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機(jī)械制造技術(shù)是研究產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、加工制造、銷(xiāo)售使用、維修服務(wù)乃至回收再生的整個(gè)過(guò)程的工程學(xué)科,是以提高質(zhì)量、效益、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力為目標(biāo),包含物質(zhì)流、信息流和能量流的完整的系統(tǒng)工程。隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展,人們對(duì)產(chǎn)品的要求也發(fā)生了很大變化,要求品種要多樣、更新要快捷、質(zhì)量要高檔、使用要方便、價(jià)格要合理、外形要美觀、自動(dòng)化程度要高、售后服務(wù)要好、要滿(mǎn)足人們?cè)絹?lái)越高的要求,就必須采用先進(jìn)的機(jī)械制造技術(shù)。
1 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)
1.1面向21世紀(jì)的技術(shù)
先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)是制造技術(shù)的最新發(fā)展階段，是由傳統(tǒng)的制造技術(shù)發(fā)展起來(lái)的，既保持了過(guò)去制造技術(shù)中的有效要素，又要不斷吸收各種高新技術(shù)成果，并滲透到產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的所有領(lǐng)域及其全部過(guò)程。先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)與現(xiàn)代高新技術(shù)相結(jié)合而產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)完整的技術(shù)群，它是具有明確范疇的新的技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，是面向21世紀(jì)的技術(shù)。
1.2 是面向工業(yè)應(yīng)用的技術(shù)
先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)并不限于制造過(guò)程本身，它涉及到產(chǎn)品從市場(chǎng)調(diào)研、產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)及工藝設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備、加工制造、售后服務(wù)等產(chǎn)品壽命周期的所有內(nèi)容，并將它們結(jié)合成一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體。先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的應(yīng)用特別注意產(chǎn)生最好的實(shí)際效果，其目標(biāo)是為了提高企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和促進(jìn)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)和綜合實(shí)力的增長(zhǎng)。目的是要提高制造業(yè)的綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。
1.3駕馭生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的系統(tǒng)工程
先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)特別強(qiáng)調(diào)計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、傳感技術(shù)、自動(dòng)化技術(shù)、新材料技術(shù)和現(xiàn)代系統(tǒng)管理技術(shù)在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、制造和生產(chǎn)組織管理、銷(xiāo)售及售后服務(wù)等方面的應(yīng)用。它要不斷吸收各種高新技術(shù)成果與傳統(tǒng)制造技術(shù)相結(jié)合，使制造技術(shù)成為能駕馭生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的物質(zhì)流、能量流和信息流的系統(tǒng)工程。
1.4 面向全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的技術(shù)
20世紀(jì) 80年代以來(lái)，市場(chǎng)的全球化有了進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展， 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家通過(guò)金融、經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技手段爭(zhēng)奪市場(chǎng)，傾銷(xiāo)產(chǎn)品，輸出資本。隨著全球市場(chǎng)的形成，使得市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)變得越來(lái)越激烈，先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)正是為適應(yīng)這種激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)而出現(xiàn)的。因此，一個(gè)國(guó)家的先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)，它的主體應(yīng)該具有世界先進(jìn)水平，應(yīng)能支持該國(guó)制造業(yè)在全球市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
1.5市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)三要素的統(tǒng)一
在20世紀(jì) 70年代以前，產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)相對(duì)比較簡(jiǎn)單，一個(gè)新產(chǎn)品上市，很快就會(huì)有相同功能的產(chǎn)品跟著上市。因此，市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的核心是如何提高生產(chǎn)率。到了20世紀(jì)80年代以后，制造業(yè)要贏得市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的主要矛盾已經(jīng)從提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐詴r(shí)間為核心的時(shí)間、成本和質(zhì)量的三要素的矛盾。先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)把這三個(gè)矛盾有機(jī)結(jié)合起來(lái)，使三者達(dá)到了統(tǒng)一。
2 先進(jìn)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
近年來(lái)，我國(guó)的制造業(yè)不斷采用先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)，但與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比，仍然存在一個(gè)階段性的整體上的差距。
?。?）管理方面。工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家廣泛采用計(jì)算機(jī)管理，重視組織和管理體制、生產(chǎn)模式的更新發(fā)展，推出了準(zhǔn)時(shí)生產(chǎn)（JIT）、敏捷制造（AM）、精益生產(chǎn)（LP）、并行工程（CE）等新的管理思想和技術(shù)。我國(guó)只有少數(shù)大型企業(yè)局部采用了計(jì)算機(jī)輔助管理，多數(shù)小型企業(yè)仍處于經(jīng)驗(yàn)管理階段。
?。?）設(shè)計(jì)方面。工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家不斷更新設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)和準(zhǔn)則，采用新的設(shè)計(jì)方法，廣泛采用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)（CAD/CAM），大型企業(yè)開(kāi)始無(wú)圖紙的設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)。我國(guó)采用CAD/CAM技術(shù)的比例較低。
（3）制造工藝方面。工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家較廣泛的采用高精密加工、精細(xì)加工、微細(xì)加工、微型機(jī)械和微米/納米技術(shù)、激光加工技術(shù)、電磁加工技術(shù)、超塑加工技術(shù)以及復(fù)合加工技術(shù)等新型加工方法。我國(guó)普及率不高，尚在開(kāi)發(fā)、掌握之中。
（4）自動(dòng)化技術(shù)方面。工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家普遍采用數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心及柔性制造單元（FMC）、柔性制造系統(tǒng)（FMS）、計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)（CIMS），實(shí)現(xiàn)了柔性自動(dòng)化、知識(shí)智能化、集成化。我國(guó)尚處在單機(jī)自動(dòng)化、剛性自動(dòng)化階段，柔性制造單元和系統(tǒng)僅在少數(shù)企業(yè)使用。
3 我國(guó)先進(jìn)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
?。?）全球化。一方面由于國(guó)際和國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)越來(lái)越激烈，例如在機(jī)械制造業(yè)中，國(guó)內(nèi)外已有不少企業(yè)，甚至是知名度很高的企業(yè)，在這種無(wú)情的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中紛紛落敗，有的倒閉，有的被兼并。不少暫時(shí)還在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上占有份額的企業(yè)，不得不擴(kuò)展新的市場(chǎng)；另一方面，網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展推動(dòng)了企業(yè)向著既競(jìng)爭(zhēng)又合作的方向發(fā)展，這種發(fā)展進(jìn)一步激化了國(guó)際間市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這兩個(gè)原因的相互作用，已成為全球化制造業(yè)發(fā)展的動(dòng)力，全球化制造的第一個(gè)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)是網(wǎng)絡(luò)化，網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊技術(shù)使制造的全球化得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。
?。?）網(wǎng)絡(luò)化。網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展和普及，給企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)帶來(lái)了革命性的變革。產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、物料選擇、零件制造、市場(chǎng)開(kāi)拓與產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)售都可以異地或跨越國(guó)界進(jìn)行。此外，網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，加速技術(shù)信息的交流、加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)的合作和經(jīng)營(yíng)管理的學(xué)習(xí)，推動(dòng)了企業(yè)向著既競(jìng)爭(zhēng)又合作的方向發(fā)展。
?。?）虛擬化。制造過(guò)程中的虛擬技術(shù)是指面向產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的模擬和檢驗(yàn)。檢驗(yàn)產(chǎn)品的可加工性、加工方法和工藝的合理性，以?xún)?yōu)化產(chǎn)品的制造工藝、保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)周期和最低成本為目標(biāo)，進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)過(guò)程計(jì)劃、組織管理、車(chē)間調(diào)度、供應(yīng)鏈及物流設(shè)計(jì)的建模和仿真。虛擬化的核心是計(jì)算機(jī)仿真，通過(guò)仿真軟件來(lái)模擬真實(shí)系統(tǒng)，以保證產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和產(chǎn)品工藝的合理性，保證產(chǎn)品制造的成功和生產(chǎn)周期，發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)中不可避免的缺陷和錯(cuò)誤。
?。?）自動(dòng)化。自動(dòng)化是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)概念，目前它的研究主要表現(xiàn)在制造系統(tǒng)中的集成技術(shù)和系統(tǒng)技術(shù)、人機(jī)一體化制造系統(tǒng)、制造單元技術(shù)、制造過(guò)程的計(jì)劃和調(diào)度、柔性制造技術(shù)和適應(yīng)現(xiàn)化生產(chǎn)模式的制造環(huán)境等方面。制造自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)是制造全球化、制造敏捷化、制造網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、制造虛擬化、制造智能化和制造綠色化。
（5）綠色化。綠色制造則通過(guò)綠色生產(chǎn)過(guò)程 、綠色設(shè)計(jì)、綠色材料、綠色設(shè)備、綠色工藝、綠色包裝、綠色管理等生產(chǎn)出綠色產(chǎn)品，產(chǎn)品使用完以后再通過(guò)綠色處理后加以回收利用。采用綠色制造能最大限度地減少制造對(duì)環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響，同時(shí)使原材料和能源的利用效率達(dá)到最高。
制造業(yè)特別是機(jī)械制造業(yè)是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)，現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)正在改變著人們的生產(chǎn)方式、生活方式、經(jīng)營(yíng)管理模式乃至社會(huì)的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和文化。由于中國(guó)潛在的巨大市場(chǎng)和豐富的勞動(dòng)力資源，世界的制造業(yè)正在向中國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)移，中國(guó)正在成為世界的制造大國(guó)。我國(guó)在家電等若干產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量已居世界第一位。但是在自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)、先進(jìn)制造工藝和裝備及現(xiàn)代化管理等方面仍然存在很大差距，所以我們還不是制造強(qiáng)國(guó)。本文僅就機(jī)械制造企業(yè)目前管理中存在的問(wèn)題、如何利用信息技術(shù)提高管理水平、管理信息化的特點(diǎn)和技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)作一些研究，供機(jī)械制造企業(yè)制定信息化方案時(shí)參考。?
中國(guó)機(jī)械制造業(yè)經(jīng)過(guò)幾十年的努力已經(jīng)具有相當(dāng)?shù)囊?guī)模，積累了大量的技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。但是隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的形成，由于中國(guó)潛在的巨大市場(chǎng)和豐富的勞動(dòng)力資源，國(guó)外的技術(shù)、資金、產(chǎn)品大量涌入中國(guó)，中國(guó)企業(yè)面臨前所未有的國(guó)內(nèi)外激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)局面。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)要求企業(yè)產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代快、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量高、價(jià)格低、交貨及時(shí)、服務(wù)好。這些市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的武器與企業(yè)管理的模式、管理方法、管理手段、組織結(jié)構(gòu)、業(yè)務(wù)流程密切相關(guān)。然而中國(guó)企業(yè)及人們的思想意識(shí)由于受到30-40年計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響，上述競(jìng)爭(zhēng)武器與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比存在很大差距。
?中國(guó)機(jī)械制造業(yè)管理的特點(diǎn):?機(jī)械制造業(yè)與其它制造業(yè)的管理具有共性也有個(gè)性；機(jī)械制造業(yè)本身隨著生產(chǎn)類(lèi)型，生產(chǎn)批量，生產(chǎn)組織方式不同其管理方法存在差異；中國(guó)的制造業(yè)與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比，由于企業(yè)文化、法律、制度的不同也有其特殊性。
械械制造業(yè)管理信息化的發(fā)展趨勢(shì):?隨著全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的加快，新的管理模式和管理方法不斷涌現(xiàn)，計(jì)算機(jī)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信技術(shù)高速發(fā)展，特別是國(guó)際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)滲透到世界的每個(gè)角落。作為機(jī)械制造企業(yè)管理信息化的重要工具---企業(yè)資源計(jì)劃ERP系統(tǒng)，正在發(fā)生著深刻的變化和發(fā)展。下面我們從管理思想、系統(tǒng)性能和軟件開(kāi)發(fā)平臺(tái)三個(gè)方面講述其發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。?
（1）管理思想的發(fā)展?
1.在網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)支持下，新的ERP系統(tǒng)將給世界帶入這樣一種境界：消費(fèi)者或客戶(hù)通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)在電子商場(chǎng)了解產(chǎn)品性能、價(jià)格，通過(guò)電子商務(wù)給生產(chǎn)廠商下達(dá)訂單；生產(chǎn)者通過(guò)ERP系統(tǒng)下達(dá)物料采購(gòu)和生產(chǎn)制造指令，通過(guò)電子商務(wù)完成物料采購(gòu)、支付活動(dòng)；經(jīng)過(guò)生產(chǎn)制造，最后將商品按時(shí)送交用戶(hù)，在網(wǎng)上完成交易和結(jié)算。它使供應(yīng)商、生產(chǎn)者、分銷(xiāo)商、客戶(hù)，通過(guò)供應(yīng)鏈緊密集成，物料不間斷的流動(dòng)，達(dá)到減少庫(kù)存，最大限度減少經(jīng)營(yíng)成本，快速響應(yīng)客戶(hù)需求，提高企業(yè)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。所以供應(yīng)鏈管理SCM，電子商務(wù)EC將必不可少。?
2.由于市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加劇，制造商要從過(guò)去的“以產(chǎn)品為中心”轉(zhuǎn)向以“客戶(hù)為中心”的經(jīng)營(yíng)策略。
客戶(hù)關(guān)系管理CRM它為企業(yè)提供全方位的客戶(hù)視角，賦予企業(yè)更完善的與客戶(hù)交流的能力，是一種最大化客戶(hù)收益率的方法。它在充分了解客戶(hù)的特殊需求基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)行“一對(duì)一”的個(gè)性化服務(wù)，提高客戶(hù)對(duì)企業(yè)的滿(mǎn)意度和忠誠(chéng)度，使企業(yè)取得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。其目的在于建立一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，使企業(yè)在客戶(hù)服務(wù)、市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、銷(xiāo)售及支持方面形成彼此協(xié)調(diào)的全新的關(guān)系。CRM既是技術(shù)，又是一種新型的管理哲理和機(jī)制。?
3.支持敏捷制造和虛擬制造。
敏捷制造是使企業(yè)具有卓越的自適應(yīng)能力，在多變的環(huán)境中占據(jù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)主導(dǎo)地位的總體戰(zhàn)略。在經(jīng)營(yíng)管理范疇中其實(shí)現(xiàn)的技術(shù)手段包括：準(zhǔn)時(shí)生產(chǎn)JIT，精良生產(chǎn)LP，并行工程CE，業(yè)務(wù)流程再造BPR，虛擬制造VM等。通過(guò)快速建模工具和參考模型庫(kù)，加快業(yè)務(wù)流程再造的過(guò)程。采用基于瀏覽器/服務(wù)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)和軟構(gòu)件技術(shù)，通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)虛擬專(zhuān)用網(wǎng)VPN技術(shù)，完全可以構(gòu)建虛擬制造的環(huán)境，支持虛擬企業(yè)和虛擬制造的管理需求。?
4.企業(yè)績(jī)效管理EPM（Enterprise?Performance?Management）。
EPM根據(jù)企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)和經(jīng)營(yíng)目標(biāo)，設(shè)置各個(gè)部門(mén)的目標(biāo)，并將這些目標(biāo)層層分解為每個(gè)員工的目標(biāo)，通過(guò)ERP系統(tǒng)采集其執(zhí)行情況，并與分配的目標(biāo)進(jìn)行比較，以確定員工的報(bào)酬和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。并對(duì)整個(gè)公司、部門(mén)和員工的績(jī)效進(jìn)行分析。EPM包括計(jì)劃、管理和分析的全過(guò)程。以建立完善的激勵(lì)機(jī)制，促成公司目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，提高企業(yè)的績(jī)效。?
5.ERP要走專(zhuān)業(yè)化的道路。
鑒于不同行業(yè)在管理細(xì)節(jié)上存在較大差異，需要針對(duì)不同的行業(yè)特點(diǎn)、運(yùn)作機(jī)理，設(shè)置相應(yīng)的業(yè)務(wù)流程、搭建相應(yīng)的組織結(jié)構(gòu)并設(shè)計(jì)相應(yīng)的軟件架構(gòu)去實(shí)現(xiàn)。不能指望用一個(gè)通用解決方案去適用所有行業(yè)，特別是在涉及到生產(chǎn)、銷(xiāo)售、采購(gòu)和成本這樣的企業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)，必須擁有專(zhuān)注于某一行業(yè)的方案才能有效解決不同應(yīng)用環(huán)境的信息化問(wèn)題。另外專(zhuān)業(yè)化的ERP軟件產(chǎn)品其開(kāi)發(fā)周期短、升級(jí)換代快、實(shí)施容易、成本低等特點(diǎn)。
制造技術(shù)不僅是衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家科技發(fā)展水平的重要標(biāo)志,也是國(guó)際間科技競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的重點(diǎn)。我國(guó)正處于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,制造技術(shù)是我們的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。只有跟上發(fā)展先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的世界潮流,將其放在戰(zhàn)略?xún)?yōu)先地位,并以足夠的力度予以實(shí)施,才能盡快縮小與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的差距,才能在激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中立于不敗之地?？傊?在我國(guó)研究和發(fā)展先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)勢(shì)在必行。
附錄B
The machine manufacture technology mainly studies the product design, theproduction, the processing manufacture, the sales use, the serviceserves and even recycles the regeneration the entire process projectdiscipline, taking improves the quality, the benefit, the competitiveability as the goal, contains the material class, the information flowand Energy integrity systems engineering. Along with society'sdevelopment, the people also had very sweeping change to the productrequest, the request variety have had diverse, the renewal to havequickly, the quality to have upscale, the use to have convenient, theprice to have reasonable, the contour to have artistic, theautomaticity to have high, the post-sale clothing to have to be good,want to satisfy the people more and more high request, had to use theadvanced machine manufacture technology. 1 advanced manufacture technology characteristic
1.1 the technologies of Facing 21st century
The advanced manufacture technology is the manufacturetechnology most recent development stage, is by the traditionalmanufacture technological development, both maintained in the pastmanufacture technology active principle, and must unceasingly absorbeach kind of high-tech achievement, and seeps to product productionall domains and its the complete process. The advanced manufacturetechnology and the modern high-tech unified has produced a completetechnical group, it was has is clear about the category the new areaof technology, was faceing for the 21st century the technologies.
1.2 the technology of facing the industrial application
The advanced manufacture technology certainly is not restrictedin manufacture process itself, it involves to the product from productlife cycle and so on market investigation and study, productdevelopment and technological design, production preparation,processing manufacture, post-sale service all contents, and ties themsynthesizes an organic whole. The advanced manufacture technologyapplication specially pays attention has the best actual effect, itsgoal is for enhance the enterprise competition and the promotion stateeconomy and the synthesis strength growth. The goal is must enhancethe manufacturing industry the comprehensive economic efficiency andthe social efficiency.
1.3 controling production process systems engineering
The advanced manufacture technology specially emphasized thecomputer technology, the information technology, Transmission induction the technology, the automated technology, the new material technology andthe modern system administration technology in the product design, themanufacture and the production organization manages, aspect the and soon sale and post-sale service application. It must unceasingly absorbeach kind of high-tech achievement and the traditional manufacturetechnology unifies, causes the manufacture technology to become cancontrol the production process the matter to flow,energy and theinformation flow systems engineering.
1.4 faces the global competition the technology Since the 1980s, the market globalization had the furtherdevelopment, the developed country through the finance, the economy,the technical method capture the market, dumps the product, the outputcapital. Along with the global market formation, causes the marketcompetition to change more and more intensely, the advancedmanufacture technology is precisely for adapts this kind of intensemarket competition to appear. Therefore, a national advancedmanufacture technology, its main body should have the world advancedlevel, ought to be able to support this country manufacturing industryin the global market competitive ability.
1.5 marketing competitions three essential factors unifications
Before 20th century 70's, product technology relative quitesimple, a new product goes on the market, is very quick can have thesame function the product with to go on the market. Therefore, how themarket competition core does enhance the productivity. To 1980s after,the manufacturing industry had to win the market competition theprincipal contradiction already to transform from the enhancementlabor productivity into take the time as the core time, the cost andthe quality three essential factors contradictions. The advancedmanufacture technology these three contradictions organic synthesis,enabled three to achieve the unification.
2 .advanced machine manufactures technology development presentsituation In recent years, our country manufacturing industry unceasinglyused the advanced manufacture technology, but compared with theindustry developed country, still had in a gradual whole thedisparity.
(1) managing the aspect. The industry developed country widely uses thecomputer management, takes to organize and the management system, theproduction pattern renewal development, has promoted the punctualproduction (JIT), the agile manufacture (AM), the fine profitproduction (LP), the parallel project (CE) and so on the newmanagement thought and the technology. Our country only the minoritymajor industry partially to use the computer assistance management,the most small businesses still were in the experience to manage thestage.
(2) designing the aspect. The industry developed country unceasinglyrenews the design data and the criterion, uses the new design method,widely uses the computer-aided design technology (CAD/CAM), the majorindustry starts the non- blueprint design and the production. Ourcountry uses the CAD/CAM technology the proportion to be lower.
(3) makingthe craft aspect. The industry developed country morewidespread use high precise processing, the fine processing, the tinyprocessing, the miniature machinery and a micron/nanotechnology, thelaser processing technology, the electromagnetism processingtechnology, ultra model the processing technology as well as thecompound processing technology and so on the new processing method.Our country popular rate is not high in, still at develops, grasps.
(4) automated technology aspect. The industry developed countrygenerally uses numerical control engine bed, processing center and theflexible manufacture unit (FMC), the flexible manufacture system(FMS), the computer integration manufacture system (CIMS), hasrealized the flexible automation, the knowledge intellectualization,the integration. Our country still occupied the single planeautomation, the rigid automation stage, the flexible manufacture unitand the system only uses in the minority business enterprise.
3 .our country advanced machine manufacture technology developmenttendency
(1) globalization. On the one hand because international and inthe domestic market competition is more and more intense, for examplein the mechanical manufacturing industry, domestic and foreign hadmany enterprises, even is the well-knownness very high enterprise,falls the defeat in abundance in this kind of heartless competition,some going out of business, some are annexed. Many temporarily alsoholds the share in the domestic market the enterprise, can not butexpand the new market; On the other hand, the network communicationtechnology fast development impelled the enterprise to both to competethe direction which and cooperated to develop, this kind ofdevelopment further intensified the international market competition.These two reasons mutual function, has become the globalizationmanufacturing industry development the power, the globalizationmanufacture first technology base is the network, the networkcommunication technology enables the manufacture the globalization torealize.
(2) network. The network communication technology rapid developmentand the popularization, have brought the revolutionary transformationfor enterprise's production and management. The product design, thematerial choice, the components manufacture, the market developmentand the product sale all may different or surmounts the nationalboundary to carry on. In addition, the network communicationtechnology fast development, the acceleration technical informationexchange, strengthens the product development the cooperation and themanagement management study, impelled the enterprise to both tocompete the direction which and cooperated to develop.
(3) hypothesized. In the manufacture process hypothesized technologyis refers face the product production process simulation and theexamination. The examination product workability, the processingmethod and the craft rationality, take optimizes the product themanufacture craft, the guarantee product quality, the production cycleand the most low cost as a goal, carries on the production processplan, the organization manages, the workshop dispatcher, supplies thechain and the thing flows the design the modelling and the simulation.The hypothesized core is the computer simulation, simulates the realsystem through simulation software, guarantees the product design andthe product craft rationality, the guarantee product manufacturesuccess and the production cycle, in the discovery design, theproduction the inevitable flaw and the mistake.
(4) automation. The automation is a dynamic concept, at present itsresearch mainly displays in the manufacture system the integratedtechnology and the system technology, the man-machine integrationmanufacture system, the manufacture unit technology, the manufactureprocess plan and the dispatch, the flexible manufacture technology andthe adaption presently melts production pattern aspect and so onmanufacture environment. The manufacture automation technologydevelopment tendency is makes the globalization, the manufacture isagile, the manufacture network, the manufacture hypothesized, themanufacture intellectualization and makes the green.
(5) green. The green manufacture through the green production process,the green design, the green material, the green equipment, the greencraft, the green packing, the green management and so on will producethe green product, the product add-on uses later to recycle the useagain through green processing. Uses the green manufacture to be ablemaximum limit to reduce the manufacture to the environment negativeinfluence, simultaneously causes the raw material and the energy useefficiency achieves high.
Machinery manufacturing industry, especially the manufacturing sector is a pillar industry in the national economy. Modern manufacturing industry is changing people's ways of production and lifestyle, management patterns, and even the social structure and culture. China's huge market potential and rich labor resources, is the world's manufacturing to China, China is becoming the world's manufacturer. China's household appliance products in a number of ranking first in the world. But the independent intellectual property rights of innovative designs, advanced manufacturing technology and equipment and modern management, and other areas there is a big gap, so we do not create power. This article will present machinery manufacturing enterprises in the Management of the problem, how to use information technology to improve the level of management, Information management and technical characteristics of the development trend for some, for the machinery manufacturing enterprises develop information programs reference.
China's machinery industry after several decades of effort has grown to a considerable size and has accumulated a great deal of skill and experience. However, with the integration of the world economy formed, because China's huge market potential and rich labor resources. foreign technology, capital and products into China, Chinese enterprises are facing an unprecedented internal and external situation of fierce competition. Competitive products require less the product of high quality, low price, prompt delivery, and good service. These weapons market competition and enterprise management mode and the method of management, management tools, organizational structures, business processes are closely linked. However, the Chinese enterprises and people's consciousness due to 30 -40 years of the planned economy, These competitive weapons Compared with developed countries, there are very large discrepancies.
China's machinery manufacturing management characteristics of machinery manufacturing and the management of other manufacturing industries common to have personality; machinery manufacturing itself with the type of production, production volume, production organization, its mode of management differences; China's manufacturing Compared with the developed countries, because of corporate culture, law, a different system has its particularity.
Armed with firearms manufacturing management information with the development trend of global economic integration process is accelerated, The new management model and management methods are constantly emerging, computer and high-speed network communications technology development, especially Internet to infiltrate every corner of the world. Machinery manufacturing enterprises as a management information tool -- the Enterprise Resource Planning system, is undergoing profound changes and developments. Now we are thinking from management, system performance and software development platform on three aspects of its development trend.
1.the development of management thinking of one. The network system support, The new ERP system will give this world into a realm : consumers or customers through the Internet in electronic malls understand product performance, price, through e-commerce for manufacturers to issue orders; Producer issued through the ERP system materials procurement and manufacturing orders through e-commerce completed materials procurement, pay; After manufacturing, the final products will be delivered on time users, the Internet completion of the transaction and settlement. It enables suppliers, producers, distributors, customers, supply chain through closer integration, uninterrupted flow of materials, reduce the amount of inventory, minimize operating costs, rapid response to customer demand, enhance market competitiveness and economic benefits. Therefore, SCM, e-commerce EC will be essential.
2. As market competition intensifies, manufacturers from the past "to the product as the center" to a "customer-centric" operating strategy. Customer Relationship Management CRM it to provide a full range of enterprise customers perspective, give enterprises more comprehensive exchanges with the customer's ability to maximize customer is a yield method. It fully understood the special needs of customers, based on the "one-on-one" personalized services, enhance customer of the business satisfaction and loyalty, and enable enterprises to gain a competitive edge. Its purpose is to establish a system so that enterprises in customer service, market competition, Sales and support each other to form a new coordinating relations. CRM is both a technology and is a new type of management philosophy and mechanisms.
3. Agile manufacturing and virtual manufacturing. Agile manufacturing is the enterprise has a remarkable adaptive capacity, in volatile competitive environment to occupy the leading position in the overall strategy. In the area of management to achieve its technical means, including : JIT JIT, sophisticated production LP, concurrent engineering, BPR BPR, such as VM virtual manufacturing. Through rapid modeling tools and reference models for acc