2019-2020年高考英語 閱讀微技能訓(xùn)練 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題(1).doc

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2019-2020年高考英語 閱讀微技能訓(xùn)練 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題(1) 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題主要考查學(xué)生把握文章的脈絡(luò)、辨認(rèn)文章總體行文結(jié)構(gòu)及組織方式、判斷組織結(jié)構(gòu)功能的能力，如果文章是節(jié)選的，可能會(huì)要求考生推斷文章前后未呈現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容。 I. 三類篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題的出題方式 1. 結(jié)構(gòu)識(shí)辨: 此類組織結(jié)構(gòu)題要求考生能夠識(shí)別文章、段落的組織結(jié)構(gòu)或行文方式。 結(jié)構(gòu)識(shí)辨類組織結(jié)構(gòu)題常見的題干表述方式如下： l How is the text organized? l The author develops the passage mainly by________. l The text is mainly developed in the order of________. l Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? 2. 組織結(jié)構(gòu)功能: 此類組織結(jié)構(gòu)題要求考生判斷文章或段落組織結(jié)構(gòu)的功能、作用，其常見的題干表述方式如下： The author quoted …words in...paragraph in order to make the article________. 3. 結(jié)構(gòu)推測(cè): 此類組織結(jié)構(gòu)題要求考生能夠根據(jù)文章或段落的組織結(jié)構(gòu)、行文方式或段落內(nèi)容推測(cè)文章前后未呈現(xiàn)的寫作內(nèi)容。其常見的題干表述方式如下： What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? Which of the following do you think has been discussed in the part before this selection? II、解題策略 [Example 1]: The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet ...We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically. Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brains to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale(秤) instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels. On another level, diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we dont have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain es without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle. The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients. Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet products are potentially dangerous. Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Loosing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that es from using them. 1. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? Tip 1：______________________________________________________________________ [Practice 1] The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before: changes for the better, changes for the worse; changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science. Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life. The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings： in pure science—a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning； in applied science—a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment. Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons. Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals. William Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn(紗線) , good and ill together.” The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities — science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war? 1. Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? (①=Paragrah 1,②=Paragrah 2, ③=Paragrah 3, ④=Paragrah 4, ⑤=Paragrah 5) [Example 2] Louis Armstrong had two famous nicknames. Some people called him Bagamo. They said his mouth looked like a large bag. Musicians often called him Pops, as a sign of respect for his influence on the world of music. Born in 1901 in New Orleans, he grew up poor, but lived among great musicians. Jazz was invented in the city a few years before his birth. Armstrong often said, “Jazz and I grew up together.” Armstrong showed a great talent for music when he was taught to play the cornet at a boy’s home. In his late teens, Armstrong began to live the life of a musician. He played in parades, clubs, and on the steamboats that traveled on the Mississippi River. At that time, New Orleans was famous for the new music of jazz and was home to many great musicians. Armstrong learned from the older musicians and soon became respected as their equal. In 1922 he went to Chicago. There, the tale of Louis Armstrong begins. From then until the end of his life, Armstrong was celebrated and loved wherever he went. Armstrong had no equal when it came to playing the American popular song. His cornet playing had a deep humanity and warmth that caused many listeners to say, “Listening to Pops just makes you feel good all over.” He was the father of the jazz style and also one of the best-known and most admired people in the world. His death, on July 6, 1971, was headline news around the world. 2. The whole passage is developed_________. A. by space B. by examples C. by time D. by parison Tip 2：_______________________________________________________________________ 考查組織結(jié)構(gòu)的文章通常行文組織結(jié)構(gòu)都比較清晰、規(guī)范，因此,具備文體、寫作方式和文章組織結(jié)構(gòu)方面相關(guān)知識(shí)對(duì)于有效解答此類題目具有至關(guān)重要的作用。 1) 記敘文可以采取以時(shí)間為序、以地點(diǎn)為序、以故事情節(jié)發(fā)展為序（開端、發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局）等敘事方式進(jìn)行寫作。以故事情節(jié)為序又可以不按照時(shí)間的先后順序敘述，比如，先寫結(jié)局，再寫其他, 最后寫高潮，這種敘事手法叫做倒敘。 2) 議論文總體上可以分為四類： 第一類，“提出論點(diǎn)——分論點(diǎn)一——分論點(diǎn)二——分論點(diǎn)三……——結(jié)論”； 第二類，“引入段——導(dǎo)出論點(diǎn)——分點(diǎn)論述——結(jié)論”； 第三類，“提出問題——分析問題——解決問題”； 第四類，“提出反面觀點(diǎn)——批駁反面觀點(diǎn)——提出正面觀點(diǎn)”。 3) 說明文往往采取下定義、舉例子、列數(shù)字、對(duì)比或比較等說明方式進(jìn)行寫作，而這些說明方式都是為了使文章要說明的內(nèi)容或問題更加清晰明了、真實(shí)可信，或者更具說服力。 [Practice 2]In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard； the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible. First of all, the job made huge demands on my strength. For ten hours a night, I took boxes that rolled down a metal track and piled them onto a truck. Each box contained twelve heavy bottles of apple juice. I once figured out that I was lifting an average of twelve tons of apple juice every night. I would not have minded the difficulty of the work so much if the pay had not been so poor. I was paid the lowest wage of that time — two dollars an hour. Because of the low pay, I felt eager to get as much as possible. I usually worked twelve hours a night but did not take home much more than $ 100 a week. But even more than the low pay, what made me unhappy was the working conditions. During work I was limited to two ten-minute breaks and an unpaid half hour for lunch. Most of my time was spent outside loading trucks with those heavy boxes in near-zero-degree temperatures. The steel floors of the trucks were like ice, which made my feet feel like stone. And after the production line shut down at night and most people left, I had to spend two hours alone cleaning the floor. I stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again. 2. How is the text organized ？ A. Topic—Argument—Explanation B. Opinion—Discussion—Description C. Main idea—parison—Supporting examples D. Introduction—Supporting examples—Conclusion [Practice 3]The rising costs of health care have bee a problem for many countries in the world. To deal with this problem, it is remended that a big part of the governments health budget be used for health education and disease prevention instead of treatment. Actually, many kinds of diseases are preventable in many ways and preventing a disease is usually much cheaper than treating it. For example, people could avoid catching a cold if they dressed warmly when the weather starts getting cold. But many people get sick because they fail to do so, and have to spend money seeing a doctor. Daily habits like eating more healthy food would have kept millions of families from beingbankruptif the patients had taken measures for early prevention. For instance, keeping a balanced diet, such as not consuming too much animal fat and insuring a steady intake of vegetables and fruits, seems to be quite important. One very effective and costless way of prevention is regular exercise, which is necessary for a healthy mind and body. Regular exercise, such as running, walking, and playing sports is a good way to make people feel better or reduce stress. In addition, health education plays a key role in improving peoples health. By giving people more information about health, countries could help people understand the importance of disease prevention and ways to achieve it. For example, knowing ones family medical history is an effective way to help keep healthy. Information about health problems among close relatives will make them aware of what they should do to prevent certain diseases through lifestyle changes, which will work before it is too late. However, stressing disease prevention does not mean medical treatment is unimportant. After all, prevention and treatment are just two different means toward the same effect. In conclusion, we could save money on health care and treat patients more successfully if our country spends more money on health prevention and education. 3. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? CP (Central Point) P (Point) Sp (Sub-point次要點(diǎn)) C (Conclusion) [Example 3]: Yoga is an ancient practice that helps create a sense of union in body, mind, and spirit. It brings us balance. After a long time of practice yoga, you no longer just practice it — you love it. Yoga bees part of your physical life. Your body grows stronger, more toned, and more flexible as you move from one pose to another. … Yoga bees part of your mental life. Yoga teaches you to focus on breathing while you hold the poses. This attention to breath is calming; it dissolves stress and anxiety. … 3. What will be talked about if this passage continues? A. The disadvantages of yoga. B. How to start yoga practice. C. That yoga is popular all over the world. D. That yoga bees part of your spiritual life. [Example 4]: During the 1970s, people started being concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity. People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever. Then, wind was rediscovered, though it means high costs. Today, there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind. 4. What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A. The advantages of wind power. B. The design of wind power plants. C. The worldwide movement to save energy. D. The global trend towards producing power from wind. Tip3：________________________________________________________________________ [Practice 4]: What time is it? Most people are pretty accurate in their answer. And if you dont know for sure, its very likely that you can find out. There may be a watch on your wrist； there may be clock on the wall, desk, or puter screen； or maybe youre riding in a car that has a clock　in the dashboard(儀表板). Even if you dont have a timepiece of some sort nearby, your body keeps its own beat. Humans have an internal clock that regulates the beating of our heart, the pace of our breathing, the discharge of chemicals within our bloodstream, and many other bodily functions. Time is something from which we cant escape. Even if we ignore it, its still going by ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Whos in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally. By taking control of how you spend your time, youll increase your chances of being a more successful student. Perhaps more importantly, the better you are at managing the time you devote to your studies, the more time you will have to spend on your outside interests. The aim of time management is not to schedule every moment so we bee slaves of timetable that governs every waking moment of the day. Instead, the aim is to permit us to make informed choices as to how we use i our time. Rather than letting the day go by, largely without our awareness, what we are going to discuss next can make us better able to control time for our own purposes. 4. In the next part, the author would most probably discuss with you________ A. how to keep up with the times B. how to make up for lost time C. how to have a good time D. how to make good use of time [Practice 5] To extinguish (熄滅) different kinds of fires, several types of fire extinguishers have been invented They must be ready for immediate use when fire breaks out. Most portable kinds operate for less than a minute, so they are useful only on small fires. The law requires ships, trains, buses and planes to carry extinguishers. Since fuel, oxygen and heat must be present in order for fire to exist, one or more of these things must be removed or reduced to extinguish a fire. If the heat is reduced by cooling the material below a certain temperature, the fire goes out. The cooling method is the most mon way to put out a fire. Water is the best cooling material because it is low in cost and easy to get. Another method of extinguishing fire is by cutting off the oxygen. This　is usually done by covering the fire with sand, steam or some other things. A blanket may be used to cover a small fire. A third method is called separation, which includes removing the fuel, or material easy to burn, from a fire, so that it can find no fuel. The method that is used to put out a fire depends upon the type of fire. Fires have been grouped in three classes. Fires in wood, paper, cloth and the like are called Class A fires. These materials usually help keep the fire | on. Such fires can be stopped most readily by cooling with water. 5. What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A. Another class of fires B. Another type of extinguishers C. How fires break out. D. How fires can be prevented 即講即練 Practice 1: “Bad working habits, poor disease prevention knowledge, not enough governmental investment and lack of health education are the main reasons,” said Yang Xiaoduo, a healthcare expert with a local health association, who said China should race against time seeking measures to solve the sub health problem. ( ) 1. What will probably be talked about in the following paragraph? A. Ways to solve the problem of sub health. B. More reasons for sub health. C. People suffering from sub health. D. Symptoms sub health sufferers have. Practice 2: Students in your class are different from one another in many ways. You all have different personalities, abilities and physical appearance. In other aspects you have a lot in mon. Certainly you are the same age and same nationality. And you probably have some similar hobbies and interests. But do you know that although you are studying the same subjects, you might be learning them in different ways. 2. What will probably be talked about in the following paragraph? (Answer it within 5 words) _________________________________________________________________. Practice 3: For years we have been told that encouraging a childs self-respect is important to his or her success in life. But child experts are now learning that too much praise can lead to the opposite effect. Praiseabolic kids who expect it at every turn may bee teens who seek the same kind of approval from their friends when asked if they want to go in the backseat of the car. The implication of saying “You are the prettiest girl in class,” or talking about the goals she scored but not her overall effort, is that you love her only when she looks the best, scores the highest, achieves the most. J And this carries over to the classroom. Social psychologist Carol Dweck, PhD, tested the effects of overpraise on 400 fifth graders while she was at Columbia University. She found that kids praised for “trying hard” did better on testes and were more likely to take on difficult assignments than those praised for being “smart”. “Praising attributes or abilities makes a false promise that success will e to you because you have that quality, and it devalues effort, so children are afraid to take on challenges,” says Dweck, now at Stanford University, “they figure theyd better quit while theyre ahead. ” 3. The author quoted Dr. Dwecks words in the last paragraph in order to make the article_________. A. better-known B. better-organized C. more persuasive D. more interesting Practice 4: How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments— mostly for entertainment purposes — is fair and respectful? Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “collections” of interesting “things” rather than protective habitats. Zoos teach people that it is acceptable to keep animals bored, lonely, and far from their natural bones. Zoos claim to educate people and save endangered species, but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty. Zoos keep animals in small spaces or cages, and most signs only mention the species name, diet, and natural range. The animals normal behavior is seldom noticed because zoos dont usually take care of the animals natural needs. The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusual and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is mon among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain. Furthermore, most animals in zoos are not endangered. Captive breeding(圈養(yǎng)繁殖) of endangered big cats, Asian elephants, and other species has not resulted in their being sent back to the wild. Zoos talk a lot about their captive breeding programs because they do not want people to worry about a spe