies unceasingly in the profession, but the domestic profession foundation is weak, technical and the scientific research lack of strength, its development relative lag, has towed food and the packing industry hind leg to a certain extent. Although overall development quick, but food packing mechanical industrial development is quicker.
the goal is must reduce this space, catches up with the world advanced level for the food industry, for causes the packing great nation to make great strides forward to the packing powerful nation, provides the advanced technical equip, lets import the equipment the role which only plays in the domestic market appropriates lost articles fills a vacancy. This request domestic food and the packing machinery year development speed surpasses 18%, the new product output value rate achieves 25%. On the international packing and food machinery development is take the big customer request as the goal, the impetus correlation machinery development. The big customer request mainly manifests in the below aspect: One, is higher well to the production efficiency request. This may reduce the product the cost, satisfies the date of delivery. The high speed packaging machine request must have the correlation engagement with the first working procedure, does not have to transport the link, including the control engagement, the entire production line must achieve the inverted order according to the production and the packing working procedure arrangement to start, smooth engine off. If Leng Guanzhuang the production line makes something a matter of political line automatically from the plastic raw material to the drink fills installs, the big packing piles buttress completely automatically in seals up in the workshop to carry on. Two, may adapt the product renewal change. The packing machinery must have the very high flexibility and the flexibility, the production line permission the packing material size may change in certain size scope. Because product life cycle far short in useful life of equipment, change product and packing not as for replacement expensive packing production line. Three is the equipment common breakdown rapid elimination. The solution inputs the computer in advance, when the equipment appears the common breakdown may diagnose voluntarily, also may implement the long-distance diagnosis to eliminate the breakdown abreast in row. Four, the request has the automatic diagnosis function. On the one hand may automatic diagnosis packing material thickness, degree of hardness, the counter-tension and so on, feed back through the computer to the manipulator adjusts the movement scope, does not guarantee the resilience. On the other hand, each different product, like shape each different chocolate or the dessert and so on, install to the identical box in, its arrangement is orderly. The production line transmits the product is a disorder, the available probe head scanning, determined the different shape the material position, feeds back again to the different manipulator, it can accurately unmistakably puts in the goods according to the accurate position and the direction in the tray, moreover, removes the manual control quickly the vision and finger weariness. Five, may reduce the environmental pollution as far as possible. The reduction including the noise, the dust pollution, and reduces the reject as far as possible, this point especially is important in the food processing process. Food raw material when processing not only harvests the main product, like corn processing, product besides corn starch, but also has the corn oil, the salad oil, the margarine, the glucose, the corn protein and the feed, as well as the sewage treatment and so on produces the entire process, is the automation. Does not have the reject, not to pollute, other product value has surpassed the corn starch greatly the value.
Along with the science and technology development and the market competition aggravating, the customer demand more and more is also high. This kind of demand manifests in following several aspects: One, enhances the production efficiency, satisfies the date of delivery and reduces the production cost the need, to some products, but also requests the packing machinery and the production machinery links up; Two, is meets the product renewal change need, the packing machinery must have the high flexibility and the flexibility; Three is when the equipment appears the breakdown, the request can carry on the long-distance diagnosis service; Four, favors the environmental protection, the noise, the dust and the reject are few; Five is the equipment purchase investment are as far as possible few, the price must be as far as possible low. Therefore, must certainly in the market investigation and study foundation, the full understanding, analyze the user earnestly the demand, the definite packaging machine should complete the function and each technical specification, draw up the preliminary principle design proposal.
The modern packaging machine design process should include: The market investigation and study, the user demand analysis, the packaging machine function determination, the feasible proof, the formulation design proposal, the user benefit analysis, the plan feasible proof, the schematic diagram design, the structural design, the construction drawing design, the prototypical manufacture (hypothesized manufacture), the technical confirmation and the construction drawing revise, the formulation post-sale service predetermined plan and the long-distance diagnosis plan, the improvement design, the serialized design and so on. .
The market investigation and study is the foundation work which all packaging machines design. Without the market investigation and study, we do all design work all possibly is equal to the zero. The market investigation and study, may according to the policy guidance, the profession supply and demand information, the expert analyze, the profession unfolds clues and so on meeting, technical meeting, found the user the demand information, after and reorganizes the analysis, the definite packaging machine should complete function. In the principle project design process, first must understand fully the related information product, the electronic products function, understood the air operated part the performance, and uses to simplify the mechanical drive system, but also may use the multi-electrical machinery dragging to reduce the mechanical transmission chain. Regarding the essential mechanical drive system, should make the best the modernized design method, in to product functional analysis foundation in, through innovation idea, system model, mechanical analysis, dynamic optimization, thus obtains the best design proposal. The technical design is the principle design structuralization, definite spare part quantity, the shape, the size, the material and so on, the essential components carry on the po
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