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1、外文文獻譯文 地方依戀、認同和旅游業(yè)對社區(qū)的影響——以北京胡同為例 谷慧敏，Chris Ryan 5.討論 從目的地發(fā)展的角度來看，在什剎海胡同從參與階段轉(zhuǎn)向鞏固階段的旅游目的地生命周期（如，王，1997）以及面臨著優(yōu)先于2008年北京奧運會潛在的旅游業(yè)發(fā)展的時期內(nèi)，這些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)代表著居民對旅游業(yè)和地方的態(tài)度。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示了目前對旅游業(yè)容忍度，伴隨著對日常生活干擾程度的日益增長的擔(dān)憂以及一些關(guān)于旅游業(yè)創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會和幫助保護胡同本質(zhì)的能力的懷疑。根據(jù)關(guān)于地方識別的爭論，調(diào)查對象區(qū)分胡同是作為一種建筑物集合還是一種社會實體。許多人注意到，建筑物和文物建筑保護并不等同于對一種生活方式的維護，

2、但它是建筑遺產(chǎn)，吸引游覽，旅游使建筑具有了商業(yè)價值，從而為今后的發(fā)展保留了原有的地方標(biāo)記。定型數(shù)據(jù)表明，通過分區(qū)，旅游開發(fā)和維護社會形態(tài)之間可以出現(xiàn)折衷（Ryan & Gu, 2007）。首先是時間每日分區(qū)，游客在白天可以參觀胡同，但是在傍晚或者深夜卻不能。當(dāng)然在一年中暖和的月份里，小巷成為當(dāng)?shù)匕傩丈鐣煌闹行摹Ｒ虼?，目前酒店建筑的相對缺失是保護胡同這一社會實體的方法和途徑。其次，在冬季，旅游業(yè)有季節(jié)性地下降。因此，通過不斷增長的對旅游業(yè)的忍耐度，以及為旅游業(yè)引起的壓力提供喘息時間，時間分區(qū)從而加強了場所依戀。 從更廣泛的文獻角度來看，研究表明了強烈的地方感和現(xiàn)存遺產(chǎn)通告如何對旅游業(yè)做出反

3、應(yīng)。在這種特定的情況下，胡同作為一種建筑和社會相互作用的特殊場所的理解比其作為一種經(jīng)濟收益來說更具影響。然而，由這些項目的結(jié)果分配引起了一個很重要的警告。在對未來旅游業(yè)發(fā)展的態(tài)度上，對經(jīng)濟影響的認知態(tài)度作為一種歧視變量的確發(fā)揮了重要作用。原因之一在于兩個子群之間的差異，即一種差別部分基于年齡，第二種是對旅游業(yè)工作吸引力的感知。在這個意義上說，一個對這種就業(yè)的吸引力的問題被證明是一個相關(guān)項目，對其他研究者而言除了問被調(diào)查者是否真地在本行業(yè)中就業(yè)才值得提問。如所建議的那樣，年齡作為一個變量對地方依賴的性質(zhì)作出如上概念化的理解有幫助。中國的年輕人，特別是在近幾十年中，已經(jīng)在迅速的經(jīng)濟和社會變革中社會

4、化了，這些變革通常被認為是進步的。對他們而言，地方依附感不一定形成于物質(zhì)匱乏的情境下或社會改革時期。實際上，變革可能是一個形成地方依附的先決條件，對變革而言地方依附是一種吸引力，而不是威脅。這些因素可能解釋當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)運用到圖4中的結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型中估計擬合優(yōu)度時的失敗。同樣，地方依附的討論可以涉及到人格理論。凱利（Kelly 196，p.177）指出年輕人采取的“消極主義的”角色中的集團期望和行為方式和預(yù)期的行為方式相反，但是結(jié)束了“使用和父母相同的維度系統(tǒng)”。因此，年青一代可能表達對胡同現(xiàn)狀的不滿，然而這個時期他們在北京的生活經(jīng)歷，生活經(jīng)驗經(jīng)過了完全的變革。結(jié)果，對胡同變化和地方依附的感知可能產(chǎn)生模

5、糊性和矛盾的聲明。在沒有報告的定性研究中，發(fā)現(xiàn)了不一致態(tài)度和偶爾關(guān)于積極和消極的詳細描述的樣本。例如，年輕人喜歡湖邊餐館晚上的氣氛，但也可能埋怨沒有能力支付在這里的消費——從而享受“時尚”的地方依附，但是同樣感覺部分排斥而不是在一種“角色的衣架”上。但是“等待”本身有利于使活動有夏天的感覺。 如前文所述，重要的高層次原因有助于建筑遺產(chǎn)胡同作為一種對地方依附強有力的貢獻者展現(xiàn)，以及通過生活在特殊的地方產(chǎn)生的特殊感情。這個發(fā)現(xiàn)也出現(xiàn)在定性數(shù)據(jù)中，但也需要指出，認同效能和地方依戀在理解中國公共整治進程中是復(fù)雜的。也存在著這樣的例子，一些被調(diào)查者清楚地陳述道到這些問題只和政府相關(guān)，而和他們無關(guān)。定量

6、數(shù)據(jù)清楚地顯現(xiàn)一些對未來的政策持保留意見。正如Worden、Savada和Dolan（1987），謝（2001），王（2003）以及范、Wall和Mitchell（即將出版的）等評論，中國社會里政府在旅游規(guī)劃的作用過程中無處不在，從而在西方學(xué)術(shù)文獻的理解中，可能潛在地使作為參與者自我形象的自我效能復(fù)雜化。作為旅游業(yè)對中國社區(qū)的影響評估的一部分，希望未來關(guān)于地方依戀和地方認同的研究能夠更清楚地考慮這個問題。在這個意義上說，今后的研究應(yīng)尋求更具體明確的關(guān)系：（a）對當(dāng)?shù)卣缪萁巧母兄?，（b）旅游業(yè)引起的變化和（c）Breakwell（1986，1992）提出的框架下的地方依戀和自我效能。

7、簡而言之，如本研究所涉及的那樣，項目中存在著許多明顯的限制和不足。問卷主要涉及旅游業(yè)引起的變化，胡同正在經(jīng)歷著變化，而北京也圍繞它在變化。胡同和更為廣泛的北京經(jīng)濟相聯(lián)系，社會、經(jīng)濟和政治上變化的出現(xiàn)又不僅僅是由于旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展。這些不僅暗示著現(xiàn)有研究的失敗，也暗示著以往文獻的失敗，因為只集中在由旅游引起的變化的研究沒有將旅游業(yè)同可能出現(xiàn)的更為廣泛的社會經(jīng)濟變化相聯(lián)系。Ryan和谷（2007）指出基于胡同的旅游業(yè)已經(jīng)融入全球化過程當(dāng)中，也有可能全球在地化?？傊?，本研究的原始構(gòu)思可能是有限的，它非常注重評估居民對胡同的認同和對由旅游業(yè)引起的變化的反應(yīng)?；蛟S本研究應(yīng)當(dāng)置于一個更為廣泛的框架內(nèi)情境化，這

8、在當(dāng)代中國可能真的非常必要。因此，建議今后關(guān)于中國旅游業(yè)影響的研究應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮更為廣泛的社會和經(jīng)濟問題。 外文文獻原文 Place attachment, identity and community impacts of tourism —the case of a Beijing hutong Huimin Gu, Chris Ryan 5.Discussion In terms of destination development, the ?ndings represent the attitudes of residents towards tourism and

9、place at a time when Shi Cha Hai hutong is moving from an involvement into consolidation stage of the tourism destination life cycle (e.g., see Wang, 1997) and facing potential further tourism development prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The ?ndings show a current tolerance of tourism accomp

10、anied by a growing concern about levels of intrusion into daily life, and some skepticism about the ability of tourism to create jobs and help preserve the nature of the hutong. In terms of the debate about place identi?cation the respondents distinguish between the hutong as a collection of buildin

11、gs and as a social entity. Many note that the preservation of buildings and built heritage does not equate to the maintenance of a way of life, yet it is the architectural heritage that attracts tourism, and tourism that gives commercial value to that architecture, thereby preserving the place marke

12、rs for the future. The qualitative data show that a compromise between tourism development and the maintenance of social patterns emerges through zoning (Ryan & Gu, 2007). First there is temporal daily zoning when tourists may see the hutong during the day, but are largely absent during the evenings

13、 and nights and when, certainly in the warmer months of the year, the alleyways become a centre of social interaction for local people. Thus, the current comparative absence of hotel building is a means of preserving the hutong as a social entity. Second, there is seasonality when levels of tourism

14、fall in winter. Temporal zoning thus aids place attachment by generating increased tolerance for tourism by providing periods of respite from the pressures induced by tourism. From the perspective of the wider literature, the study shows how a strong sense of place and living heritage informs resp

15、onses to tourism. In this speci?c context, this understanding of the hutong as a special location of architecture and social interaction had more of an impact than the issue of economic gain. This is contrary to many ?ndings derived from the English-speaking world and is shown by the low overall mea

16、n scores allocated to the items measuring economic impacts. Yet, there is an important caveat arising from the distribution of scores on these items. Attitudes toward economic impacts did play a signi?cant role as a discriminating variable in attitudes towards further tourism development. One reason

17、 for this was the differences displayed between two sub-groups, namely a difference partly based upon age and second the perceived attractiveness of a job within the tourism industry. In that sense, the asking of a question about the attractiveness of such employment proved to be a pertinent item, a

18、nd for other researchers it may well be worth asking this in addition to asking whether the respondent is actually employed in the industry. The importance of age as a variable has, it is suggested, something to do with the nature of place attachment as conceptualized above. Younger people, especial

19、ly during recent decades in China, have been socialized at a period of rapid economic and social change where change is often deemed to be progress. For them, senses of place attachment are not necessarily formed in a context of lack of infrastructure change or social evolution. Indeed, change may b

20、e a pre-requisite of forming place attachment, for change is an attraction and not a threat. These considerations might account for the failure of the data to produce estimates of good ?t when applied to the structural equation modelling of Fig. 4. Equally, the discussion of place attachment can be

21、related to theories of personality. Kelly (1963, p.177) refers to group expectancies and the manner in which the young adopt ‘negativistic’ roles to be contrary to expected behaviours but wind up ‘using the very same dimensional system his (sic) parents use.’ Thus, the younger person may express dis

22、satisfaction with the status quo of the hutong, yet within their life experience of Beijing at this date, their experiences have been wholly experiences of change. Consequently, perceptions of change of the hutong and place attachments may well be expressed in statements of ambiguity and inconsisten

23、cy. In the qualitative study not reported here, examples of inconsistent attitudes and at times careful delineations of positive and negatives were found. For example, younger people would enjoy the night atmosphere of restaurants at the lakes, but might complain of an inability to spend money there

24、—so thereby enjoying a place attachment of being ‘fashionable’ but equally feel in part excluded other than in a ‘hanger on role’. But ‘hanging on’ in itself contributes to the summer sense of activity. As noted above, the high levels of importance attributed to the architectural heritage of the hu

25、tong emerges as a strong contributor to place attachment, and the sense of being special by living in a special place. This ?nding also emerged from the qualitative data, but it also needs to be stated that identity ef?cacy and place attachment is complex in the understandings of Chinese communal po

26、litical processes. Examples were found where some respondents clearly stated that these issues were only matters for the government, and not for them, and the quantitative data clearly showed that some had reservations about future policy. As Worden, Savada, and Dolan, (1987), Xie (2001), Wang, (200

27、3) and Fan, Wall and Mitchell (forthcoming) among others comment, in China the role of government in the planning processes of tourism is wholly pervasive, thereby potentially complicating the role of self-ef?cacy as a contributor to self-image as understood in the western academic literature. Futur

28、e research that wishes to engage in place attachment and place identity as part of an assessment of the impacts of tourism on Chinese communities may need to consider this more explicitly. In this sense, future research should seek to clarify more speci?cally the relationships: (a) perceptions of th

29、e role of local government, (b) change induced by tourism and (c) place attachment and self-ef?cacy within the framework suggested by Breakwell (1986, 1992). In short, as this research project evolved, various limitations in the project became evident. Questions were primarily related to tourism-i

30、nduced change, but the hutong is experiencing change as Beijing is also changing around it. The hutong is linked to the wider Beijing economy and the social, economic and political changes that are occurring are not solely due to tourism. This seems to imply a failing in not only the current researc

31、h but also with past literature because by concentrating on tourism-induced change only research has failed to link tourism to the wider socio-economic changes that might also be occurring. Ryan and Gu (2007) argue that hutong-based tourism has become linked into a process of globalization, and poss

32、ibly of glocalization too. In short, the original design of this research may be limited by the very focus it created on assessing resident identi?cation with the hutong and reactions to tourism-induced change. Perhaps the project should have been contextualized within a wider framework, and this need may be particularly true in contemporary China. It is therefore suggested that future research into the impacts of tourism within China need to take account of these wider social and economic issues.