紙箱自動捆扎機設計-紙箱打包機設計
喜歡這套資料就充值下載吧。資源目錄里展示的都可在線預覽哦。下載后都有,請放心下載,文件全都包含在內,有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605 或 1304139763
世界最新機械設計理念
來源:中國科技期刊
摘要:根據(jù)目前國內外設計學者進行機械產(chǎn)品設計時的主要思維特點,將產(chǎn)品方案的設計方法概括為系統(tǒng)化、結構模塊化、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識和智能。這幾種方法的特點及其相互間的有機聯(lián)系,提出產(chǎn)品方案設計計算機實現(xiàn)的努力方向。
關鍵詞:機械產(chǎn)品方案設計方法發(fā)展趨勢
設計文件是將語義設計網(wǎng)作為設計工具,在其開發(fā)的活性語義設計網(wǎng)ASK中,采用結點和線條組成的網(wǎng)絡描述設計,結點表示元件化的單元(如設計任務、功能、構件或加工設備等),線條用以調整和定義結點間不同的語義關系,由此為設計過程中的所有活動和結果預先建立模型,使早期設計要求的定義到每一個結構的具體描述均可由關系間的定義表達,實現(xiàn)了計算機輔助設計過程由抽象到具體的飛躍。
系統(tǒng)化設計方法
系統(tǒng)化設計方法的主要特點是:將設計看成由若干個設計要素組成的一個系統(tǒng),每個設計要素具有獨立性,各個要素間存在著有機的聯(lián)系,并具有層次性,所有的設計要素結合后,即可實現(xiàn)設計系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務。
系統(tǒng)化設計思想于70年代由德國學者Pahl和Beitz教授提出,他們以系統(tǒng)理論為基礎,制訂了設計的一般模式,倡導設計工作應具備條理性。德國工程師協(xié)會在這一設計思想的基礎上,制訂出標準VDI2221技術系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)設計方法。
1. 將用戶需求作為產(chǎn)品功能特征構思、結構設計和零件設計、工藝規(guī)劃、作業(yè)控制等的基礎,從產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的宏觀過程出發(fā),利用質量功能布置方法,系統(tǒng)地將用戶需求信息合理而有效地轉換為產(chǎn)品開發(fā)各階段的技術目標和作業(yè)控制規(guī)程的方法。
2. 將產(chǎn)品看作有機體層次上的生命系統(tǒng),并借助于生命系統(tǒng)理論,把產(chǎn)品的設計過程劃分成功能需求層次、實現(xiàn)功能要求的概念層次和產(chǎn)品的具體設計層次。同時采用了生命系統(tǒng)圖符抽象地表達產(chǎn)品的功能要求,形成產(chǎn)品功能系統(tǒng)結構。
3. 將機械設計中系統(tǒng)科學的應用歸納為兩個基本問題:一是把要設計的產(chǎn)品作為一個系統(tǒng)處理,最佳地確定其組成部分(單元)及其相互關系;二是將產(chǎn)品設計過程看成一個系統(tǒng),根據(jù)設計目標,正確、合理地確定設計中各個方面的工作和各個不同的設計階段。
由于每個設計者研究問題的角度以及考慮問題的側重點不同,進行方案設計時采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設計方法。
4. 設計元素法
用五個設計元素(功能、效應、效應載體、形狀元素和表面參數(shù))描述“產(chǎn)品解”,認為一個產(chǎn)品的五個設計元素值確定之后,產(chǎn)品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。我國亦有設計學者采用了類似方法描述產(chǎn)品的原理解。
5. 圖形建模法
研制的“設計分析和引導系統(tǒng)”KALEIT,用層次清楚的圖形描述出產(chǎn)品的功能結構及其相關的抽象信息,實現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)結構、功能關系的圖形化建模,以及功能層之間的聯(lián)接。
將設計劃分成輔助方法和信息交換兩個方面,利用Nijssen信息分析方法可以采用圖形符號、具有內容豐富的語義模型結構、可以描述集成條件、可以劃分約束類型、可以實現(xiàn)關系間的任意結合等特點,將設計方法解與信息技術進行集成,實現(xiàn)了設計過程中不同抽象層間信息關系的圖形化建模。
6. “構思”—“設計”法
將產(chǎn)品的方案設計分成“構思”和“設計”兩個階段?!皹嬎肌彪A段的任務是尋求、選擇和組合滿足設計任務要求的原理解?!霸O計”階段的工作則是具體實現(xiàn)構思階段的原理解。
將方案的“構思”具體描述為:根據(jù)合適的功能結構,尋求滿足設計任務要求的原理解。即功能結構中的分功能由“結構元素”實現(xiàn),并將“結構元素”間的物理聯(lián)接定義為“功能載體”,“功能載體”和“結構元素”間的相互作用又形成了功能示意圖(機械運動簡圖)。方案的“設計”是根據(jù)功能示意圖,先定性地描述所有的“功能載體”和“結構元素”,再定量地描述所有“結構元素”和聯(lián)接件(“功能載體”)的形狀及位置,得到結構示意圖。Roper,H.利用圖論理論,借助于由他定義的“總設計單元(GE)”、“結構元素(KE)”、“功能結構元素(FKE)”、“聯(lián)接結構元素(VKE)”、“結構零件(KT)”、“結構元素零件(KET)”等概念,以及描述結構元素尺寸、位置和傳動參數(shù)間相互關系的若干種簡圖,把設計專家憑直覺設計的方法做了形式化的描述,形成了有效地應用現(xiàn)有知識的方法,并將其應用于“構思”和“設計”階段。
7. 鍵合圖法
將組成系統(tǒng)元件的功能分成產(chǎn)生能量、消耗能量、轉變能量形式、傳遞能量等各種類型,并借用鍵合圖表達元件的功能解,希望將基于功能的模型與鍵合圖結合,實現(xiàn)功能結構的自動生成和功能結構與鍵合圖之間的自動轉換,尋求由鍵合圖產(chǎn)生多個設計方案的方法。
提倡在產(chǎn)品功能分析的基礎上,將產(chǎn)品分解成具有某種功能的一個或幾個模塊化的基本結構,通過選擇和組合這些模塊化基本結構組建成不同的產(chǎn)品。這些基本結構可以是零件、部件,甚至是一個系統(tǒng)。
本結構應該具有標準化的接口(聯(lián)接和配合部),并且是系列化、通用化、集成化、層次化、靈便化、經(jīng)濟化,具有互換性、相容性和相關性。我國結合軟件構件技術和CAD技術,將變形設計與組合設計相結合,根據(jù)分級模塊化原理,將加工中心機床由大到小分為產(chǎn)品級、部件級、組件級和元件級,并利用專家知識和CAD技術將它們組合成不同品種、不同規(guī)格的功能模塊,再由這些功能模塊組合成不同的加工中心總體方案。
以設計為目錄作為選擇變異機械結構的工具,提出將設計的解元素進行完整的、結構化的編排,形成解集設計目錄。并在解集設計目錄中列出評論每一個解的附加信息,非常有利于設計工程師選擇解元素。
網(wǎng)絡技術的蓬勃發(fā)展,異地協(xié)同設計與制造,以及從用戶對產(chǎn)品的功能需求→設計→加工→裝配→成品這一并行工程的實現(xiàn)成為可能。但是,達到這些目標的重要前提條件之一,就是實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品方案設計效果的三維可視化。為此,不僅三維圖形軟件、智能化設計軟件愈來愈多地應用于產(chǎn)品的方案設計中,虛擬現(xiàn)實技術以及多媒體、超媒體工具也在產(chǎn)品的方案設計中初露鋒芒。目前,德國等發(fā)達國家正著力于研究超媒體技術、產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)交換標準STEP,以及標準虛擬現(xiàn)實造型語言上基于虛擬環(huán)境的標準交換格式)在產(chǎn)品設計中的應用。
機械產(chǎn)品的方案設計正朝著計算機輔助實現(xiàn)、智能化設計和滿足異地協(xié)同設計制造需求的方向邁進,由于產(chǎn)品方案設計計算機實現(xiàn)方法的研究起步較晚,目前還沒有成熟的、能夠達到上述目標的方案設計工具軟件。作者認為,綜合運用文中四種類型設計方法是達到這一目標有效途徑。雖然這些方法的綜合運用涉及的領域較多,不僅與機械設計的領域知識有關,而且還涉及到系統(tǒng)工程理論、人工智能理論、計算機軟硬件工程、網(wǎng)絡技術等各方面的領域知識,但仍然是產(chǎn)品方案設計必須努力的方向。國外在這方面的研究已初見成效,我國設計學者也已意識到CAD技術與國際交流合作的重要性,及其應當采取的措施。
基于產(chǎn)品特征知識設計方法的主要特點是:用計算機能夠識別的語言描述產(chǎn)品的特征及其設計領域專家的知識和經(jīng)驗,建立相應的知識庫及推理機,再利用已存儲的領域知識和建立的推理機制實現(xiàn)計算機輔助產(chǎn)品的方案設計。
機械系統(tǒng)的方案設計主要是依據(jù)產(chǎn)品所具有的特征,以及設計領域專家的知識和經(jīng)驗進行推量和決策,完成機構的型、數(shù)綜合。欲實現(xiàn)這一階段的計算機輔助設計,必須研究知識的自動獲取、表達、集成、協(xié)調、管理和使用。為此,國內外設計學者針對機械系統(tǒng)方案設計知識的自動化處理做了大量的研究工作,采用的方法可歸納為下述幾種。
The worlds Latest Mechanical Design Conceptssource:China Science and Technology JournalAbstract:According to scholars at home and abroad to carry out mechanicaldesign product design features of the main ideas, product design method of theprogramsummarizedassystematic,modularstructure,basedonproductcharacteristics of knowledge and wisdom. The characteristics of these methods andtheir organic connection between them and put forward to achieve the computerproduct design direction.Key words: Mechanical Product Design MethodDevelopment Trends Design documents will be Semantic Web as a design tool inthe design of its Semantic Web activity of the development of ASK, using nodes andlines to describe the design a network, nodes that components of the cell (such asdesign tasks, functions, components or processing equipment, etc. ), used to adjust thelines and definitions between nodes of different semantic relations, thus the designprocess all the activities and results of pre-built models so that the definition of theearly design requirements to the specific description of each structure can be definedby the relationship between the expression, achieved a computer-aided design process,the leap from the abstract to the concrete.Asystematic design methodThe main features of a systematic design method are: the design as designed by anumber of elements of a system, the independence of each design elements, eachelement of an organic link between the existence of, and is layered, with all the designelements , you can design systems to achieve the required task.Systematic design idea in the 70s by the German scholar Professor Pahl andBeitz, the system based on the theory they developed a general pattern of the design,advocacy design work should have organized. German Engineers Association, on thebasis of this design concept to develop a standard VDI2221 technology systems andproduct development design methods.1.The user needs functional characteristics as a product concept, structuredesign and part design, process planning, job control, etc. based on the macro fromthe product development process of starting the use of quality function deploymentmethod and system to user demand information reasonably and efficiently convertedto the various stages of product development, technical goals and operational controlprocedures method.2.The level of the product life of the organism as a system, and means ofliving systems theory, the product design process can be divided into successfulhierarchy of needs to achieve the functional requirements of the conceptual level andproduct level of the specific design. At the same time life-support systems used toexpress the abstract icons of the product functional requirements, system structureformation of product features.3.The mechanical design of the application of systems science into two basicquestions: First, to be designed as a system dealing with the products, the best way todetermine its component parts (modules) and their mutual relations1; is the productdesign process as a system, according to design objectives, a correct and reasonablydetermine the various aspects of the design work and various design stage.Because each designers point of research questions and to consider the questionof emphasis, to design a specific research methods used is also different. Here aresome representative of the systematic design methods.4.Design Element MethodWith the five design elements (functions, effects, effects vector, shape, elements,and surface parameters) describe the product solutions that a product to determinethe value of the five design elements, the product of all the features and characteristicsof the value of i.e. determined. Scholars in China have adopted similar methodsdesigned to describe the products original understanding.5.Graphic modeling methodAnd developed a design analysis and guidance systems KALEIT, with thelevel of clear graphic description of a products functional structure and its associatedabstract information, to the system structure and function relationship of graphicalmodeling, and functional connection between the layers 2.Assistance will be designed to be divided into two aspects of methodology andexchange of information using the Nijssen Information Analysis Method can be usedgraphic symbols, with a rich semantic model structure, can be described as integrationconditions, can be divided into types of constraints can be achieved in relationsbetween any combination of characteristics , the design method to solve integrationand information technology to realize the design process of information betweendifferent abstraction layers between the graphical modeling.6.Concept - Design methodProducts design is divided into concept and design in two stages. Conceptphase of the task is to find, choose and mix to meet the requirements of the originalunderstanding of design tasks. Design stage of work is a concrete realization of theoriginal understanding of the conceptual stage.Of the programs idea of specific described as: In accordance with theappropriate functional structure, seeking to meet the design requirements of theoriginal understanding of the task. The functional structure of the sub-function isperformed by the structural elements to achieve, and structural elements of thephysical connection between the definition of a feature vector, feature vector andstructural elements further the interaction between the formation of the functionaldiagram ( mechanical diagram). The program design is based on functional diagram,the first qualitative description of all of the feature vector and structural elements,and then quantitatively describe all the structural elements and the connection parts( feature vectors), the shape and location to be structure diagram3. Roper, H. usinggraph theory, by means of which he defines as the total design unit (GE), structuralelements (KE), functional structural elements (FKE), connect structural elements(VKE), Structural Parts (KT), structure element part (KET) concepts, as well asdescribe the structure element size, location, and transmission parameters of theinteractions between a number of kinds of schematics, the intuitive designprofessionals have done a formal design method a description of the formation of aneffective application of existing knowledge, methods, and applied to ideas anddesign stage.7.Bond Graph MethodFunction of the composition of system components will be divided into produceenergy, consumed energy, changing energy forms, such as various types of energytransfer, and to use bond graphs to express the function component solution, hoping tofunction-based model and bond graph combine to achieve functional structure theautomatic generation and functional structure with the bond graph automaticconversion between the search for bond graph generated by a number of designmethods.To promote the product on the basis of functional analysis, the product has somefeatures broken down into one or several modular basic structure, by selection andcombination of the basic structure of these modular form into different products.These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system.The structure should have a standardized interface (connection and co-operationdepartment),andisserialized,universal,integrated,hierarchical,agile,economic-oriented, with interchangeability, compatibility and relevance. Chinascombination of software component technology and CAD technology, variant designcombined with the modular design, according to modular principle of classification,will be divided into descending Machining Center Machine Tool product level,component level, component level and component level, and use expert knowledgeand CAD technology to combine them into different species, different specificationsof functional blocks, and then by the combination of these functions into differentmodules of the overall program processing center.To design a directory as an alternative variation of the mechanical structure ofthe tool, the solution proposed by the design elements of a complete, structured layout,the formation of the solution set design catalogs. And in the solution set designed tocomment on each one listed in the directory solution additional information, is verybeneficial to design engineers select solution elements.The vigorous development of network technology, collaborative design andmanufacturing, as well as the product from the users functional requirements design processing assembly finished product of this realization of concurrentengineering possible. However, an important prerequisite to achieve these goals oneof the conditions is to realize the effect of product design three-dimensionalvisualization. To this end, three-dimensional graphics software, more and moreintelligent design software programs used in the product design, virtual realitytechnology and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product design is also its first debut.At present, Germany and other developed countries are focused on researchhypermedia technology, product data exchange standard STEP, as well as standardvirtual reality modeling language based on a standard exchange format for virtualenvironments) in the product design applications.Mechanical product design is moving in computer-aided realization of intelligentdesign and to meet the needs of distributed collaborative design and manufacture ofdirection, due to the computer product design Study on the implementation startedlate, not yet mature, to achieve the above objectives program design tools4. Authorbelieves that the integrated use of paper, four types of design method is an effectiveway to achieve this goal. Although the integrated use of these methods are moreinvolved in the field, not only with the mechanical design of the field-relatedknowledge, but also to the systems engineering theory, artificial intelligence theory,computer hardware and software engineering, network technology areas such asdomain knowledge, it is still product design must be working for. Abroad in researchin this area has achieved initial success, our scholars have been aware of CAD designtechnology and the importance of international exchange and cooperation, and itsmeasures to be taken.Feature-based design methodology of knowledge The main features are: using acomputer can identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product andits design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriateknowledge base and inference engine, re-use of stored domain knowledge and theestablishment of the inference mechanism to bring computer-aided product design.The mechanical system design is mainly based on the characteristics of a product,and design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to push volume anddecision-making, the completion of body type, the number of synthesis. To achievethis stage of computer-aided design, must study the automatic acquisition ofknowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end,the design and scholars at home and abroad program for the mechanical systemdesign knowledge of the automated processing done a lot of research work, theapproach can be summarized into the following several. 印刷品自動打包機
背景:通常在印刷流水線上先將紙張印刷,裝訂,然后成批進行裁減毛邊并裁到到適當規(guī)格,進入包裝環(huán)節(jié)的書摞成一個長方體,然后根據(jù)需要進行打包和貼標簽以方便搬運和郵寄等后續(xù)工作。因此,印刷品的包裝在整個印刷過程中占據(jù)著重要的地位。包裝后的印刷品不但易于搬運、儲存,還能起到保護印刷品不受外界污染的效果。
但是如果采用人工打包的方式,雖然動作技術要求不太高,但勞動強度大,并且現(xiàn)場條件要求較高,否則可能對印刷品造成污染和損壞。如果是大批量印刷,則可能效率低下。如果能提高打包機的自動化程度,則不但降低了工人的勞動強度,也節(jié)省了工人的時間和精力,提高了效率和包裝的質量。這對印刷廠商的效益的提高也是有所幫助的。
因此,本課題要求對印刷品采用包裝紙進行包裝和粘接,設計打包動作的傳動機構與驅動裝置。
組成:印刷品的供送系統(tǒng),包裝材料的的整理與供送裝置,主系統(tǒng)的分類,包裝執(zhí)行機構,成品輸出機構,動力機與傳送系統(tǒng),控制系統(tǒng),機身。
分類:包裝按其功能的不同可分為:
由于我們是印刷品的包裝,所以我們選擇裹包機。裹包機是運用撓性包裝材料全部或局部裹包產(chǎn)品的機器。裹包機有如下分類:
通過分析我們選擇折疊式的。
塊狀供送裝置:
主傳動:
送紙裝置:
國內外包裝機械產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀分析
一、包裝機械概述
包裝機械是包裝工業(yè)的一大門類產(chǎn)品,在包裝工業(yè)中有著舉足輕重的地位和作用,它給行業(yè)提供必要的技術設備,以完成產(chǎn)品的包裝工藝過程。盡管包裝機械的產(chǎn)值在整個包裝工業(yè)中所占的比重不如包裝材料大,不屬于經(jīng)常性消耗品,但對包裝工業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化卻是不可缺少的支撐。它為包裝工業(yè)提供先進的技術裝備,保證包裝產(chǎn)品質量高、生產(chǎn)效率高、品種多、生產(chǎn)環(huán)境好、生產(chǎn)成本低、環(huán)境污染小,因而獲得較強的生命力,帶來巨大的社會效益和經(jīng)濟效益。沒有現(xiàn)代化的包裝機械,就沒有現(xiàn)代化的包裝工業(yè)。用于完成包裝過程的包裝機械可分為11類,它們是充填機械、灌裝機械、封口機械、裹包機械、多功能包裝機械、標簽機械、清洗機械、干燥機械、殺菌機械、捆扎機械和集裝機械、輔助包裝機械和設備等。用于加工包裝材料和容器的包裝機械可分為7類,它們是瓦楞紙板加工機械、紙盒加工機械、復合材料加工機械、制袋機械、塑料中空容器加工機械、金屬容器加工機械、玻璃容器加工機械等。該類設備包括合成包裝材料制造、印刷和容器成型等工序的機械和設備,其產(chǎn)值常高于前一類包裝機械。在美國已成為一個獨立的行業(yè),稱為轉換機械,意即將原料經(jīng)加工、印刷、成型等轉換成包裝容器的機器。該類設備大多數(shù)是盛大生產(chǎn)線,生產(chǎn)效益高,與工藝和原料關系十分密切,投資大,但效益好。包裝機械作為專業(yè)性機械,除了普通機械的一般要求外,還有外表美觀、傳動裝置緊湊、運轉平穩(wěn)、精度高、生產(chǎn)效率高等要求,以很好地完成自身功能,適應市場需求。二、國外包裝機械業(yè)概況美國、日本、德國、意大利是世界上包裝機械四大強國。美國是世界上包裝機械發(fā)展歷史較長的國家,早已形成了獨立完整的包裝機械體系,其品種和產(chǎn)量均居世界之首。10多年來,美國始終保持著世界最大包裝機械生產(chǎn)和消費大國的地位。其產(chǎn)品以高、大、精、尖產(chǎn)品居多,機械與計算機緊密結合,實現(xiàn)機電一體化控制。新型機械產(chǎn)品中以成型、填充、封口三種機械的增長最快,裹包機和薄膜包裝機占整個市場份額的15%,紙盒封盒包裝機在市場占有率中居第二位。從上世90年代初以來,美國包裝機械業(yè)一直保持著良好的發(fā)展勢頭。美國國內包裝機械市場在全球是首屈一指的,各種包裝機械主要內銷,1998年美國包裝機械國內消費占82%,出口只占產(chǎn)值的18%,但出口額大。美國的包裝機械制造廠大部分附屬于大型包裝材料廠,銷售也完全依賴母公司。中國已成為繼加拿大、墨西哥、日本、英國、德國之后,美國包裝機械的第6大出口市場。日本與美國、德國相比,起步較晚。上世紀60年代以前,包裝機械廠家不足60家,只能包裝糖果、香煙等。60-70年代,是日本包裝機械業(yè)起步階段,產(chǎn)值增長速度很快。70-80年代,增長速度雖不如上一階段那么高,但年增長率仍達13%。80-90年代是穩(wěn)定增長分階段,將微電子技術成功地應用于包裝機械的控制,以后又將光導纖維技術、工業(yè)機器人技術、模塊化技術應用于包裝機械,達到安全性高、無人操作、高生產(chǎn)率的水平,大大提高了其國際市場競爭力。因此,從上世紀60年代到90年代初,日本包裝機械工業(yè)連續(xù)30多年高速增長,經(jīng)歷了引進--消他--發(fā)展的過程。日本的包裝機械制造廠以中小企業(yè)為主,包裝機械的品種近500種,規(guī)格有700多個。包裝機械以中小型單機為主,具有體積小、精密度高、易安裝、操作方便、自動化程度高等優(yōu)點。90年代以來,已將變頻調整、光電追蹤、無觸點電子開關、動態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)顯示等技術運用在包裝機械中。日本包裝機械的很大一部分用于食品包裝領域,食品包裝機械產(chǎn)值占包裝機械總產(chǎn)值的一半以上。日本包裝機械的主要市場是本國,出口額只占產(chǎn)值的10%。亞洲是日本包裝機械的主要出口市場。從上世紀90年代以來,日本對中國的出口額連年大幅增長,自1995年起,中國已成為日本包裝機械的最大出口國。德國、意大利、英國、瑞士和法國等,都是世界上很重要的包裝機械生產(chǎn)國家。歐洲各國包裝機械業(yè)的一個共同特點,是出口比例(出口額占產(chǎn)值的比例)都很大,如德國和意大利近80%,瑞士超過90%,荷蘭出口額甚至大于產(chǎn)值,因為荷蘭是歐洲很重要的貿易轉口地。德國的包裝機械在計量、制造、技術性能等方面居領先地位,特別是啤酒、飲料灌裝設備具有高速、成套、自動化程度高、可靠性好等特點,享譽全球。一些大公司生產(chǎn)的包裝機械集機-電-儀及微機控制于一體,采用光電感應,以光標控制,并配有防靜電裝置。其大型自動包裝機不僅包裝容積大,而且能集制袋、稱重、充填、抽真空、封口等工序在一臺單機上完成。德國包裝機械業(yè)多年來始終處于穩(wěn)定增長狀態(tài),出口比例占80%左右。德國是世界上最大的包裝機械出口國。意大利是僅次于德國的第二大包裝機械出口國。意大利的包裝機械多用于食品工業(yè),具有性能優(yōu)良、外觀考究、價格便宜的特點,出口比例占80%左右,美國是其最大的出口市場。上世紀90年代以來,意大利對中國的包裝機械出口額迅速增長,1995年在意大利的出口排名榜上,中國已躍上為第2位。
收藏