2019-2020年高考英語 閱讀微技能訓(xùn)練 科普類閱讀.doc

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2019-2020年高考英語 閱讀微技能訓(xùn)練 科普類閱讀 I. 科普類文章的特點 科普知識與現(xiàn)代技術(shù)是高中課程標準規(guī)定的話題之一。此類題材的文章涉及內(nèi)容廣泛，如天文地理、生物醫(yī)藥、發(fā)明創(chuàng)造、計算機技術(shù)等等。這類文章的總體特點是：科技詞匯多，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，理論性強，邏輯嚴謹。具體說來它有以下幾個特點： 1. 文章中詞匯的意義比較單一、穩(wěn)定、簡明，不帶感情色彩，具有單一性和準確性的特點。 2. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，語法分析較困難。為了描述一個客觀事物，嚴密地表達自己的思想，作者經(jīng)常會使用集多種語法現(xiàn)象于一體的長句。 　3. 常使用被動語態(tài)，尤其是一些慣用被動句式。 4. 科技環(huán)保類文章在高考英語試題中出現(xiàn)的頻率最高，一直是高考的主要測試內(nèi)容，此類文章一般為說明文，但也常常夾雜著敘述和議論，并經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一些較新的科技名詞或術(shù)語。著重從不同側(cè)面考查學(xué)生篩選、提取、推斷信息的能力?？忌艚?jīng)常閱讀英語報刊，具備豐富的課外知識，并積累一定的時新詞匯，對解讀此類文章會大有幫助。 [Example 1] Animals can move from place to place，but plants cannot. When an animal is under attack，it can run away or fight back. Plants certainly cannot run away，and they lack teeth and claws. But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means. Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example，the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines that discourage grass-eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach. Some plants，such as the oak tree，have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat. Some grasses may contain a sandy material；eating such grasses wears down the animal’s teeth. Many plants also have chemical defenses. Some plants produce chemicals that taste bitter or cause an unpleasant reaction. Some plants may fight against an attack by increasing the production of these chemicals. When a caterpillar bites a tobacco leaf，the leaf produces a chemical messenger. This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine. The higher levels of nicotine discourage the caterpillar. Many plants depend on both physical and chemical defenses. A certain plant in China，for instance，has prickly leaves，and each prickle contains poisonous venom. A single experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in the future. 1. The holly plant has more spines on the lower leaves because most animals_____________. 　A. are not tall enough B. like the lower leaves only 　C. are not clever enough D. can get the lower leaves easily 2. To defend themselves，oak trees use___________. 　　A. chemical means B. physical means 　　C. bitter chemicals D. sandy materials 3. How does tobacco protect itself against an attack from a caterpillar? 　A. Its leaves fight against the attack by physical means. 　B. Its roots send a messenger to discourage the caterpillar. 　C. Its roots increase the production of nicotine when it is attacked. 　D. Its leaves produce poisonous sand to drive the caterpillar away. 4. What would be the best title for this passage? A. Plants and Animals B. How Plants Defend Themselves 　　C. Attacks and Defenses D. How Animals Eat Plant Leaves Summary: 這類文章的主要命題形式有事實細節(jié)題、詞義猜測題、推理判斷題以及主旨概括題等，其中細節(jié)和推理判斷題居多。建議如下： 1. 細節(jié)理解題的解答關(guān)鍵是依靠題干找準答題區(qū)間，著重研讀某一段落，注意用詞的肯定性、可能性、推測性便能解決問題。 2. 推理判斷題的解答，要先整體感知；然后再扣住關(guān)鍵語句，充分認識哪些信息是最重要的，是事關(guān)全局的，增強篩選和提取的自覺性；最后對照題目，逐一找準題干每一選項對應(yīng)的區(qū)間，按需踩點，與原文進行對照比較，瞻前顧后找準聯(lián)系。 3. 要熟悉科普類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點。科普類文章一般由導(dǎo)語(Introduction)，背景( Background)，主體(Main body)和結(jié)尾(End)五部分構(gòu)成。導(dǎo)語一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一個事實的起因。主體則對導(dǎo)語概括的事實進行詳細敘述，這一部分命題往往最多。因此，閱讀時，同學(xué)們要把這部分作為重點。結(jié)尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并與導(dǎo)語相呼應(yīng)，常在此要設(shè)計一道推理判斷題。 [Example 2] For those who are tired doing the laundry, Samsung has found an answer: a washing machine that can tell you when your laundry is done via a smart phone app(application). Strange though it may seem — “my wife already does that” was a mon response among attendees viewing the device when it was introduced at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) this week — Samsung is just one of many appliance makers racing to install a large number of internet-connected features in machines in an effort to make them “smart”. Last year, it was a refrigerator that tweeted. This year, it’s Wi-Fi-enabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad. The washers and dryers, available starting in the spring, connect to any smart phone through a downloadable application. The phone can then be used as a remote control, so the machines can be turned on and off while their owners is at work or on the bus. Samsung says it’s not just something new — the app connection actually has some practical uses. “If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when e home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go,” said spokesperson Amy Schmidt. The pany also says that with electricity rate varying depending on the time of day, more control over when the machines are used can help save money. Perhaps, but what they will probably really acplish is what all good technologies do —enable laziness. Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done, users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV. 5. What can be inferred from the mon response of the attendees at the CES? A. The machine will be a big success. B. their wives like doing the laundry. C. The machine is unrelated to their life. D. This kind of technology is familiar to them. 6. What can we learn about the new laundry machines? A. They can tell you when your clothes need washing B. They can be controlled with a smartphone C. They are difficult to operate D. They are sold at a low price 7. We can conclude form Samsung’s statements that ___________. A. the app connection makes life easier B. it is better to dry clothes in the morning C. smart phone can shorten the drying time D. we should refresh clothes back at home 8. What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A. The laundry should be frequently checked B. Lazy people like using such machines C. Good technologies also cause problems D. Television may help do the laundry. II. Practice Imagine that your parents have bought you the most advanced robot. He looks like a real person. He talks to you and plays with you. He can even think for himself and figure out what you need. It may feel as if you have a considerate new brother who keeps you pany all the time. But e to think of it, can you really trust him? Ever since the first robot was created decades ago, scientists have obsessed over the task of making robots more like humans. However, as they have gotten closer to that goal, doubts have grown. According to the BBC, Japanese robot designer Masahiro Mori argues that the more lifelike robots bee, the more humans feel a connection to them. But once they bee too similar to humans, people begin to feel unfortable. This theory is what led to the creation of a brand new robot in Switzerland earlier this month. Roboy, as the new machine is called, has various human-like abilities such as hand-shaking and bicycle-riding, but instead of a skin-like covering, Roboy is wrapped in shiny white armor (盔甲) that clearly indicates its robot status. “As long as people can clearly see that the robot is a machine, even if they project their feelings into it, then they feel fortable,” Rolf Pfeifer, the creator of Roboy from the University of Zurich, Switzerland, told the BBC. But the problem that people have with robots is not just with the way they look. It also has to do with the roles that they play in our lives. A survey last year of European Union countries showed that 88 percent of those interviewed agreed that robots are “necessary as they can do jobs that are too hard or dangerous for people”, such as space exploration and war fighting. But when it es to taking care of children, 60 percent of respondents said that robots should not be allowed to participate, because as robots bee more sophisticated (精良的), parents may be tempted to (傾向于) hand over too much responsibility to them. No matter what, robots will soon enter our homes, Pfeifer said. What is not yet clear is whether they will act more like servants who work for us or panions who live with us. 1. What is the purpose of the text? A. To introduce the newly-invented robot, Roboy. B. To discuss problems related to designing robots. C. To explore the roles robots will play in our future lives. D. To argue what kinds of robots appeal to people more. 2. Why did Pfeifer make Roboy look like a robot? A. To better protect it. B. To make it look cool and modern. C. To distinguish it clearly from a human. D. To keep its price down. 3. According to the second-to-last paragraph, most of the people interviewed ______. A. wele robots into their homes B. believe robots are useful for certain dangerous tasks C. think families with children shouldn’t use robots for housework D. are afraid that children will bee less responsible if robots take care of them 4. Which best describes the author’s tone in the article? A. Objective. B. Critical. C. Admiring. D. Anxious. (B) Toward a stormy future Eight years ago in xx, the southeast US was hit by one of the deadliest hurricanes in American history, Katrina, in which at least 1,833 people were killed. Last year, the country once again experienced a monstrous storm, Sandy, which brought damaging winds, flooding, blackouts and heavy snow and claimed more than 140 lives. For coastal cities, hurricanes are frequent visitors during summer time. However, recent years have seen more destructive hurricanes in the US and around the world. And the bad news is that they are not going to slow down any time soon – scientists say stormy weather will happen more often in the future. The cause is the same as that of many other world problems – global warming. “We find that 0.4 degrees Celsius warming of the climate corresponds to a doubling of the frequency of extreme storms,” climate scientist Aslak Grinsted from the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, told Science Daily. It means that if the global climate bees 2 degrees warmer, there will be about 10 times as many extreme storm surges, which is to say “there will be a Katrina magnitude (嚴重性) storm surge every other year”, according to Grinsted. Storms are powered by temperature differences between two regions. The bigger the gap is, the stronger the storm will be. With the rest of the world heating up, the air in the polar areas stays relatively cool because the heat has been absorbed by the melting ice, which makes the storm build up much faster, according to New Scientist. Also, since warmer air contains more water vapor, when it rains, there is a good chance that it will be heavy and will cause flooding in the affected area. To make matters worse, lightning will occur more frequently too. According to NASA’s website, in the formation of a storm, warm air moves up from Earth’s surface to the freezing atmosphere and brings with it little water drops, which are a necessary ingredient for lightning. As CO2 increases, the Earth bees warmer, creating stronger upward-moving air that is more likely to produce lightning. Besides the storm itself, Grinsted also pointed out that with the sea levels rising due to global warming, storms might be more destructive since there will be more flooding damage to coastal areas. 5. By mentioning Katrina and Sandy in the first paragraph, the author intends to ______. A. show the destructive effects of storms B. pare the consequences of the two disasters C. draw readers’ attention to the frequent storms around the world D. get readers to think about the reasons for the two disasters 6. What is the direct cause of storms? A. Global warming. B. Ice in the polar areas of the Earth. C. Large gaps in temperatures. D. Human activities. 7. According to the article, global warming is likely to result in ______. a. more lightning b. more droughts c. rising sea levels d. less fresh water e. more flooding A. ace B. abd C. bce D. ade 8. Which best describes the author’s tone in the article? A. Critical. B. Optimistic. C. Doubtful. D. Concerned. (C) Nature’s wake up call In the past, before alarm clocks were invented, what did people depend on to wake them up in the morning? Roosters. “[A rooster’s crow] symbolizes the break of dawn in many countries,” Takashi Yoshimura, professor at Nagoya University in Japan, told National Geographic. They are known to regularly crow two to three hours before dawn. However, scientists have long been unsure about why the animals do this. “It wasn’t clear whether crowing is under the control of a biological clock or is simply a response to external stimuli (外部刺激).” Roosters do react to the environment – such as car headlights – at any time of day. So it was previously thought that the increasing light in the morning might be the trigger (觸發(fā)物) for roosters’ crowing. But Yoshimura and his colleagues now claim to have finally figured out the reason – roosters don’t need morning light to know when to start crowing; they will crow at the same time every day regardless of whether they can see dawn breaking. In the study, which was published March 18 in the journal Current Biology, researchers placed 40 roosters in a soundproof, windowless room under dim lighting for 24 hours. But this didn’t deter the roosters. No matter what, they kept crowing each morning just before dawn. “[It is] proof that the behavior is entrained (導(dǎo)致) to a circadian rhythm (生理節(jié)奏),” said Yoshimura. In short, the roosters are genetically programmed to crow at a certain time every 24 hours. Most animals, as well as plants, have such an internal time-keeping system. That’s why we tend to eat, sleep and exercise at around the same times every day. By consciously being aware of the schedule, our body has a chance to adapt to it, so keeping a regular biological clock is often tied to good health. This experiment is the first of its kind to investigate the timing of roosters’ crowing. Kristen Navara, a scientist at the University of Georgia in the US who was not involved in the study, said that she isn’t sure why no one had taken a closer look at this well-known phenomenon before. “I think many times we don’t think to study what appears right in front of us,” said Navara. “This is a very interesting study and something that should have been done a long time ago.” 9. What has been recently discovered to make roosters crow in the morning? A. External stimuli like noises. B. Their biological clocks. C. Exposure to morning light. D. Increased hormones in their bodies in the morning. 10. What does the underlined word “deter” mean in Paragraph 6? A. Prevent. B. Attract. C. Focus on. D. Take care of. 11. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the article? A. Roosters have the same circadian rhythms as humans. B. We can make use of our biological clocks to improve our health. C. It has been discovered that dark conditions can have some effects on roosters’ crowing. D. Roosters have a regular biological clock which helps them adapt to the environment well. 12. How would Kristen Navara describe Yoshimura’s study? A. Worthless. B. Meaningful. C. Controversial. D. Unscientific. (D) How our brains evolved What makes humans smarter than other animals? We’ve got a bigger brain, of course. But when it es to brains, is bigger always better? Traditionally, scientists have thought that humans’ superior intelligence derived (源于) mostly from the fact that our brains are three times bigger than those of our nearest living relatives, chimpanzees, not to mention other animals. People even used to believe that because men have slightly larger brains than women that men are smarter. This, however, is not the truth. Scientists at University College London in the UK have found that brain organization, and not brain size, is the key to the superiority of human intelligence, reported Live Science. Through millions of years of evolution, our ancestors were constantly pushed to get smarter so that they could meet the demands of new environments. However, holding this growing intelligence in increasingly large brains was not the best choice because bigger brains require more energy to power. “This is when reorganization may e into play,” said Christophe Soligo, a member of the London research team. In the study, scientists looked at the brains of 17 species of primates (靈長類動物), including monkeys, apes and humans. They found that in the process of evolution, brains didn’t keep growing as a whole. Certain regions of the brain grew prior to others in response to species’ needs, and in this way they could make the best use of their limited brain space. For example, when early humans were struggling to survive, the brain region in charge of using tools and finding food grew in size more than other regions. But in modern times, the prefrontal cortex (前額皮質(zhì)) – the region in charge of social cognition, moral judgments and goal-directed planning – grew more than the rest of the brain. Think of the brain as a room. If a big room is poorly organized, it doesn’t necessarily store more stuff than a smaller one. Paul Manger, professor at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, explains this principle using the example of whales. He told Scientific American: “[Whales] have big brains, absolutely. But if you look at the actual structure of the brain, it’s not very plex. Brain size only matters if the rest of the brain is organized properly.” 13. It has recently been found that humans are smarter than the other animals mainly because ______. A. they are a species of primates B. they have a much larger brain C. their brain structure is more plex D. they were constantly pushed to get smarter 14. According to the article, in recent human evolution, ______. A. the brain kept growing in size to adapt to new environments B. most regions of the brain didn’t change C. the prefrontal cortex grew more than the rest of the brain D. humans’ brains became increasingly simple so that humans could survive 15. What can we conclude from the article? A. Gender makes a difference in intelligence. B. The size of the brain has nothing to do with intelligence. C. Species whose brain is organized properly tend to be smarter. D. Larger brains are usually organized better than smaller ones. 16. The method the writer uses to develop the last paragraph is _____. A. By presenting research data. B. By giving examples. C. By making a parison. D. By analyzing cause and effect． (E) New flu causes concern Tiredness, coughing, a runny nose and a sore throat – among all sicknesses there is probably none more mon than the flu, which we all get every now and then. However, bird flu is a pletely different story. Ten years ago, the H5N1 bird flu swept across 15 countries, including China, with sufferers reporting chest pain, difficulty breathing, fever and severe coughing. More than 600 people were infected, and about 60 percent died. Now another type of bird flu hit Shanghai and three neighboring provinces, and this time the virus is called H7N9. By the afternoon of April 11, the new virus had taken nine lives out of 35 infected, according to Xinhua News Agency. The “H” and “N” in the virus’ name refers to two kinds of proteins on the surface of the virus. Any change of the numbers of the two proteins indicates a new mutation (變異). Most of the mutations only affect birds, such as chickens and pigeons, and don’t normally spread to humans. But once they do, the results can be disastrous. “Any time an animal influenza virus crosses to humans it is a cause for concern,” Malik Peiris, virologist at the University of Hong Kong, told Nature magazine. Take the SARS epidemic 10 years ago as an example. The virus behind the disease is thought to have jumped to humans from animals. The virus was a plete “stranger” to human bodies, which hadn’t developed an immunity against it. But there is something more about the new H7N9 bird flu. Unlike the H5N1 virus, which causes severe sickness in birds, the H7N9 has been evolving under the radar (悄悄地) since it travels between birds without causing noticeable illness. That makes it diff