高中英語(yǔ) Unit 2 section 1 Warming up Pre reading Reading Comprehending課件 新人教版選修8.ppt

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Cloning,Unit 2,Section Ⅰ Warming up; Pre-reading, Reading & Comprehending,Unit 2,Ⅰ.詞匯過(guò)關(guān) 1．音意記憶。 (1)___________(vt.)著手；從事；承擔(dān) (2)_____________(n.)突破 (3)___________(n.)程序；步驟；手續(xù) (4)___________(adv.)總共；完全地 (5)_________(vt.)獲得；贏得,undertake,breakthrough,procedure,altogether,obtain,2．形意記憶。 (1)differ(vi.)不同；相異→________(adj.)不同的；相異的→__________(n.)差異 (2)object(vi.)反對(duì)；不贊成→_________(n.)不贊成；反對(duì)；異議 (3)medium(n.)媒介；手段；工具→________(復(fù)數(shù)) (4)forbid(vt.)禁止；不準(zhǔn)；阻止；妨礙→過(guò)去式_______________→過(guò)去分詞__________ (5)accumulate(vt.& vi.)積累；聚積→_____________(n.)積累,different,difference,objection,media,forbade/forbad,forbidden,accumulation,Ⅱ.短語(yǔ)自查 1．pay___________得到好結(jié)果；取得成功；償清 2．cast______________使失望；使沮喪 3．object____________反對(duì)；不贊成 4．in____________of贊成；支持 5．be ready____________為……做好準(zhǔn)備 6．____________the one hand一方面 7．be_____________to對(duì)……適宜 8．have a great impact________對(duì)……有很大影響 9．________one's own屬于某人自己的 10．provide.________.為……提供……,off,down,to,favour,for,on,appropriate,on,of,for,Ⅲ.經(jīng)典句式 1．Then came the disturbing news _____________________. 接著傳來(lái)了多莉病重的壞消息。 2．Altogether Dolly lived six and half years, ___________________________________________. 多莉總共只存活了六年半，這是它的原形羊壽命的一半。 3．Cloning plants is straightforward ______ cloning animals is very complicated. 克隆植物簡(jiǎn)單、直接而克隆動(dòng)物都是很復(fù)雜的。 答案：1.that Dolly had become seriously ill 2.half the length of the life of the original sheep 3.while,Ⅳ.語(yǔ)篇理解 Choose the best answers according to the text CLONING：WHERE IS IT LEADING US? 1．Which of the following statements about cloning is NOT true according to the text? A．Cloning is something that has been developed quite recently. B．Twins that look exactly the same are originally from the same egg. C．Cloning is used by gardeners to make more money. D．Animal cloning is much more difficult than plant cloning.,2．The cloning of Dolly the sheep succeeded because________. A．it's easier to clone a sheep than other animals B．the scientists were determined and worked hard with patience C．the scientists were rewarded and got lots of money D．many other attempts to clone mammals failed,3．What happened to Dolly the sheep? A．She is living healthily. B．Dolly became ill and died at last. C．Dolly's child also died at the age of six. D．All the scientists were not sad about her death. 4．From the passage, we can see________. A．Dolly's original sheep lived 12 years B．Dolly's baby was also a cloned one C．newspapers did not disclose cloning sheep D．officials became nervous about cloning 答案：1－4 ABBD,1.differ vi.不同；相異；持不同看法 ①Our views on the subject differ. 我們對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題見(jiàn)解不同。 ②Her method doesn't differ much from mine. 她的方法跟我的沒(méi)有很大不同。 ③They differ with each other on moral standards. 關(guān)于道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，他們的見(jiàn)解不同。,知識(shí)拓展 different adj.不同的；各種的 differently adv.不同地 differ from不同于 differ in.在……上不同；對(duì)……持不同的看法 differ with/from sb.on/about sth.在某事上和某人意見(jiàn)不一致 be different from與……不同 tell the difference between A and B說(shuō)出A與B的區(qū)別 make a difference有作用；有影響 difference n．不同(之處)；差別,活學(xué)活用 (1)用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空 ①The two squares differ________color but not________size. ②The husband differs________the wife________who is to take charge of the money. 答案：①in；in ②with；on/about,(2)In our daily life，everyone fails every now and then.It is how you react that makes a________. A．development B．difference C．progress D．point 答案：B 句意：在日常生活中，每個(gè)人都會(huì)時(shí)不時(shí)地失敗，但你如何做出反應(yīng)卻有很大影響。make a difference是固定詞組，意為“有關(guān)系，有作用，有影響”。,2．benefit (1)n. 益處，好處 gain/get benefits from. 從……中受益 be of (great) benefit to. 對(duì)……有(很大的)益處 for the benefit of. 為了……的利益 to one's benefit 對(duì)……有利 ①People in this area gain many benefits from increasing agricultural production. 這個(gè)地區(qū)的人們從增加農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中受益頗多。 ②Such a system will be of great benefit to society. 這一制度將會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)有很大益處。,(2)vt. & vi. 有益于；受益 benefit sb./sth. 有益于某人/某物 benefit from/by. 從……中受益 ①The sea air will benefit you. 海洋空氣對(duì)你有益。 ②The local farmers benefit greatly from the medical reform. 當(dāng)?shù)氐霓r(nóng)民們從醫(yī)療改革中大大受益。,知識(shí)拓展 beneficial adj. 有利的；有益的；有助的 be beneficial to 對(duì)……有益＝be of benefit to Such a system will be beneficial to society. 這一制度將會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)有益處。,活學(xué)活用 (1)完成句子 ①She________ ________ ________ ________ ________(從閱讀中獲益良多)． ②He held a concert to raise money________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________(為了貧窮兒童)． ③It will be________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________(早到將會(huì)對(duì)你有利)． ④Doing exercises will be________ ________your health(鍛煉有益于健康)．,答案：①gained/got many benefits from reading ②for the benefit of the poor children ③to your benefit to arrive early ④beneficial to,(2)That experience was of great ________ to you. A．benefit B．beneficial C．useful D．helpful 答案：A 句意：那次經(jīng)歷對(duì)你很有益處?！癰e of＋名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，只有A項(xiàng)benefit符合。若選C項(xiàng)應(yīng)為use，若選D項(xiàng)應(yīng)為help，若選B項(xiàng)應(yīng)去掉of great。,3．undertake vt.(undertook；undertaken)著手；從事；承擔(dān)；許諾 ①The lawyer undertook the case without a fee. 這位律師免費(fèi)承辦那個(gè)案子。 ②She undertook the organization of the whole scheme. 她負(fù)責(zé)整個(gè)計(jì)劃的組織工作。 ③He undertook to be here at ten o'clock. 他答應(yīng)十點(diǎn)鐘到這兒來(lái)。,知識(shí)拓展 ①undertake a task 承擔(dān)任務(wù) ②undertake an attack 發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻 ③undertake to do sth. 答應(yīng)做某事 ④undertake for. 為……負(fù)責(zé) ⑤undertaking n. 任務(wù)；事業(yè)；企業(yè),活學(xué)活用 (1)補(bǔ)全句子 ①我保證你會(huì)喜歡這次旅行的。 I can________ ________you will enjoy the trip. ②要加入該俱樂(lè)部，你必須承諾每年至少買6本書(shū)。 To join the club，you have to________ ________ ________a minimum of six books a year. 答案：①undertake that ②undertake to buy,(2)Chian is the only nuclear state________not to be the first to use nuclear weapons. A．undertaking B．to undertake C．having undertaken D．undertaken 答案：B 句意：中國(guó)是唯一承諾不首先使用核武器的核國(guó)家。當(dāng)名詞被序數(shù)詞或only等詞修飾時(shí)，其后用不定式作定語(yǔ)。,4．breakthrough n. 突破 An important breakthrough in peace-talking has been achieved. 和平談判已經(jīng)取得重大突破。 知識(shí)拓展 make a breakthrough 取得進(jìn)展 break through 突破；突圍 Doctors have made a great breakthrough in the treatment of lung diseases.,醫(yī)生們?cè)诜尾≈委煼矫嫒〉昧酥卮笸黄啤?由動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的合成詞還有很多，例如： break out發(fā)生→outbreak n．爆發(fā)；發(fā)作 break down損壞→breakdown n．故障 put out生產(chǎn)；輸出→ output n．產(chǎn)量；輸出 burst out迸發(fā)→outburst n．噴出；突發(fā) come out出現(xiàn)；結(jié)果是→outcome n．結(jié)果；后果,活學(xué)活用 The discovery of the new vaccine is an important________in the fight against bird flu. A．breakthrough B．commitment C．devotion D．explanation 答案：A 句意：新疫苗的發(fā)現(xiàn)是抵抗禽流感的重要突破。breakthrough“突破”，符合題意。commitment“許諾”；devotion“投入；熱愛(ài)”；explanation“解釋”。,5．a(chǎn)ltogether adv.總共(表示總數(shù)或總額，多修飾數(shù)詞)；完全地，全部地(相當(dāng)于completely)；總而言之(常作插入語(yǔ)) ①How much do the goods cost altogether? 這些貨物一共花費(fèi)多少錢？ ②The train went slower and slower until it stopped altogether. 火車越來(lái)越慢，最后完全停了。 ③Li Ping works hard；she always helps others.Altogether，she is a good girl. 李萍工作努力，總是幫助別人?？傊莻€(gè)好女孩。,活學(xué)活用 (1)寫出下列句中altogether的含義 ①The food was good and we loved the music.Altogether it was a great evening.( ) ②Altogether，about 50 NATO aircraft took part in the attack.( ) ③I don't altogether agree with you.( ) 答案：①總之 ②總共 ③完全地,(2)Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ is often thought to be the richest woman in the world.________， her personal wealth seems rather small. A．Besides B．Otherwise C．However D．Altogether 答案：C 考查副詞。句意：人們經(jīng)常認(rèn)為伊麗莎白女王二世是世界上最富有的女人，可是她的個(gè)人財(cái)富似乎很少。A項(xiàng)作為副詞意思是“此外；而且”；B項(xiàng)意為“否則，不然的話”；C項(xiàng)意為“然而，可是”；D項(xiàng)意為“總共”。,6．objection n. 不贊成；反對(duì)；極不愿意；抗議 ①Nobody offered any objection. 沒(méi)有人提出反對(duì)意見(jiàn)。 ②I'd like to come too, if you've no objection. 你要不反對(duì)的話，我也愿意來(lái)。 ③I feel a strong objection to getting up early. 我極不愿意早起。,知識(shí)拓展 (1)raise/voice an objection to.對(duì)……提出異議 There is no objection to .沒(méi)有什么不可以的 have no objection to (doing) sth.不反對(duì)(做)…… (2)object v．不贊成；反對(duì)；抗議 object to (doing) sth.反對(duì)、抗議(做)某事 (3)objective adj.如實(shí)的，客觀的，無(wú)偏見(jiàn)的,比較網(wǎng)站 object，oppose,活學(xué)活用 (1)句型轉(zhuǎn)換 Most countries in eastern Europe object to that in principle. →Most countries in eastern Europe________ ________ ________ ________that in principle. 答案：have an objection to,(2)用object的適當(dāng)形式填空 ①M(fèi)y main________to the plan is that it would be too expensive. ②His________is to publish a book of his own. 答案：①objection ②object,7．forbid vt. 禁止；不準(zhǔn) ①His parents forbade him to watch TV at night. 他的父母不允許他晚上看電視。 ②The new law forbids smoking in offices. 新法律禁止在辦公室抽煙。,知識(shí)拓展 ①forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事 ②forbid sb. sth. 禁止某人得到某物 ③forbid sb. doing sth. 禁止某人做某事 ④forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事 ⑤forbidden adj. 被禁止的；禁止的 ⑥strictly forbidden 嚴(yán)格禁止 ⑦It's forbidden to do sth. 禁止做某事 ⑧forbidden fruit/zones 禁果/禁區(qū) ⑨t(yī)he Forbidden City 紫禁城 ⑩Parking forbidden?。絅o parking! 禁止停車！,,名師點(diǎn)津 forbid 后面不能直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)，而是跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但可以用forbid sb.to do sth.。 活學(xué)活用 (1)補(bǔ)全句子 她的父親禁止他們結(jié)婚。 ①Her father forbade________ ________. ②Her father forbade________ ________ ________. ③They were________ ________ ________by her father. 答案：①their marriage ②them to marry ③forbidden to marry,(2)Smoking is harmful to health. It should be________in public places. A．a(chǎn)llowed B．followed C．forbidden D. asked 答案：C 句意：吸煙有害健康，公共場(chǎng)所應(yīng)該禁止吸煙。forbid“禁止”，符合題意。allow“允許”；follow“跟隨；聽(tīng)從”；ask“詢問(wèn)；請(qǐng)求”。,(3)He was________to leave the house as a punishment. A．banned B．forbidden C．handled D．stopped 答案：B 句意：作為懲罰，他被禁止離開(kāi)那座房子。forbid sb to do sth“禁止某人去做某事”，此處為該短語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)形式，符合題意。ban“禁止”，用于ban sb from doing sth結(jié)構(gòu)中；handle“處理；操縱”；stop to do sth“停下來(lái)去做某事”，一般不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。,8．(1)obtain vt.獲得；贏得 obtain sth.for sb.取得某物；(經(jīng)買、借、拿等)獲得，得到某物 ①I obtained this record for you with difficulty. 我好不容易為你弄到了這張唱片。 ②She obtained her doctor's degree in 2010. 她2010年獲得了博士學(xué)位。 ③The books can be obtained from the library. 這些書(shū)可以在圖書(shū)館里借到。,(2)attain vt.獲得；到達(dá)(水平、年齡、狀況等) ①He attained his ambition at last. 他終于實(shí)現(xiàn)了她的抱負(fù)。 ②On attaining 20，she will apply for the job. 一到20歲她就要申請(qǐng)這份工作。,比較網(wǎng)站 ①attain常指經(jīng)過(guò)不懈努力獲得未曾預(yù)料的結(jié)果；也可指達(dá)到某一目標(biāo)。 ②obtain一般用于正式文體中。指經(jīng)過(guò)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的努力或奮斗獲得所需之物，強(qiáng)調(diào)愿望得到滿足。 ③achieve多指取得成就、目標(biāo)、幸福。 ④earn表示經(jīng)過(guò)艱苦努力而得到報(bào)酬，或得到了理應(yīng)享有的某種待遇，其賓語(yǔ)多為金錢、榮譽(yù)等。,⑤gain指通過(guò)斗爭(zhēng)、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)或付出勞動(dòng)而獲得某種優(yōu)勢(shì)或達(dá)到某種目的。其賓語(yǔ)通常是經(jīng)驗(yàn)、優(yōu)勢(shì)、利益、好處等。 ⑥get最常用，可指主動(dòng)去“獲得，得到”，也可能是被迫“接受”，有時(shí)指不一定需要主動(dòng)或付出很大努力就能得到。 ⑦win多指在競(jìng)賽中“獲得，贏得”，有時(shí)也用于指在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中“獲得”勝利，賓語(yǔ)通常是比賽、戰(zhàn)斗、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等。 ⑧acquire指通過(guò)努力、能力、行為表現(xiàn)等“獲得，得到”，其賓語(yǔ)多為知識(shí)、技術(shù)、能力等。,活學(xué)活用 (1)選詞填空(obtain/attain) ①Five years later，she________her ambition of becoming a pilot. 五年后，她實(shí)現(xiàn)了她當(dāng)飛行員的夢(mèng)想。 ②Further information can be________from our head office. 更詳細(xì)的信息可從我們的總部獲得。 答案：①attained ②obtained,(2)Everyone has the power to________beauty，health and success. A．a(chǎn)ttain B．complete C．receive D．finish 答案：A 句意：每個(gè)人都有權(quán)利去獲得美麗、健康和成功。attain“獲得；達(dá)到”，主要指通過(guò)努力達(dá)到重要目的或得到珍貴的東西，符合題意。complete和finish都意為“完成”；receive“收到”。,1.pay off ①得到好結(jié)果；取得成功 Did your plan pay off? 你的計(jì)劃成功了嗎？ Her hard work finally paid off—she came first in the English contest. 她的努力最終得到了回報(bào)——英語(yǔ)競(jìng)賽中她得了第一名。 ②付清；償清 We paid off our debt after fifteen years. 我們歷經(jīng)15年時(shí)間終于還清了債務(wù)。,③解雇；遣散 The crew were paid off as soon as the ship docked. 船一泊港，船員就被解雇了。 知識(shí)拓展 ①pay sth. off 全部?jī)斶€；償清 ②pay sb. off 付清某人工資并解雇 ③pay for 買……；為……付款；為……付出代價(jià) ④pay back 還錢；償還；報(bào)復(fù) ⑤pay money for sth. 付錢買…… ⑥pay out 付出大筆款項(xiàng)；放松 ⑦pay up 付清欠款,活學(xué)活用 (1)(2014·江蘇)—Dad, I don't think Oliver the right sort of person for the job. —I see.I'll go right away and ________. A．pay him back B．pay him off C．put him away D．put him off 答案：B 考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)詞義辨析。句意： ——爸爸，我認(rèn)為奧利弗不是做這項(xiàng)工作的適當(dāng)人選。——我明白。我這就去結(jié)賬讓他走人。pay sb. off付清工資后解雇(某)人，符合題意，故選B項(xiàng)。pay sb. back“償還某人”；put sb. away“把某人送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄，處死”；put sb. off“推脫，敷衍”，皆不合題意。,(2)Ling Feng won the first prize in the national English competition and I'm glad that her efforts at last ______. A．worked out B．got back C．paid off D．turned out 答案：C pay off常意為“還清”。但在本句話中的意思為“得到好結(jié)果，取得成功”。,(3)For us Senior Three students, believing that our hard work will________can strengthen our confidence. A．pay off B．take off C．set off D．put off 答案：A 句意：對(duì)我們高三學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，相信努力學(xué)習(xí)必有收獲將會(huì)增強(qiáng)我們的信心。pay off表示“取得成功；得到好結(jié)果”。,2.cast down 沮喪；不愉快 ①Anybody would be cast down at such bad news. 這樣的壞消息誰(shuí)聽(tīng)了都會(huì)感到沮喪。 ②He was much cast down by his failure to find work. 他找不到工作十分泄氣。 ③He was cast down by the result of the experiment. 他被實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果搞得很沮喪。,,知識(shí)拓展 cast aside把……丟在一旁；拋棄；消除 cast away放棄；(船難時(shí))丟下人 cast off拋棄；脫掉；解纜起航 cast out 驅(qū)逐；趕走 cast about/around for考慮；計(jì)劃；尋找 If you were cast away on a desert island，what would you miss most? 如果你因沉船而被丟在荒島上，你最想念什么？ You really must cast off all these bad habits. 你確實(shí)應(yīng)該拋棄這些壞習(xí)慣。,注意：cast的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞都是cast；cast down通常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。,活學(xué)活用 (1)完成句子 ①我們因船只失事而漂流到了一個(gè)孤島上，沒(méi)有食物也沒(méi)有水。 We were________ ________on an island without food or water. ②When Li Ming became monitor，he________ ________(置之不理)all his former friends. 答案：①cast away ②cast aside,(2)Since he heard of his failure at the examination, Tom has been very ________. A．turned down B．cast down C．let down D．knocked down 答案：B 句意：湯姆自從聽(tīng)說(shuō)考試不及格后，一直垂頭喪氣。be cast down (by sth.) 表示“(因某事)沮喪，不愉快”。,3．have/make an impact on.對(duì)……有影響 impact [C, usually sing &U](～of sth.)(on sb./sth.)巨大影響；強(qiáng)大作用 ①The move is not expected to make an impact on the company's employees. 預(yù)計(jì)這一行動(dòng)對(duì)公司職員不會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么巨大的影響。 ②Our regional measures have had a significant impact on unemployment. 我們地區(qū)的措施對(duì)失業(yè)有重大影響。,知識(shí)拓展 achieve/make an impact on 對(duì)……造成影響 have an effect on 對(duì)……有影響 make a difference to 對(duì)……有影響,活學(xué)活用 Every small decision you make will have a big________on your life in the years to come. A．consequence B．function C．impact D．commitment 答案：C 句意：你所做的每一個(gè)小決定都會(huì)對(duì)你將來(lái)的生活產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。have a big impact on“對(duì)……產(chǎn)生巨大的影響”，符合題意。consequence“結(jié)果；后果”；funciton“功能；作用”；commitment“承諾；交托；信奉”。,4．in favour of 贊同；支持；贊成 ①I'm all in favour of equal pay for equal work. 我完全支持同工同酬。 ②I talked to Susan about it, and she's all in favour of going. 我與蘇珊談了這件事，她完全贊同走。,知識(shí)拓展 in sb.'s favour對(duì)某人有利 do sb. a favour＝ do a favour for sb.給某人幫忙 owe sb. a favour欠某人情 ask sb. for a favour＝ask a favour of sb.向某人求助 Could you do me a favour and tell Kelly I can't make it? 你幫個(gè)忙告訴凱莉說(shuō)我來(lái)不了了好嗎？,巧學(xué)助記 “in＋名詞＋of”短語(yǔ)： in need of需要 in praise of 為了贊揚(yáng) in search of 尋找 in charge of 負(fù)責(zé) in place of 代替 in memory of 為了紀(jì)念…… in case of 萬(wàn)一；如果 in terms of 就……而言,in respect of 關(guān)于……；作為……的報(bào)酬 in honour of 為了紀(jì)念……，為向……表示敬意 in the form of 以……的形式 活學(xué)活用 (1)用favour的相關(guān)短語(yǔ)填空 ①Was he__________________a strike? ②__________________and turn the radio down while I'm on the phone, will you? 答案：①in favour of ②Do me a favour,(2)Laws will have to be made to ensure that cloning researches develop further ________ mankind. A．in favour of B．in memory of C．in honour of D．in search of 答案：A in favour of“支持，贊成”；in memory of“為紀(jì)念……”；in honour of“為慶?！?；為紀(jì)念……”；in search of“搜尋……”。句意：應(yīng)該制定法律確保克隆研究朝有利于人類的方向發(fā)展。,1.It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones. 當(dāng)園藝師從生長(zhǎng)著的植物上剪下枝條來(lái)培植新植物，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象。 (1)句中when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，不定式短語(yǔ)to make new ones作目的狀語(yǔ)。 He went to the market to buy some vegetables. 他去市場(chǎng)買一些蔬菜。,It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just to have a look at the sports stars. 真令人難以置信，那些粉絲們?cè)隗w育館外等了三個(gè)小時(shí)僅僅是為了看看那些體育明星。 注意：不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)其邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)為主句主語(yǔ)，此時(shí)應(yīng)注意人稱一致。 為了及時(shí)趕到那里，他把車開(kāi)得很快。 【誤】To get there in time, his car was driven by him very fast. 【正】To get there in time, he drove his car very fast. 【析】“為了及時(shí)趕到那里”的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)為人而不是車。,(2)ones在此用于代替前面的名詞plants。ones可用于代替復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，表示一個(gè)泛指概念。 Give me some apples. I want big ones. 給我一些蘋果。我要大的。 比較網(wǎng)站 one(ones), the one(the ones)與that(those), it (1)one用來(lái)替代前面出現(xiàn)的單數(shù)名詞，是泛指概念，相當(dāng)于a/an＋單數(shù)名詞；其復(fù)數(shù)形式是ones。 (2)the one用來(lái)替代前面特指的單數(shù)名詞，有時(shí)可用that替代(尤其在有后置定語(yǔ)的情況下)；其復(fù)數(shù)形式是the ones。,(3)that用來(lái)替代前面出現(xiàn)的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，表示特指，相當(dāng)于the＋單數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞；和前面提到的事物是同一類，但不是同一個(gè)；其復(fù)數(shù)形式是those。 (4)it用于代替前面提到的單數(shù)名詞，和前面提到的是同一事物。 My uncle gave me a very valuable present, one(＝a present) that I had never seen. 我叔叔給了我一件貴重的禮物，一件我從沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)的禮物。 This bike is more expensive than the one in the corner. 這輛自行車要比在拐角的那輛貴得多。,The area of Shanghai is larger than that of Suzhou. 上海的面積比蘇州的面積大。 Equipped with modern facilities, today's hospitals are quite different from those (＝the hospitals) of the past. 配備了現(xiàn)代化的設(shè)備，現(xiàn)在的醫(yī)院與過(guò)去的醫(yī)院有很大不同。 I bought a new dictionary yesterday, and it (＝the dictionary) is very useful. 昨天我買了一本新詞典，它非常有用。,活學(xué)活用 (1)(2014·陜西)________ the difficult maths problem, I have consulted Professor Russell several times. A．Working out B．Worked out C．To work out D．Work out 答案：C 本題考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：為了解決這個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)難題，我已經(jīng)請(qǐng)教Russell教授幾次了。由句意可知表示目的，故用to do 不定式。,2)(2013·遼寧)To her joy, Della earned first the trust of her students and then ________ of her colleagues. A．that B．one C．ones D．those 答案：A 考查代詞的用法。句意：讓德拉高興的是，她先是贏得了學(xué)生的信任，然后又贏得了同事 的信任。that代指上文的不可數(shù)名詞the trust。one，ones和those都代指可數(shù)名詞，故排除。,(3)I want to buy a present for my mother, ________ that is not expensive but meaningful. A．that B．it C．one D．ones 答案：C 句意：我想為我媽媽買一件禮物，一件不貴但又非常有意義的禮物。在此禮物是可數(shù)名詞，且表泛指概念，故用one。,2．Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants. 第一，園藝師一直用它生產(chǎn)大量的供商用的植物。 本句是簡(jiǎn)單句，不定式短語(yǔ)to produce.作目的狀語(yǔ)，quantities of是固定短語(yǔ)，意為“大量，許多”，其后可接可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。 She has quantities of good clothes in her store. 她的商店里有許多好衣服。 注意：“quantities of＋名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；a large quantity of不管后面跟可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都要用單數(shù)形式，比較：,A large quantity of books has been offered to us. 大量書(shū)籍被提供給我們。 Large quantities of money have been sent there. 大量資金被輸送到那兒。 Quantities of food were on the table. 桌上擺了大量食物。,活學(xué)活用 —Why does the lake smell terrible? —Because large quantities of water ________. A．have polluted B．is being polluted C．has been polluted D．have been polluted 答案：D “l(fā)arge quantities of＋名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，且water與pollute為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故選D項(xiàng)。,3．Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated. 克隆植物簡(jiǎn)單，但克隆動(dòng)物就非常復(fù)雜了。 本句中while作并列連詞，意為“然而，而”，表示對(duì)比關(guān)系。 He likes pop music, while I am fond of country music. 他喜歡流行音樂(lè)，而我喜歡鄉(xiāng)村音樂(lè)。 I like tea while she likes coffee. 我喜歡喝茶，而她喜歡喝咖啡。,知識(shí)拓展 ①while作從屬連詞，意為“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”。 I'll take care of your child while you are away. 你不在時(shí)，我會(huì)照顧你的孩子的。 Please don't talk so loudly while others are working. 別人在工作時(shí)，別高聲談話。 ②while作從屬連詞，意為“雖然，盡管”，表示讓步關(guān)系。 While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings. 盡管我承認(rèn)他的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但我還是能看到他的缺點(diǎn)。 While I like the color of the hat, I do not like its shape. 雖然我喜歡這頂帽子的顏色，但我不喜歡它的形狀。,比較網(wǎng)站 while, however, but 這三個(gè)詞都可以用來(lái)表示轉(zhuǎn)折，while是從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，表示對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)折；however是副詞，放在句首、句中或句末，常用“，”與句子其他部分分開(kāi)；but是并列連詞，用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，表示轉(zhuǎn)折。 Tom became an engineer while Jack remained a worker. 湯姆成了工程師，而杰克仍然是個(gè)工人。 I'd like to go with you; however, my hands are full. 我很想和你一塊去，可是我忙不過(guò)來(lái)。,He said he would come, but he didn't. 他說(shuō)他會(huì)來(lái)，但是他沒(méi)來(lái)。 活學(xué)活用 (1)(2013·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)There's no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery ________ another man, also intelligent, fails. A．since B．if C．a(chǎn)s D．while 答案：D 本題考查連詞的用法。句意：沒(méi)有辦法知道為什么一個(gè)人取得重大發(fā)現(xiàn)，而另一個(gè)人，也很聰明，卻不能。while“而，卻”，引導(dǎo)并列句，符合題意。,(2)(2013·重慶)It's not easy to change habits, ________ with awareness and self-control, it is possible. A．for B．or C．but D．so 答案：C 本題考查連詞。句意：改變習(xí)慣不容易，但是清醒、有自我控制力，這是可能的。for用作并列連詞時(shí)，連接表示原因的并列句；or否則，要不然；but連接表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列句；so連接表示結(jié)果的并列句。由語(yǔ)境可知C項(xiàng)正確。,(3)________ I always felt I would pass the exam, I never thought I would get an A. A. While B. Once C. If D. Until 答案：A 考查狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：雖然我一直認(rèn)為我能通過(guò)考試，但我從沒(méi)想過(guò)我會(huì)得A。while“雖然”；once“一旦”；if“如果”；until“直到……”。,4．Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. 接著傳來(lái)了多莉病重的壞消息。 (1)Then came the disturbing news.是一個(gè)倒裝語(yǔ)序。表示時(shí)間或方式或方位的副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)，如：then, now, up, down, here, there, off, away, in, out, in the room, on the wall等位于句首且主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí)，句子用完全倒裝語(yǔ)序；但若句子的主語(yǔ)是代詞，則不倒裝。,Now comes the opportunity to prove your innocence. 現(xiàn)在證明你清白的機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)了。 Out rushed the children. 孩子們沖了出去。 There goes the bell. 鈴響了。 Here he comes. 他來(lái)了。 Out he rushed. 他沖了出去。,(2)本句中news和that Dolly had become seriously ill是同位語(yǔ)關(guān)系。一般情況下同位語(yǔ)從句跟在某些名詞如fact, news, promise, reason, idea, belief, doubt, thought等的后面，用以說(shuō)明該名詞所表達(dá)的具體內(nèi)容。 We heard the news that our team had won. 我們聽(tīng)到我們球隊(duì)獲勝的消息了。 I have no idea why he didn't attend the meeting yesterday. 我不知道他為什么沒(méi)有參加昨天的會(huì)議。 We must face the fact that we have run out of all the money. 我們必須面對(duì)我們已花完了錢這一事實(shí)。,活學(xué)活用 (1)用倒裝句式完成下列句子 ①The door opened and________________________(校長(zhǎng)進(jìn)來(lái)了)． ②________________(柜臺(tái)后站著)a beautiful girl. ③__________________(鳥(niǎo)飛走了)in all directions. 答案：①in came the headmaster ②Behind the counter stood ③Away flew the birds,(2)Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ________ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. A．why B．that C．where D．because 答案：B 考查同位語(yǔ)從句。句意：沒(méi)有人相信他因?yàn)楸仨毴C(jī)場(chǎng)接叔叔而不來(lái)上課這一理由。his reason后接同位語(yǔ)從句，由for being absent from the class隔開(kāi)，從句是個(gè)完整的句子，故選B項(xiàng)。,5．Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain，newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions. 盡管目前供克隆研究的人類卵細(xì)胞和胚胎很難獲得，報(bào)紙上也報(bào)道說(shuō)，有些邪惡的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者希望把自己克隆出來(lái)以實(shí)現(xiàn)他們的野心。,(1)句子結(jié)結(jié)分析,(2)“sth./sb.＋be＋adj.＋to do”結(jié)構(gòu)用法,①It is said that he is hard to get along with. 據(jù)說(shuō)他很難相處。 ②Do you think the water is safe to drink? 你認(rèn)為這水喝起來(lái)安全嗎？,活學(xué)活用 (1)用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 I don't think maths is easy________(learn)well. 答案：to learn,(2)Of all the feelings，bodily pain is the most difficult________. A．explained B．to explain C．being explained D．to be explained 答案：B 考