高二英語備課《Module 4 Great Scientists》詞匯詳解 教學素材 外研版必修4

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111 知識感悟 一、詞匯詳解 1.technique n.技術；技巧；工藝 【典型例句】 Dick Fosbury had a new technique for doing the high jump. 迪克·福斯貝里有一種跳高的新技術。 【典型例句】  (1)technical adj.技術的；技能的 Everyone of us is active in technical innovation. 我們每個人都積極參加技術革新。 (2)technology n.(科學)技術 We should master the basic advanced technology of the 90’s within a few short years. 我們必須在短短的幾年內掌握90年代基本的先進技術。 (3)technique n.技術,技巧;技法,手法\\;工藝學(復數) (4)technician n.技術員；技師；技工；技術專家 His father is a technician in mechanic. 他父親是一名機械技師。 2.touch v.觸摸；感動；涉及 n.接觸；碰到；少許；風格 【典型例句】  The horse became quiet at the touch of my hand. 這匹馬我用手一摸就靜下來了。 A blind man reads by touch. 盲人靠觸覺閱讀。 Don’t touch the paint until it’s dry. 油漆未干，切勿觸摸。 He is so tall that his head nearly touches the ceiling. 他是如此之高，他的頭幾乎要碰到天花板。 I was really touched beyond words. 我確實感動得無法形容。 He’ll have to touch up the book before it is published. 這本書出版以前，他還得最后進行潤色。 【相關鏈接】  keep in touch with表示“與……保持聯系”；get in touch with表示“與……取得聯系”；be out of touch “失去聯系”。 3.emerge vi.顯現；浮現；暴露；形成 【典型例句】  The road was dark and then the moon emerged from behind the clouds. 路上黑黑的，不久月亮自云后出來了。 A wonderful thought emerged. 浮現出一個極妙的想法。 When old problems were solved,new problems emerged. 舊的問題解決了，新的問題又出現了。 【要點歸納】  emerge from(=appear,become known)出現,暴露(問題、意見等) 【相關鏈接】  It emerges that...暴露，出現。例如： It emerged that he had deserted his family. 他遺棄家人的事實暴露了。 4.decline vt.＆.vi.衰退；下降；減少；謝絕；婉謝 【典型例句】  Great nations rise and decline. 大國都經歷了盛衰的過程。 My health is declining.我的健康越來越差。 He declined their invitation. 他婉言謝絕了他們的邀請。 There is a sharp decline in interest in sports in our town. 我們鎮(zhèn)對體育的情趣急劇下降。 We are studying the decline of ancient Rome. 我們在研究古羅馬的衰落。 【相關鏈接】  on the decline 在衰退中,在減少中 5.take advantage of 趁機；利用；欺騙(或愚弄)某人 【典型例句】  She advised him to take advantage of the opportunity. 她建議他利用這個機會。 Taking advantage of John’s ignorance,the dealer sold him a worthless car. 那舊汽車商人欺騙約翰外行，賣給他一輛不能用的汽車。 6.arise v.發(fā)生；出現；升起 【典型例句】  Accidents can arise from carelessness. 意外事件可能因為疏忽而引起。 New difficulties will arise from such a situation. 那種情況將會產生新的難題。 Smoke arose from the chimney. 煙從煙筒升起。 【相關鏈接】  相似詞rise的用法： rise有“上升，升起；站起身；(河水、物價)漲”的意思。 Would you like seeing the sun rise? 你喜歡看日出嗎？ The teacher rose from the chair to say hello to us. 老師從椅子上起身向我們問好。 作“上升”講時，指繼續(xù)上升，常用于日、月、云、煙、物價、溫度、河水、人的職位等，rise還有“起義”之意。 7.in order 按順序；整齊；合乎程序的 【典型例句】  Just give me five minutes to put the room in order,please. 請給我五分鐘把房間弄整齊。 The sentences are in order now. 這些句子現在按順序排列好了。 【相關鏈接】  be under order to do sth. ……受命令去做某事；帶著做……的命令=by order of in order to do 為了做……(比單純的to do 更強調目的，也可以是 in order for sb. to do) on order 在訂購中，訂購的  out of order 順序混亂的，雜亂的 take orders from sb.=take sb.’s orders 接受某人的命令 8.side by side肩并肩地；一面又一面的 【典型例句】  They walked side by side. 他們肩并肩地走。 【相關鏈接】  little by little 一點一點地 day by day 日復一日地 bit by bit 一點一點地 step by step 一步一步地 house by house 挨家挨戶地 9.rather than 而不；寧愿……不愿…… 【典型例句】  They were determined to die rather than surrender. 他們寧死不屈。 It ought to be you rather than me that sign the letter. 在信上簽署的應該是你而不是我。 Shall we go for a walk rather than watching television? 咱們不看電視，出去散散步，好不好？ Our group would prefer to start off in August rather than in April. 我們小組寧愿在八月出發(fā)，而不愿在四月出發(fā)。 10.try out 試用；試驗；試 【典型例句】  The director is trying out some actors for the new play. 導演正為那個新戲試演員。 We won’t know if the plan is good till we have tried it out. 這個計劃在試行之前我們很難說是不是可行。 【相關鏈接】  try sth.on 試穿衣服;耍弄，用……來騙人 try one’s best盡力，盡量 11.come out出來；(書等)出版；發(fā)行；泄露 【典型例句】  Flowers have come out. 花開了。 When will her new book come out? 她的新書什么時候出版？ We have nothing to do if it comes out. 假如此事泄露，我們都沒辦法了。 【相關鏈接】  come about相當于happen或occur,該短語常用在How does it come about that...這一句型中。come into being“出現；產生；誕生”，沒有被動形式，往往表示經過一個過程之后產生的結果。 12.far from 遠遠不；完全不；絕非 【典型例句】  I can’t do the work because it is far from easy. 這活兒我干不了，因為它太難了。 【相關鏈接】  far away from與far from辨析： (1)far away from只表示距離,away可省去。例如： The school is far(away)from my house.學校離我家很遠。 (2)far from除了表示距離的“遠”之外，還有“遠遠不，完全不，絕非”之意，后接名詞、動名詞或形容詞。例如： Far from reading his letter,she didn’t open it. 別說看他的信了，她連信都沒拆。 13.devote...to把……獻給；把……用于 【典型例句】  Net chat may be interesting,but you should not devote all your time to it. 網上聊天或許很有趣，但你不應該把所有的時間都用在這上面。 The doctor is determined to devote his whole life to studying SARS virus. 那位醫(yī)生決心一生都致力于SARS病毒的研究。 【相關鏈接】  be devoted to作“致力于，獻身于”講，表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。 14.otherwise adv.另外；在其他方面；否則；要不然 adj.不這樣；并非如此 【典型例句】  My father wanted me to become a farmer,but I decided otherwise. 我父親要我當個農民，但是我決定干別的。 The house is small,but otherwise it is comfortable. 房子小是小，但是很舒適。 You must go early,otherwise you will miss the bus. 你必須早點走，否則就趕不上公共汽車了。 【知識歸納】  otherwise用在句末時需要特別注意，此時它的含義就應該為“別樣的，不同的”。 15.impression n.印象；感想；印記 【典型例句】  First impressions are half the battle. ［諺］最初的印象最深刻/先入為主。 I have the impression that I’ve seen that man before. 我覺得我以前見過那個人。 The robber left an impression of his foot in the mud. 強盜在爛泥里留下了他的腳印。 【相關鏈接】  (1)impress vt.使(人)印象深刻;使銘記;蓋印 His words are strongly impressed on my memory. 他的話使我深深銘記心頭。 He impressed the wax with a seal. 他把圖章印在蠟上。 (2)impressive adj.給人深刻印象的；感人的 It’s an impressive ceremony. 那是個難忘的儀式。 (3)習語歸納： impress on(upon)使銘記 make an impression on sb. 給某人留下印象;給人……以影響 be under the impression that認為;覺得 give sb.a favorable impression給某人以好印象 give one’s impression of陳述自己對……的印象 二、句型剖析 the first time引導時間狀語從句，表示“當第一次……的時候”。 【典型例句】  He left me a good impression the first time I met him. 我第一次見他時他給我留下了好印象。 The first time I came here,I knew her. 第一次我來這的時候我認識了她。 【相關鏈接】  (1)the first time 與for the first time辨析： for the first time表示有生以來或一段時間中第一次做某事； 在句中一般單獨作狀語。the first time是連詞詞組，常引導一個時間狀語從句，其重點不是要說第一次做了什么，而是敘述另一動作或情況。 (2)某些表時間的名詞短語the moment/minute,every/each/next time，the last time 也可以引導時間狀語從句。 Be sure to call on us next time you come to town. 下次你進城一定來看我們。 The last time I spoke to Bob,he seemed happy enough. 上一次我和鮑勃說話時，他看上去很開心。 三、語法解讀 (一)時間狀語從句 時間狀語從句的引導詞有after，before，as，once，since，till，until，when，whenever，while，as soon as，the moment/minute...(一……就……)，the time,the day,every time,next time,each time，by the time of，no sooner...than(一……就……)，hardly...when(一……就……),scarcely...when... 注意： (1)no sooner...than；hardly...when；scarcely...when的句子結構,主句多用完成時。例如： No sooner had he got to the station than the train started. 他一到達車站，火車就開走了。 Hardly had it stopped raining when they went to work in the fields. 雨一停，他們就到田里去干活了。 Scarcely had the bell rung when they went to the playground. 鈴一響，他們就到操場去了。 (2)“on+動名詞”句型多用來表示時間的短促和動作的緊湊，這一介詞短語一般放在句首。 句中的謂語動詞用一般過去時：on后的動名詞，一般來自表示去向性動作的動詞，如arrive，reach，return,leave等。例如： On arriving at the village，we were warmly welcomed by the villagers. 我們一到那個村子，就受到了村民們的熱烈歡迎。 (3)when/while/whenever辨析： ①when引導的從句動詞可以是延續(xù)性的或短暫性的，while引導的從句中動詞必須是延續(xù)性的。例如： When I got home I found the door locked./While(或When)we were working in the fields,it suddenly began to rain. ②在“be...when...”句式中，when表示“at that time(就在這時)”，這樣的when不能換為while；while有時并不表示時間，而表示對比，意為“而”“卻”，when無這樣的用法。例如： He was wandering through the forests when a bike hit him. 他正穿過森林，就在這時一輛自行車撞到了他。 His pencil is red,while mine is yellow. 他的鉛筆是紅色的，然而我的是黃色的。 ③whenever指的是“在任何一個不具體的時間”。例如： Whenever you come,I will welcome you. 無論你什么時來，我都歡迎你。 (4)till與until辨析： 一般情況下可以互換，但until可以位于句首，till則不能。例如： Until it stops raining，the children can’t go out. 雨停了，孩子們才能出去。 ＝Not until the rain stops can the children go out. (二)省略 1.在含有狀語從句的復合句中 由when，while，as,once，whenever引導的時間狀語從句，由if，unless引導的條件狀語從句，由though，although，even if,even though引導的讓步狀語從句，由as though，as if，as引導的方式狀語從句，由because引導的原因狀語從句，由wherever引導的地點狀語從句，若從句的主句是it或與主句的主語相同，且在謂語中含有be時，常省略從句的主語和be。 When(water is)heated,water is turned into vapour. 水加熱時，會變成水蒸氣。 Wood gives much smoke while(wood is)burning. 木頭燃燒時會冒煙。 When(I am)in trouble,I always turn to her for help. 當我遇到困難時，我總是會向她求助。 He works very hard though(he is)still rather weak. 雖然他很虛弱，但是他工作很努力。 If(it were)not for dust,there would be no rain drops. 如果沒有灰塵，就沒有雨點。 2.在限制性定語從句中 在限制性定語從句中作賓語的關系代詞that，which,whom可以省略；在以the same...as和such...as引導的定語從句中，可以省略與主句相同的部分；the way后面的定語從句中，可以省略that，in which；在含被動語態(tài)的定語從句中，關系代詞作主語時，可以省略關系代詞和be,省略之后,變成過去分詞短語作定語。 例如： This is one of the best films(that)I’ve ever seen. 這是我曾經看過的最好的電影。 He is the student (whom/that)we are talking about. 他是我們正在談論的那個學生。 3.在感官動詞或短語中 在see，watch，hear，feel，observe，notice，listen to等感官動詞或短語及make，have，let等使役動詞之后的“賓語+不定式作賓語補足語” 結構中，不定式前省略to；有時為了避免重復，常省略與上文表達相同意思的不定式符號to之后的內容，只保留不定式符號；不定式在tell，ask,advise,wish,permit,force等動詞后面作賓語補足語或主語補足語時，可以省略，但要保留不定式符號to；不定式在happy，glad，eager，ready，willing等形容詞后面作狀語時，可以省略，但要保留不定式符號to。 例如： Nothing has ever stopped him from sleeping when he wants to(sleep). 當他想睡覺時，沒有什么能阻止他。 4.在if引導的虛擬條件句中  if引導的虛擬語氣條件句中含有had，were，should時，可以把had，were，should放在句首，省略if。 例如: Should he come(=If he should come),tell him to ring me up. 如果他來，告訴他給我打電話。 Had he been more careful(=If he had been more careful),such mistakes could have been avoided. 如果他更小心些，此類錯誤可能避免。 活學巧用 選詞填空 (1)He is now studying in a Federal Institute of_________. (2)My brother works as a_________ adviser. (3)He has been working on _________for more than 20 years. (4)To learn something well does not necessarily mean that you ought to be a craftsman or a _________. 答案：(1)Technology　(2)technical　(3)techniques　(4)technician 翻譯  (5)對我來說，這本書太專業(yè)了。 ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：This book is too technical for me. 選擇  (1)In a time of social reform(改革)，people’s state of mind tends to keep _________with the rapid changes of society. A.step B.pace  C.progress D.touch 提示：keep pace with意思是“與……并駕齊驅，同速前進”；keep(in)step with意思是“與……步調(伐)一致”；C、D兩項不能直接與keep構成短語。所以B項適合語境。 答案：B 填空 (2)She couldn’t help_________ (觸摸)the door of the bricks of the Great Wall and thought for a while. 答案：touching 翻譯  (1)在調查過程中未發(fā)現新證據。 ______________________________________________________________________________ (2)游泳者從湖中出來。 ______________________________________________________________________________ (3)他三十歲時初露鋒芒擔任了領袖。 ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：(1)No new evidence emerged during the enquiry. (2)The swimmer emerged from the lake. (3)He emerged as leader at the age of thirty. 選擇  His job at the hospital did not pay much,so he found another . A.on the rise　　  B.on the spot C.on the decline D.on the side 提示：on the side 額外,作為兼職；on the rise(作表語)在上升；on the spot 現場；on the decline(作表語)在下降。根據句意應選D項。 答案：D 選擇  I’d like to take_________of this opportunity to thank you all for your cooperation. A.profit　　　　 B.benefit C.advantage D.interests 提示：take advantage of(=make use of sth.for one’s own benefit)利用。 答案：C 選擇 Every morning only after your mother says “Come on,lazybones!Get out of bed” can you _________ .Although you know failure can _________from laziness. A.raise;rise B.raise;arise C.arise;arise D.arise;raise 提示：第一個空為“起床”之意，可以填arise或者rise；而第二個空所在的句子的意思為“懶惰導致失敗”，arise from為固定短語。 答案：C 選擇  (1)—Who told you about his illness? —The doctor in_________. A.turn B.public C.charge D.order 提示：該句的意思是“有關他的病誰告訴你的？”“主治醫(yī)生?！盇項in turn “依次，輪流”；B項 in public “當眾，公然”;D項 in order“按順序”。 答案：C 翻譯  (2)他為了要把家里弄得整整齊齊，忙了好一陣子。 ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：He was as busy as a bee trying to put the house in order. 選擇  Even though they_________for twenty years,the two neighbors are not on good terms. A.have been lived side by side  B.had been living side by side  C.have been side by side living  D.have been living side by side 提示：“肩并肩地生活了二十多年”這一狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到現在。 答案：D 翻譯  (1)她是職業(yè)婦女而不是家庭主婦。 ______________________________________________________________________________ (2)與其說她美倒不如說她迷人。 ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：(1)She is a career woman rather than a housewife. (2)She is not so beautiful as charming.(=She is charming rather than beautiful.) 翻譯  (1)雪莉將參加該劇主角的選拔演出。 ______________________________________________________________________________ (2)在買之前我想先試一下。 ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：(1)Shirley will try out for the lead in the play. (2)I want to try it out before I buy it. 選擇  (1)Some flowers have begun to come_________ in early spring. A.up　　　　　 B.out C.off　 D.on 提示：come out開花。 答案：B (2)It was a pity that you didn’t_________at my birthday party;every one had a great time. A.come out  B.come on C.come along  D.come up 提示：come up在此意思是“出現”。 答案：D 選擇 —You speak very good English. —_________. A.And so do you B.Far from very good C.worse than you do D.Thanks for your praise 提示：當受到別人稱贊、夸獎時，出于禮貌要向別人表示謝意，不能像中國人所表現的那樣“太謙虛”；B、C項是典型的中國式英語。 答案：D 選擇  He used to _________his teaching when he was young. A.devote to B.be devoted to C.devoting to D.being devoted to 提示：be devoted to為系表結構，表示“致力于、獻身于”，used to表示“過去習慣?！保蠼釉蝿釉~。 答案：B 選擇  We cannot understand disease _________we understand the person who has the disease. A.though B.whether C.unless D.otherwise 提示：though引導讓步狀語從句，是“既然”的意思。whether是“是否”的意思，引導名詞性從句。unless引導條件狀語從句，是if的否定式，是“如果不，除非”的意思。otherwise的意思是“否則”。 答案：C 選擇  (1)Frank made a good_________on the manager,so he gave him the job. A.feeling B.effect C.impression　 D.sense 提示：feeling感情；effect作用；impression 印象；sense意識。 答案：C (2)The horrible scene after the big earthquake was deeply _________upon my mind. A.affected B.expressed C.presented D.impressed 提示：affect 影響，感動；express表達；present呈現；impress 銘記。 答案：D (3)Which show of the 2006 Spring Festival Evening Party is the most _________on your memory? A.effective　 B.impressive C.favorite　 D.attractive 提示：effective 有效果的；impressive印象深的；favorite最喜歡的，沒有比較級和和最高級；attractive吸引人的，與on your memory不搭配。 答案：B 單句改錯 (1)I thought her trustworthy at the first time I saw her. ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：去掉at。the first time引導時間狀語從句，表示“當第一次……的時候”。 完成句子 (2)I_________this mistake in your paper_________I read it. (我第一次看你的卷子時沒有看出這個錯誤。) 答案：overlooked;the first time 選擇 (3) _________he was a little shy in class,but now he acts more naturally. A.First B.At first C.First of all D.For the first time 提示：at first意思是“最初,起先”；first of all意思是“首先,第一”；for the first time意思是“第一次”；first意思是“首先,第一”。 答案：B 選擇 (1)Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _________she was bitten on the leg by a lion. A.when B.while C.since　　 D.once 提示:屬于be doing...when...句型。 答案：A (2)—What were you doing when Tony phoned you? —I had just finished my work and _________to take a shower. A.had started　 B.started　 C.have started　 D.was starting 提示:was starting to do sth.正要開始做某事。后一句意為“我剛做完工作，正要開始淋浴”。A項過去完成時表示“過去的過去”。 答案：D (3)The discussion_________alive when an interesting topic was brought in. A.was coming B.had come C.has come D.came 提示:根據when引導的時間狀語從句的時態(tài)可確定用一般過去時。 答案：D (4)There was_________time _________I hated to go to school. A.a;that　 B.a;when C.the;that D.the;when 提示:a time表示一段時間；when此處作時間狀語，意思是“那時”。 答案：B (5)It is almost five years _________we saw each other last time. A.before B.since C.after D.when 提示:“It is+一段時間+sinceclause”表示從事情發(fā)生到現在多長時間了。 答案：B (6)Several weeks had gone by_________I realized the painting was missing. A.as B.before C.since D.when 提示:before在……之前。表示在意識到油畫丟失前已過了多長時間。 答案：B (7)The boy spent as much time watching TV as hestudying. A.hated  B.was  C.had D.did  提示:did替代spent。 答案：D (8)If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week,better _________it—you’ve got some big bills coming. A.forget B.forgot C.forgetting  D.to forget  提示:better forget 相當于you’d better forget。 答案：A (9)The boy wanted to play football in the street,but his parents told him_________. A.not to　　　 B.not to do C.not do it D.do not to 提示：重復前面的動詞不定式時，往往用省略形式，not to后面把play football省掉了。 答案：A (10)—Who is the man talking to the teacher? —A model worker_________our school. A.visits B.is visiting C.visited  D.visiting 提示：答語回答who提出的問題,即說出句子的主語，ing短語在此作定語。 答案：D (11)When _________the education system of China with that of Japan,the professor made no answer. A.being asked to compare B.asking him to compare C.asked to compare D.asked him to compare  提示:總體推斷法?？键c：從句中的主語因與主句主語一致，被省略了；在本句中，professor與 ask是動賓關系。 答案：C (12)I wonder why you won’t do it as_________and it’s the third time you have done so. A.told you B.be told C.told to D.you told 提示：as后省略的成分為you were。 答案：C 課文濃縮  下面的一段文章為課文原文的濃縮,仔細閱讀,根據原文章內容將其補充完整,并盡量背誦。 Hip hop is an American cultural movement_________started in the 1970s at block parties in New York,especially in a district_________the Bronx.There were four main_________of hip hop:breakdance and graffiti art plus two types of hip hop music—DJ-ing and rapping.The DJs at block parties in the 1970s played a lot of soul music and they _________that people preferred the percussion breaks to_________.There were a lot of Jamaicans in New York who_________the idea with them.Why was hip hop so successful?There are two main reasons.Firstly,it’s cheap and easy. _________,people were bored_________the pop music of the day—disco music and rock music were both in_________in the mid-1970s.In the late 1980s,hip hop spread_________the world,to Japan,India and many parts of Europe, especially France,Belgium and Italy.　　　　　 答案：which;called;aspects;noticed;dance to;brought;Secondly;with;decline;across 111