職稱英語(yǔ)教材理工類新增文章內(nèi)容

《職稱英語(yǔ)教材理工類新增文章內(nèi)容》由會(huì)員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《職稱英語(yǔ)教材理工類新增文章內(nèi)容（18頁(yè)珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、2013年職稱英語(yǔ)教材理工類新增文章內(nèi)容 第四部分 閱讀理解 第十一篇 When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach Our senses aren’t just delivering strict view of what’s going on in the world； they’re affected by what’s going on in our heads1. A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people who’ve just

2、 eaten. Psychologists have known for decades that what’s going on inside our head affects our senses. For example, poorer children think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter. Remi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis2，F(xiàn)rance，wanted to investi

3、gate how this happens. Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain’s high-level thinking processes get involved. Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index3. On the day of his or her test, each student was told to arrive at the

4、 lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating. Then they were told there was a delay. Some were told to come back in 10 minutes; others were given an hour to get lunch first. So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten. For the experiment,

5、the participant looked at a computer screen. One by one, 80 words flashed on the screen for about l/300th of a second each. They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive. A quarter of the words were food-related. After each word，each person was asked how bright th

6、e word was and asked to choose which of two words they’d seen — a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat. Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it. Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food- related words. B

7、ecause the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception5, not in thinking processes, Radel says. “This is something great to me. Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for. From the experiment, I know that our brain c

8、an really be at the disposal of6 our motives and needs,” Radel says. 詞匯： threshold n.起點(diǎn)，開(kāi)端；門檻 disposal n.處理,處置;配置 neutral adj.中性的；中立的 motive n.動(dòng)機(jī)，目的 strive v.努力，力求;斗爭(zhēng) 注釋： 1. Our senses aren’t just delivering a strict view of ... in our heads: 這個(gè)句子的大概意思是: 我們的五官感覺(jué)不僅僅

9、讓我們感知世界；五官感覺(jué)還受大腦活動(dòng)的影響。 2. University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis:法國(guó)尼斯?索菲亞?安提波利斯大學(xué)，簡(jiǎn)稱尼斯大學(xué)，1965年經(jīng)法國(guó)政令正式宣布成立。尼斯大學(xué)在尼斯市設(shè)有7處主校園，另外，還在索菲亞? 安提波利斯市(Sophia Antipolis)、戛納市（Cannes)和芒東市（Menton)設(shè)有校區(qū)。索菲亞? 安提波利斯是位于尼斯市西南側(cè)的科技園區(qū)，是許多髙等學(xué)府的所在地。 3. body mass index:身體質(zhì)量指數(shù) 4. at the threshold of:當(dāng)……快要開(kāi)始時(shí) 5. in perception：感

10、知 6. at the disposal of:受到……的控制 練習(xí)： 1. What does the new study mentioned in Paragraph 1 find? A Hungry people see every word more clearly than ordinary people. B Hungry people are always thinking of food-related words. C Hungry people are more sensitive to food-related words than stomach-full

11、people. D Hungry people do not have lower-level of thinking process. 2. Why was there a delay on the day of the experiment? A Because hungry people needed time to fill their stomach. B Because Radel wanted to create two groups of tastes, hungry and non-hungry. C Because noon was not the right t

12、ime for any experiment. D Because Radel needed time to select participants in terms of body mass index. 3. What does the writer want to tell us? A Human9s senses aren’t just delivering a strict view of what’s going on in the world. B Whats perceived by our senses affects our way of thinking. C

13、Human brains can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs. D Thinking processes guarantee the normal functions of our senses. 4. What did the results of the experiment indicate? A 80 words flashed on the screen too fast for the participant to intentionally perceive. B Hungry people wer

14、e better at identifying neutral words. C People who had just eaten were better at identifying food-related words. D The participants could barely perceive what they needed or what they strived for. 5. What can we infer from the passage? A 42 participants are too small a number for a serious inve

15、stigation. B An experiment with hungry and non-hungry participants is not reliable. C Our thinking processes are independent of our senses. D Humans can perceive what they need without involving high-level thinking processes. 答案與題解： 1. C第一段第二句是本題答案的依據(jù)。饑腸轆轆的人只是看food-related words比較清楚，選項(xiàng)C的句意與上述句子

16、的意思完全一致，是答案。選項(xiàng)A說(shuō)的是every word, 所以不是答案。選項(xiàng)B和D文章中沒(méi)有提到。 2. B答案的根據(jù)可在第三段找到。Radel為了保證42名學(xué)生到達(dá)實(shí)驗(yàn)室時(shí)是空腹，所以要求他們中午到達(dá)。然后告訴一部分學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)間推遲了，請(qǐng)他們10分鐘后再來(lái)。他又請(qǐng)另外一部分學(xué)生用午餐。Radel用推遲實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法造就了兩組實(shí)驗(yàn)者，即饑餓組與飽食組。選項(xiàng) B是答案。 3. C 雖然A、B、D選項(xiàng)均可在文中找到對(duì)應(yīng)部分，但只屬于細(xì)節(jié)，而非主旨，因此不能選。本文最后一句給出了直接的答案。 4. A第四段第三行中consciously與A項(xiàng)中的intentionally是同義詞。B項(xiàng)neutr

17、al意思為“中性的”，在本文中的意思是與food-related相對(duì)的，即“與食物不相關(guān)的”，因此是錯(cuò)誤選擇; C 項(xiàng)不符合課文原意; D項(xiàng)barely意為“僅僅，勉強(qiáng)，幾乎沒(méi)有”，因此也不符合句意。 5. D選項(xiàng)A所說(shuō)的實(shí)驗(yàn)樣本的大小與本題主旨無(wú)關(guān)，不是答案，而是干擾項(xiàng);B、C內(nèi)容也不能直接從短文中推斷出來(lái)。選項(xiàng)D是答案。最后一段第二句的“Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for” 為選擇 D 項(xiàng)提供了依據(jù)。 參考譯文： 我們的視覺(jué)服務(wù)于我們的胃口 我們的五官不僅僅讓我們感知世界；還受大腦活動(dòng)的

18、影響。一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：比起那些剛剛用過(guò)餐的人，饑餓的人能更清晰地看到與食品有關(guān)的詞。 數(shù)十年以來(lái)，心理學(xué)家已經(jīng)知道我們的心理活動(dòng)直接影響到我們的視覺(jué)。例如，貧窮的孩子看到的硬幣比實(shí)際的要大；饑餓的人看到的食物圖片更明亮。法國(guó)的尼斯?索菲亞?安提波利斯大學(xué)試圖調(diào)查這一現(xiàn)象：發(fā)生這種情況的時(shí)間是在大腦從眼睛接收到視覺(jué)信號(hào)的當(dāng)時(shí)還是稍后些，這時(shí)高級(jí)思維活動(dòng)已經(jīng)介入了。 雷戴爾招募了健康指數(shù)正常的42位學(xué)生作為被試者。在測(cè)試的當(dāng)天，每個(gè)學(xué)生被告知在中午到達(dá)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，這時(shí)距上一次的用餐時(shí)間有3?4個(gè)小時(shí)。等他們到達(dá)實(shí)驗(yàn)室時(shí)，他們被告知實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)間有延遲。一半學(xué)生被告知十分鐘后再回來(lái);其余的給1個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間

19、先吃午飯。所以一半學(xué)生餓著肚子，另一半學(xué)生飽腹參加了此次實(shí)驗(yàn)。 實(shí)驗(yàn)的步驟如下：要求被試者看電腦屏幕。屏幕上的80個(gè)字以1/300秒的頻率閃動(dòng)。由于字體非常之小，被試者只能憑感覺(jué)捕捉到字形。1/4的字是與食物有關(guān)的。每閃動(dòng)一個(gè)字，被試者回答字體的亮度并選擇看到的是哪類詞：一類是和食物有關(guān)的詞，比如“蛋糕”；一類是中性詞，比如“船”。由于每個(gè)詞的閃動(dòng)在瞬間完成，被試者根本看不清楚那個(gè)詞是什么。 饑餓的人看到與食物有關(guān)的詞更明亮，且能更好地辨認(rèn)出與食物有關(guān)的詞。由于每個(gè)詞的閃動(dòng)太快，其實(shí)那些被試者根本不會(huì)確切地看到什么，這就說(shuō)明：他們只是感覺(jué)不同，根本沒(méi)經(jīng)過(guò)思考。雷戴爾給出了這樣的解釋。 雷

20、戴爾說(shuō)：“這就是重點(diǎn)所在。人類可以真正感知到自身的需要或者為之奮斗的目標(biāo)。該實(shí)驗(yàn)使我了解這樣的事實(shí)，即我們的大腦是受我們的動(dòng)機(jī)和需要所支配的?！? 第十九篇 Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience Shimi, a musical companion developed by Georgia Tech’s1 Center for Music Technology, recommends songs, dances to the beat and keeps the music pumping2 based on lis

21、tener feedback. The smartphone-enabled3, one-foot-tall robot is billed as4 an interactive "musical friend". "Shimi is designed to change the way that people enjoy and think about their music," said Professor Gil Weinberg, the robots creator. He will unveil the robot at the June 27th Google I/O conf

22、erence in San Francisco. A band of three Shimi robots will perform for guests, dancing in sync with music created in the lab and composed according to its movements. Shimi is essentially a docking station5 with a "brain" powered by an Android6 phone. Once docked7 the robot gains the sensing and mus

23、ical generation capabilities8 of the users mobile device. In other words, if theres an "app9" for that, Shimi is ready. For instance, by using the phones camera and face-detecting software, Shimi can follow a listener around the room and position its"ears", or speakers, for optimal sound. Another re

24、cognition feature is based on rhythm and tempo. If the user taps a beat10, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phones musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestions. Once the music starts, Shimi dances to the rhythm. "Many people think that robots are limited by their pro

25、gramming instructions," said Music Technology Ph. D. candidate Mason Bretan, "Shimi shows us that robots can be creative and interactive. "Future apps in the works11 will allow the user to shake their head in disagreement or wave a hand in the air to alert Shimi to skip to the next song or increase/

26、decrease the volume. The robot will also have the capability to recommend new music based on the users song choices and provide feedback on the music play list. Weinberg hopes other developers will be inspired to create more apps to expand Shimi’s creative and interactive capabilities. " I believe

27、that our center is ahead of a revolution that will see more robots in homes. "Weinberg said, Weinberg is in the process of commercializing Shimi through an exclusive licensing agreement will Georgia Tech. Weinberg hopes to make the robot available to consumers by the 2013 holiday season. "If robots

28、 are going to arrive in homes, we think that they will be this kind of machines- small, entertaining and fun, " Weinberg said. " They will enhance your life and pave the way for more intelligent service robots12 in our lives. 詞匯: pump v. 用抽水機(jī)抽：不斷播放(音樂(lè)） scanv. 掃描；瀏覽 sync n. 同步，同時(shí)；iv. 使同步

29、 skip v. 輕跳，跳躍 tempo n. 速度；節(jié)奏 注釋： 1. Georgia Tech ：全稱是Georgia Institute of Technology ，佐治亞理工學(xué)院，建于1885 年，位于亞特蘭大市中心。佐治亞理工學(xué)院是美國(guó)南部最大的公立理工學(xué)院，也是全美最頂尖的理工學(xué)院之一 排名僅次于麻省理工學(xué)院(MTT) 和加州理工學(xué)院( CalTech) 。 2. pump ：不斷播放(音樂(lè) ) 。例如：This radio station recently pumps out pop music. ( 這家廣播電臺(tái)近來(lái)連續(xù)播放流行音樂(lè)。) 3. smar

30、tphone-enabled：由智能手機(jī)系統(tǒng)支持的 4. is billed as ：相當(dāng)于is advertised as ,意為“被標(biāo)榜為” 5. docking station：插接站，擴(kuò)充基座，擴(kuò)展插口 6. Android：(科幻小說(shuō)里的)機(jī)器人。本文指用于智能手機(jī)和便攜式計(jì)算機(jī)移動(dòng)設(shè)備的一種以Linus為基礎(chǔ)的開(kāi)放源代碼操作系統(tǒng)，通過(guò)接口和插槽連接多種外部設(shè)備。目前Android尚未有統(tǒng)一中文譯名, 國(guó)內(nèi)較多人翻譯成“安卓”或“安致”。據(jù)2012年2月數(shù)據(jù)，Android占據(jù)全球智能手機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)市場(chǎng)52.5%的份額，中國(guó)市場(chǎng)占有率為68.4%。 7. dock ： 對(duì)接

31、8. the sensing and musical generation capabilities ：傳感和音樂(lè)生成能力 9. app：應(yīng)用程序( =application) 10. if the user taps a beat ：如果用戶打出某個(gè)( 音樂(lè)) 拍子 11. in the works：正在準(zhǔn)備階段：在進(jìn)行中或準(zhǔn)備中 12. intelligent service robots ：智能服務(wù)型機(jī)器人 練習(xí)： 1. Which of the following is NOT true according to the first three paragraphs? A

32、 Shimi is a one-foot tall robot. B Shimi is the creator of the musical companion. C Shimi is a docking station with a "brain" powered by an Android phone. D Shimi can gain the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the users mobile device. 2. What does Shimi do if the user taps a beat?

33、A It stores the beat in the musical library. B It transmits the beat to the docking station. C It Positions its speakers for optimal sound. D It selects a perfectly-matched song and plays it in sync with that beat. 3. Which of the following about Shimi is true? A Robots are limited by their pro

34、gramming instructions, and Shimi is no exception. B Present apps allow the user to shake their head to alert Shimi to skip to the next song. C Existing apps allow the user to wave a band to alert Shimi to turn up/down the volume. D Shimi can be creative and interactive. 4. What does the author w

35、ant to tell us? A The research center is developing a stronger and more versatile Shimi. B Weinberg only expects staffs from Georgia Tech. to develop more apps for Shimi. C Shimi is not yet technologically ready for commercialization. D Robots such as Shimi are created for large corporations rat

36、her than homes. 5. Which of the following is Weinbergs assertion? A Shimi as a robotic musical companion can be applied to all types of smart phones. B human lives will be filled with more fun if Shimi is going to arrive in homes. C Shimis creative and interactive capabilities are appreciated by

37、 most of its users. D Weinberg has reached an agreement with Georgia Tech to commercialize Shimi. 答案與題解： 1.B 在前三段中均可找到與選項(xiàng)A、C、D 相應(yīng)的句子，強(qiáng)調(diào)Shimi是一種電子設(shè)備；B 與原文不符，Shimi不是該機(jī)器人的發(fā)明者，Gi1 Weinberg 教授才是the robot’s creator。 2.D 選項(xiàng)D 簡(jiǎn)要地表述了第三段的倒數(shù)第二句“If the user taps a beat，Shimi analyzes it， scans the phones mu

38、sical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion”的意思，所以是答案。選項(xiàng)A、B、C 都不符合上述句子的含義。 3.D 選項(xiàng)A 的意思與原文相反，雖然人們認(rèn)為機(jī)器人受到程序指令的限制，但Shimi 卻表現(xiàn)出具有創(chuàng)造能力和互動(dòng)能力，所以A 不是答案。選項(xiàng)D 的意思與原文相同. 因而是答案。第四段第三句指的是未來(lái)的應(yīng)用程序：future apps in the works，而選項(xiàng)B，C 是指目前的應(yīng)用程序，兩者的表述均與原文有出入。 4.A 第三段介紹Shimi的多種功能，第四段和第五段說(shuō)

39、Weinberg 還在開(kāi)發(fā)更多的應(yīng)用程序來(lái)豐富Shimi 的功能，還希望其他研發(fā)者也參與開(kāi)發(fā)，因此，A 是答案。選項(xiàng)B 說(shuō)Weinberg僅僅希望Georgia Tech 員工參與開(kāi)發(fā)更多的應(yīng)用軟件.這與原文不符。文章最后一段告訴我們，Weinberg 正在與Georgia Tech 進(jìn)行有關(guān)Shimi 商業(yè)化的談判. 選項(xiàng)C 的意思與此相反，不會(huì)是答案。選項(xiàng)D 也與原文不符。 5. B 選項(xiàng)A、C 和D 的內(nèi)容Weinberg 都沒(méi)有說(shuō)過(guò)。第三段告訴我們，Shimi是Android smart phone 的擴(kuò)充基座，并不適用于所有智能手機(jī)，所以A 選項(xiàng)不正確；Shimi 尚未進(jìn)人市場(chǎng)，還

40、談不上公眾對(duì)Shimi 欣賞與否的問(wèn)題，因此選項(xiàng)C 不符合原意；Shimi正在進(jìn)行商業(yè)化運(yùn)作，但絕非已經(jīng)完成，所以D 也不是正確選項(xiàng)。本題的答案是B 依據(jù)是最后一段倒數(shù)第二句。 參考譯文： 音樂(lè)機(jī)器人伴侶提升音樂(lè)欣賞體驗(yàn) Shimi是由佐治亞理工大學(xué)音樂(lè)技術(shù)中心研發(fā)的一款音樂(lè)伴侶。它可以根據(jù)聽(tīng)者的反饋推薦合乎節(jié)拍的歌曲、舞蹈；并且不斷播放音樂(lè)。這款髙1英尺的機(jī)器人是由智能手機(jī)系統(tǒng)支持的，因此被標(biāo)榜為“一個(gè)可以互動(dòng)的音樂(lè)朋友”。 GilWeinberg教授是該機(jī)器人的發(fā)明者，他解釋說(shuō)：“Shimi設(shè)計(jì)的宗旨是改變?nèi)藗冃蕾p音樂(lè)、認(rèn)識(shí)音樂(lè)的方式?！彼麑⒃诮衲?月27日在舊金山的谷歌I/O

41、大會(huì)上展示這款機(jī)器人。一個(gè)由三個(gè)機(jī)器人組成的樂(lè)隊(duì)將為來(lái)賓演奏，并伴隨音樂(lè)起舞。而音樂(lè)是根據(jù)不同的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式編制的。 Shimi實(shí)際上是一個(gè)擴(kuò)充基座，它的“大腦”由安卓手機(jī)控制。一旦連接上，機(jī)器人便從用戶的移動(dòng)裝置獲得傳感和音樂(lè)生成能力。換言之，只要有應(yīng)用程序，機(jī)器人便能使用。例如，通過(guò)手機(jī)的照相機(jī)和辨認(rèn)臉型的軟件，Shimi就能在房間周圍跟蹤到聽(tīng)眾，然后安置好它的“耳朵”或揚(yáng)聲器，以確保輸送最佳聲音。另外一種識(shí)別特征是基于節(jié)奏和速度。如果用戶打出某個(gè)（音樂(lè)）拍子，Shimi會(huì)對(duì)此進(jìn)行分析，然后瀏覽手機(jī)的音樂(lè)庫(kù)，并立即演奏最符合要求的音樂(lè)。一旦音樂(lè)響起來(lái)，Shimi就隨韻律起舞。 “許多人認(rèn)為

42、機(jī)器人受到程序指令的限制，而Shimi給我們展示了機(jī)器人可以具有創(chuàng)造力和與人交互的能力?！币魳?lè)技術(shù)博士研究生MasonBretan如是說(shuō)。正在研發(fā)中的程序?qū)⑹褂脩裟芡ㄟ^(guò)搖頭或擺手表示不同意，來(lái)提醒Shimi跳到下一首歌或增減音量。機(jī)器人還可根據(jù)用戶對(duì)歌曲的選擇推薦新音樂(lè)，并對(duì)音樂(lè)播放列表提供反饋。 Weinberg希望其他研發(fā)者會(huì)因此獲得靈感，開(kāi)發(fā)更多的應(yīng)用程序，來(lái)擴(kuò)展Shimi的創(chuàng)新和交互功能。他說(shuō)：“我認(rèn)為我們中心正在引領(lǐng)這場(chǎng)將更多機(jī)器人應(yīng)用到家庭中去的變革?！? Weinberg正在通過(guò)獲得佐治亞理工學(xué)院的獨(dú)家授權(quán)來(lái)對(duì)Shimi進(jìn)行商業(yè)推廣。Weinberg希望到2013年的節(jié)日季消費(fèi)

43、者可購(gòu)買到Shimi。Weinberg說(shuō)：“如果機(jī)器人進(jìn)入家庭，我們認(rèn)為就應(yīng)該是這種類型的機(jī)器人：小巧、令人愉快和有趣，它們能提高我們的生活質(zhì)量，為更多智能服務(wù)型機(jī)器人進(jìn)入我們的生活做好準(zhǔn)備。+第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us dont question. But an

44、international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences1 have discovered that human walking upright , may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high-quality resources. The team of researchers from the U. S., Engl

45、and, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources, in an effort to understand what ecological settings2 would lead a large ape - one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees - to walk on t

46、wo legs. "These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, "said Dr. Richmond. The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopo

47、lize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time, intense bursts of bipedal activity3 may have led to anatomical changes4 that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was

48、strong. Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea, The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto Universitys5 "outdoor laboratory" in a natural clearing in Bossou6 Forest. Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut—the oil pal

49、m nut7, which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not. The chimpanzees" behavior was monitored in three situations: (a) when only oil palm nuts were available, (b) when a small number of coula nuts were available, and (c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource.

50、When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and compe

51、ted for them more intensely. In such high-competition settings, the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four8. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource ,but also that they were acti

52、vely trying to move as much as they could in one go9 by using everything available - even their mouths. The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University10 was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rate and unpredictabl

53、e resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time. 詞匯： scarce adj. 缺乏的，不足的;稀有的 bipedal adj. 二足的 chimpanzee n. 黑猩猩 anatomical ad

54、j. 解剖的 ape n. 無(wú)尾猿；類人猿 coula nuts( coula 也可寫(xiě)作cola 或kola) 可樂(lè)果 注釋： 1. GW’s Columbian College of Arts and Sciences ：?jiǎn)讨稳A盛頓大學(xué)哥倫比亞藝術(shù)與科學(xué)學(xué)院。喬治華盛頓大學(xué)( George Washington University ) 的英文簡(jiǎn)稱為GW ，是美國(guó)頂尖的私立大學(xué)之一，于1821年建校，位于美國(guó)首都華盛頓。 2. ecological settings ：生態(tài)環(huán)境 3. bipedal activity ：雙足活動(dòng) 4. anatomical c

55、hange ：解剖學(xué)上的變化 5. Kyoto University ：京都大學(xué)，是繼東京大學(xué)之后成立的日本第二所國(guó)立大學(xué)，于1897 年建校。 京都大學(xué)主要校區(qū)位于日本歷史名城京都市。 6. Bossou ：博蘇，幾內(nèi)亞的一個(gè)地名。博蘇森林生活著黑猩猩群落。 7. oil palm nut：油棕櫚堅(jiān)果 8. increased by a factor of four ：增加了四倍 9. in one go：一口氣 10. Oxford Brookes University ：牛津布魯克斯大學(xué)，創(chuàng)立于1865 年，是英國(guó)最具特色的綜合性大學(xué)之一。牛津布魯克斯大學(xué)位于世界學(xué)術(shù)名城—牛

56、津。這里學(xué)風(fēng)濃郁、精英薈萃，歷來(lái)為求學(xué)圣地。 練習(xí)： 1. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs? A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items. B Chimpanzees behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs. C Human walking upright is viewed

57、 as an adaptation to carrying precious resources. D Our ancestors ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees. 2. Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of finding A when humans began walking on two legs. B What made our ancestors walk upright. C what benefit

58、s walking upright brought to our ancestors. D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources。 3. Kyoto University’s study discovered that chimpanzees A regarded both types of nut as priced resources. B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts. C liked coula nuts better than oil palm n

59、uts. D ignored both types of nut altogether. 4. Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto Universitys experiment? A Because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun. B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them. C Because they wanted t

60、o get to the nut-rich forest faster-by walking that way. D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs. 5. What can we infer from the reading passage? A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were. B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors.

61、C Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages. D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival. 答案與題解： 1.A 第一段第一句和第二句說(shuō)明，大多數(shù)人對(duì)人類直立行走習(xí)以為常，并不質(zhì)疑這種習(xí)慣。而A 的內(nèi)容正好與此相反，所以是答案。其他選項(xiàng)所述內(nèi)容均可從第一段和第二段推斷出來(lái). 2.B 文章報(bào)道，科學(xué)家通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)黑猩猩直立行走是為了解放前肢，讓前肢搬運(yùn)對(duì)其生命至關(guān)重要的資源，從而推斷出人類祖先也經(jīng)歷了從四

62、足到二足的進(jìn)化過(guò)程。科學(xué)家想通過(guò)對(duì)黑猩猩的實(shí)驗(yàn)解釋人類直立行走的成因。所以B 是答案，A 、C、D 選項(xiàng)不是科學(xué)家進(jìn)行研究的目的。 3. C 第五段明白無(wú)誤地描述了黑猩猩全然不顧油棕櫚堅(jiān)果(ignored the oil palm nuts altogether) ，集中精力搶運(yùn)可樂(lè)果。所以C 是答案，B 、C 、D 的內(nèi)容不符合文章原意。 4.D 黑猩猩用后肢直立行走，搬運(yùn)資源的效率提高了四倍。選項(xiàng)D 符合原意，是答案。選項(xiàng)A、B 、C 的內(nèi)容文章中沒(méi)有提到，所以不是答案。 5. D 了解了通篇文章的意思，就會(huì)選擇選項(xiàng)D，人類直立行走是受生態(tài)環(huán)境所迫，是人類生存的一種手段.直立行走是自

63、然選擇的結(jié)果。選項(xiàng)A 和C 的內(nèi)容文章中沒(méi)有涉及. 文章中有選項(xiàng)B 的內(nèi)容，但它不是文章的主旨。 參考譯文： 研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)人類開(kāi)始直立行走的原因 我們大多數(shù)人每天都走路而且手里搬著東西。這樣的活動(dòng)看似太簡(jiǎn)單，大多數(shù)人沒(méi)有疑問(wèn)。但是一個(gè)國(guó)際研究者（包括喬治?華盛頓大學(xué)哥倫比亞藝術(shù)與科學(xué)學(xué)院的Richmond博士）團(tuán)隊(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類直立行走可能源于數(shù)百萬(wàn)年以前適應(yīng)搬運(yùn)稀有的、高質(zhì)量的資源。這些來(lái)自美國(guó)、英國(guó)、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了當(dāng)代黑猩猩爭(zhēng)搶食物時(shí)的行為特征，試圖對(duì)什么樣的生態(tài)環(huán)境竟然導(dǎo)致大猿（一種我們與現(xiàn)存的黑猩猩一樣的600萬(wàn)年前的祖先）直立行走做出解釋。 “這些黑猩猩居住的生態(tài)

64、環(huán)境和我們最早的祖先開(kāi)始直立行走時(shí)是相同的，”Richmond博士說(shuō)。 研究結(jié)果顯示，當(dāng)黑猩猩需要獨(dú)占一種資源時(shí)，它們就從四肢行走轉(zhuǎn)換為直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它們的雙手，這使得它們能搬更多的東西。久而久之，雙足活動(dòng)的強(qiáng)烈爆發(fā)可能導(dǎo)致了解剖學(xué)上的變化，因此這種變化也就成為自然選擇的主題，在那種情況下，對(duì)食物或其他資源的爭(zhēng)奪是十分激烈的。 有兩項(xiàng)研究是在幾內(nèi)亞完成的。第一項(xiàng)研究是在京都大學(xué)博蘇森林的一塊天然空地——“室外實(shí)驗(yàn)室”進(jìn)行的。研究者們?cè)试S森林里的黑猩猩能得到兩種不同的堅(jiān)果，一種叫油棕櫚堅(jiān)果，自然界隨處可見(jiàn)，一種叫可樂(lè)果，自然環(huán)境中不常見(jiàn)。人們監(jiān)控黑猩猩在下列三種情形下的行為：

65、(a)只有油棕櫚堅(jiān)果；（b)只有少量的可樂(lè)果，大多數(shù)是油棕櫚堅(jiān)果;(c)大多數(shù)是可樂(lè)果，少數(shù)是油棕櫚堅(jiān)果。 當(dāng)稀有的可樂(lè)果數(shù)量很少時(shí)，黑猩猩一次就會(huì)拿得多。同樣，當(dāng)大部分是可樂(lè)果時(shí)，黑猩猩對(duì)油棕櫚堅(jiān)果根本視而不見(jiàn)。黑猩猩認(rèn)為可樂(lè)果才是珍貴的資源，并為得到可樂(lè)果激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。 處于這種激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的環(huán)境中，黑猩猩直立行走的頻率增加了四倍。很顯然，雙足行走可以使它們拿走更多的稀有資源，而且，為了盡可能地一口氣多拿，它們積極利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。 第二項(xiàng)研究是在牛津布魯克斯大學(xué)的KimberleyHockings進(jìn)行的。該研究歷時(shí)14個(gè)月，主題是博蘇的黑猩猩搶劫糧食，場(chǎng)景是它們不得不為稀有和

66、不可預(yù)知的資源競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。在這項(xiàng)研究中，黑猩猩35%的活動(dòng)是直立行走。而這一次研究再一次證實(shí)了黑猩猩的直立行走與它們?cè)噲D一次搬走盡可能多的東西有關(guān)。第六部分 完形填空 第三篇 GiantStructures It is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modem world since every year more __1__ constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our __2__ although they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders. The Petronas Twin Towers1 The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the