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無錫職業(yè)技術學院
畢業(yè)設計說明書
Electromechanical Technology and Applied Research
Mechatronics Technology Development
Electromechanical integration of machinery is microelectronics, control, computer, information processing and other cross-disciplinary integration. Its development and progress depend on the progress and development of relevant technologies. The main development direction is digital, intelligent, modular network, humanized, miniaturization, integration, Sources and green belt
Digital
Microcontroller and its development laid the basis for a number of mechanical and electrical products , such as the continued development of CNC machine tools and robots ; And the rapid growth of computer networks, paving the way for digital design and manufacturing, such as virtual design, computer integrated manufacturing, etc. Digital asking integration software products with high reliability, easy operation and maintainability. Self-diagnostic capabilities, and friendly man-machine interface. Digital will facilitate the realization of long-distance operation, diagnosis and repair.
Intelligent
Mechanical and electronic products that require a certain degree of wisdom, it is similar to the logic and reasoning judgment, decision-making ability. For example, an increase in human-function CNC machine tool, and installed the smart / intelligent interface technology database will give use, operation and maintenance of great convenience. With fuzzy control, neural network, gray theory, wavelet theory, chaos and artificial intelligence technology, such as the progress and development of bifurcation, Electrical integration technology has opened up a vast world.
Modular
Because of the mechanical and electrical products and the integration of many manufacturers, research and develope the standard mechanical interface, dynamic interface, environment interface modules integrated product is a complex and promising work. For example research with the slowdown, and Frequency Control of the power motor drive unit;wiht vision, image processing, identification of the function and location of the integrated motor control modules and so on. Thus, in product development, design, modular units can use these standards to develop new products quickly.
Network
Due to the popularity of the network, the network-based remote control and monitoring technology is ascendant. And the remote control terminal equipment itself is the integration of mechanical and electrical products. Fieldbus network appliances and LAN technology as possible, use of the family into a computer network linking all kinds of household electrical appliances, computer integrated appliances for the system, so that people at home can fully enjoy all the benefits of high technology, it mechatronics products undoubtedly should develop in the direction of the network.
Humanity
Electromechanical integration of the end-use product is people, how to give people the wisdom to the Electrical and Mechanical Products. emotion and humanity are more important, in addition to improving the performance of mechanical and electrical integration products, but also in color requirements, Modeling should mark with the environment, the use of these products in order to give people pleasure. If the ultimate goal of the domestic robot is the integration of the crew.
Miniature
Precise micro-processing technology is a natural development, but also the need to improve efficiency. MEMS (Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems. MEMS) refers to mass production, including micro, micro sensors, micro actuators and signal processing and control circuit until the interface, communication and power equivalent to the micro devices or systems integration.
Since 1986 the United States has developed a Stanford University Medical microprobe. University of California, Berkeley, who in 1988 developed a micro-motor, at home and abroad in MEMS technology, materials and microscopic mechanism has made significant progress. developed a variety of MEMS devices and systems, including a variety of micro-sensors (pressure sensors, micro-accelerometer. Micro tactile sensor), micro components (micro-film, micro-beams microprobes, Micro-link, micro-gear, micro-bearing, micro-pump microcoil and micro-robots).
Integrated
Integration includes the mutual penetration of various technical, integration and optimization of various products with different structural composites. Also included in the production process also handle processing, assembly, inspection, management and other processes. To achieve more variety in the production of automation and high efficiency, the system has a more extensive flexible. First, the system can be divided into several levels, system functions, which enable the safe operation of the parts. then through the soft, organic link between the hardware at all levels, so that optimal performance, the strongest.
With the source of
Mechatronics refers to products with their own energy, such as solar cells, fuel cells and large-capacity battery. As on many occasions not to use electricity, thus the integration of mechanical and electrical products for the campaign. bring their own power sources with unique benefits. Electromechanical integration with source is the product development directions.
Green
The development of science and technology brought great changes to people's life, rich in material resources but also caused reduced consequences of the deterioration of the ecological environment. Thus, we call for the protection of the environment, return to nature, so as to achieve sustainable development, the concept of green products such voices emerged.
Green products are low energy consumption, lower consumption of materials, clean, comfortable, coordination and utilization of renewable products. In its design, manufacture, use and destruction of human health and environmental protection should be consistent with the requirements Green mechatronics products in its main use is not pollute the ecological environment, the end-of-life products, use biodegradable and renewable products.
2 electromechanical integration, the application of technology in the iron and steel enterprises
In steel, electrical machinery at the core microprocessor based systems integration, computer, industrial computer, data communications, display devices. Instruments combine organic techniques used assembled the merger, for the realization of comprehensive systems integration projects to create favorable conditions to enhance the control precision, quality and reliability. Electromechanical Technology in the following areas are mainly used in steel enterprises
Intelligent Control (IC)
As the iron and steel industry with large, high-speed and continuous feature traditional control technologies have encountered insurmountable difficulties, it is essential to adopt intelligent control technology. Intelligent control technologies, including expert system, neural network and fuzzy control. intelligent control technology is widely used in steel product design, production, control, diagnostic equipment and product quality and other aspects. If BF control system, furnace and continuous casting shop, rolling system, rolling steel ------- ------- Casting integrated scheduling system. Cold Rolling other.
Distributed Control System (DCS)
Distributed control system uses a central computer command and control of a number of Taiwan-oriented site monitoring and intelligent computer control unit. Distributed control systems can be two, three or more levels. Using computers to concentrate on monitoring of the production process, operation, management and decentralized control. Along with monitoring technology, more and more functions of the distributed control system. Not only can control the production process, but also to achieve optimal online, real-time scheduling process. Statistics production planning management functions, as a test, control, integrated systems management integration. DCS control function has diversified characteristics, easy to operate, the system can be expanded, easy maintenance and high reliability characteristics. DCS is scattered centralized control and monitoring, fault affecting small and the system has a chain of protective functions, Failure to adopt the system operated by manual control measures, the system has high reliability. Distributed control system and centralized control system, enhanced functionality and higher safety. Electrical systems integration is a major trend.
Open Control System (OCS)
Open Control System (Open Control System) is the development of computer technology raises new The structure concept. . "Open" means a standard for the exchange of information in order consensus and support, according to the standard design system products of different manufacturers can achieve compatibility and exchange, and sharing of resources. Open communications network control system through various industrial control equipment, computer Internet management to achieve control and management, management, decision-making integration, through fieldbus instrumentation and control room control equipment to enable Internet site. measuring and control.
Computer Integrated Manufacturing System (CIMS)
CIMS is to the people of steel production, process control and production management integration. from raw materials to factories, production, processing and delivering products to the entire production process and the overall integration process control. At present, the iron and steel enterprises have basically achieved the process automation However, such "isolated islands of automation" lack of computer automation of the production process and the sharing of information resources management. difficult to adapt to the demands of modern steel production. Steel is the focus of competition in the future for many types of enterprises, small batch production of high-quality, low-cost, timely delivery of goods. To improve productivity, saving energy, and reduce existing stocks, accelerated cash flow, production, operations, Optimizing the overall management, the key is to strengthen the management of the economic benefits to be obtained to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. The United States, Japan and some other major iron and steel enterprises in the 1980s of the 20th century, has been widely CIMS technology.
Fieldbus Technology (FBT)
Fieldbus Technology (Fied Bus Technology) was set up in connection with the meters installed in the scene between the control room control equipment, digital, two-way, multi-point communications links. Fieldbus technology to replace the existing signal transmission technologies (such as 4-20 mA. DC DC transmission), will enable more information and a higher level of intelligent field instruments and control systems installed in common two-way transmission of the communication media. Fieldbus connection can be avoided by 66% or more of the signal and connecting wire. Fieldbus DCS lead changes and the introduction of a new generation of open around the fieldbus instrumentation and automation systems. If intelligent transmitter, intelligent actuator, fieldbus detection instruments, Fieldbus technology PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and the scene the development of local control stations.
AC drive technology
Transmission technology in the steel industry played a crucial role. With the development of power electronics and microelectronics technologies, AC variable speed are developing very rapidly. Due to the superiority of AC, electric drive technology in the near future replaced by AC DC drive. Digital technology development, complex vector control technologies to achieve practical, Speed AC Drive System DC converter performance level has been reached or exceeded. Now, both large or small electrical motor capacity can be used to achieve reversible synchronous motors or induction motors smooth speed. AC Drives production appeared in Rolling welcomed by the users, applications continues to grow.
機電一體化技術及其應用研究
1 機電一體化技術發(fā)展
機電一體化是機械、微電子、控制、計算機、信息處理等多學科的交叉融合，其發(fā)展和進步有賴于相關技術的進步與發(fā)展，其主要發(fā)展方向有數字化、智能化、模塊化、網絡化、人性化、微型化、集成化、帶源化和綠色化。
1.1 數字化
微控制器及其發(fā)展奠定了機電產品數字化的基礎，如不斷發(fā)展的數控機床和機器人；而計算機網絡的迅速崛起，為數字化設計與制造鋪平了道路，如虛擬設計、計算機集成制造等。數字化要求機電一體化產品的軟件具有高可靠性、易操作性、可維護性、自診斷能力以及友好人機界面。數字化的實現將便于遠程操作、診斷和修復。
1.2 智能化
即要求機電產品有一定的智能,使它具有類似人的邏輯思考、判斷推理、自主決策等能力。例如在CNC數控機床上增加人機對話功能，設置智能I/O接口和智能工藝數據庫，會給使用、操作和維護帶來極大的方便。隨著模糊控制、神經網絡、灰色理論、小波理論、混沌與分岔等人工智能技術的進步與發(fā)展，為機電一體化技術發(fā)展開辟了廣闊天地。
1.3 模塊化
由于機電一體化產品種類和生產廠家繁多，研制和開發(fā)具有標準機械接口、動力接口、環(huán)境接口的機電一體化產品單元模塊是一項復雜而有前途的工作。如研制具有集減速、變頻調速電機一體的動力驅動單元；具有視覺、圖像處理、識別和測距等功能的電機一體控制單元等。這樣，在產品開發(fā)設計時，可以利用這些標準模塊化單元迅速開發(fā)出新的產品。
1.4 網絡化
由于網絡的普及，基于網絡的各種遠程控制和監(jiān)視技術方興未艾。而遠程控制的終端設備本身就是機電一體化產品，現場總線和局域網技術使家用電器網絡化成為可能，利用家庭網絡把各種家用電器連接成以計算機為中心的計算機集成家用電器系統，使人們在家里可充分享受各種高技術帶來的好處，因此，機電一體化產品無疑應朝網絡化方向發(fā)展。
1.5 人性化
機電一體化產品的最終使用對象是人，如何給機電一體化產品賦予人的智能、情感和人性顯得愈來愈重要，機電一體化產品除了完善的性能外，還要求在色彩、造型等方面與環(huán)境相協調，使用這些產品，對人來說還是一種藝術享受，如家用機器人的最高境界就是人機一體化。
1.6 微型化
微型化是精細加工技術發(fā)展的必然，也是提高效率的需要。微機電系統(Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems，簡稱MEMS)是指可批量制作的，集微型機構、微型傳感器、微型執(zhí)行器以及信號處理和控制電路，直至接口、通信和電源等于一體的微型器件或系統。自1986年美國斯坦福大學研制出第一個醫(yī)用微探針，1988年美國加州大學Berkeley分校研制出第一個微電機以來，國內外在MEMS工藝、材料以及微觀機理研究方面取得了很大進展，開發(fā)出各種MEMS器件和系統，如各種微型傳感器（壓力傳感器、微加速度計、微觸覺傳感器），各種微構件（微膜、微粱、微探針、微連桿、微齒輪、微軸承、微泵、微彈簧以及微機器人等）。
1.7 集成化
集成化既包含各種技術的相互滲透、相互融合和各種產品不同結構的優(yōu)化與復合，又包含在生產過程中同時處理加工、裝配、檢測、管理等多種工序。為了實現多品種、小批量生產的自動化與高效率，應使系統具有更廣泛的柔性。首先可將系統分解為若干層次，使系統功能分散，并使各部分協調而又安全地運轉，然后再通過軟、硬件將各個層次有機地聯系起來，使其性能最優(yōu)、功能最強。
1.8 帶源化
是指機電一體化產品自身帶有能源，如太陽能電池、燃料電池和大容量電池。由于在許多場合無法使用電能，因而對于運動的機電一體化產品，自帶動力源具有獨特的好處。帶源化是機電一體化產品的發(fā)展方向之一。
1.9 綠色化
科學技術的發(fā)展給人們的生活帶來巨大變化，在物質豐富的同時也帶來資源減少、生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化的后果。所以，人們呼喚保護環(huán)境，回歸自然，實現可持續(xù)發(fā)展，綠色產品概念在這種呼聲中應運而生。綠色產品是指低能耗、低材耗、低污染、舒適、協調而可再生利用的產品。在其設計、制造、使用和銷毀時應符合環(huán)保和人類健康的要求，機電一體化產品的綠色化主要是指在其使用時不污染生態(tài)環(huán)境，產品壽命結束時，產品可分解和再生利用。
2 機電一體化技術在鋼鐵企業(yè)中應用
在鋼鐵企業(yè)中，機電一體化系統是以微處理機為核心，把微機、工控機、數據通訊、顯示裝置、儀表等技術有機的結合起來，采用組裝合并方式，為實現工程大系統的綜合一體化創(chuàng)造有力條件，增強系統控制精度、質量和可靠性。機電一體化技術在鋼鐵企業(yè)中主要應用于以下幾個方面：
2.1 智能化控制技術(IC)
由于鋼鐵工業(yè)具有大型化、高速化和連續(xù)化的特點，傳統的控制技術遇到了難以克服的困難，因此非常有必要采用智能控制技術。智能控制技術主要包括專家系統、模糊控制和神經網絡等，智能控制技術廣泛應用于鋼鐵企業(yè)的產品設計、生產、控制、設備與產品質量診斷等各個方面，如高爐控制系統、電爐和連鑄車間、軋鋼系統、煉鋼———連鑄———軋鋼綜合調度系統、冷連軋等。
2.2 分布式控制系統(ＤCS)
分布式控制系統采用一臺中央計算機指揮若干臺面向控制的現場測控計算機和智能控制單元。分布式控制系統可以是兩級的、三級的或更多級的。利用計算機對生產過程進行集中監(jiān)視、操作、管理和分散控制。隨著測控技術的發(fā)展，分布式控制系統的功能越來越多。不僅可以實現生產過程控制，而且還可以實現在線最優(yōu)化、生產過程實時調度、生產計劃統計管理功能，成為一種測、控、管一體化的綜合系統。ＤCS具有特點控制功能多樣化、操作簡便、系統可以擴展、維護方便、可靠性高等特點。ＤCS是監(jiān)視集中控制分散，故障影響面小，而且系統具有連鎖保護功能，采用了系統故障人工手動控制操作措施，使系統可靠性高。分布式控制系統與集中型控制系統相比，其功能更強，具有更高的安全性。是當前大型機電一體化系統的主要潮流。
2.3 開放式控制系統(OCS)
開放控制系統(Open Control System)是目前計算機技術發(fā)展所引出的新的結構體系概念?！伴_放”意味著對一種標準的信息交換規(guī)程的共識和支持，按此標準設計的系統，可以實現不同廠家產品的兼容和互換，且資源共享。開放控制系統通過工業(yè)通信網絡使各種控制設備、管理計算機互聯，實現控制與經營、管理、決策的集成，通過現場總線使現場儀表與控制室的控制設備互聯，實現測量與控制一體化。
2.4 計算機集成制造系統(CIMS)
鋼鐵企業(yè)的CIMS是將人與生產經營、生產管理以及過程控制連成一體，用以實現從原料進廠，生產加工到產品發(fā)貨的整個生產過程全局和過程一體化控制。目前鋼鐵企業(yè)已基本實現了過程自動化，但這種“自動化孤島”式的單機自動化缺乏信息資源的共享和生產過程的統一管理，難以適應現代鋼鐵生產的要求。未來鋼鐵企業(yè)競爭的焦點是多品種、小批量生產，質優(yōu)價廉，及時交貨。為了提高生產率、節(jié)能降耗、減少人員及現有庫存，加速資金周轉，實現生產、經營、管理整體優(yōu)化，關鍵就是加強管理，獲取必須的經濟效益，提高了企業(yè)的競爭力。美國、日本等一些大型鋼鐵企業(yè)在20世紀80年代已廣泛實現CIMS化。
2.5 現場總線技術(ＦBT)
現場總線技術(Ｆieｄ Bus Technology)是連接設置在現場的儀表與設置在控制室內的控制設備之間的數字式、雙向、多站通信鏈路。采用現場總線技術取代現行的信號傳輸技術(如4～20mA，ＤC直流傳輸)就能使更多的信息在智能化現場儀表裝置與更高一級的控制系統之間在共同的通信媒體上進行雙向傳送。通過現場總線連接可省去66%或更多的現場信號連接導線?，F場總線的引入導致ＤCS的變革和新一代圍繞開放自動化系統的現場總線化儀表，如智能變送器、智能執(zhí)行器、現場總線化檢測儀表、現場總線化PLC(Programmable Logic Controller)和現場就地控制站等的發(fā)展。
2.6 交流傳動技術
傳動技術在鋼鐵工業(yè)中起作至關重要的作用。隨著電力電子技術和微電子技術的發(fā)展，交流調速技術的發(fā)展非常迅速。由于交流傳動的優(yōu)越性，電氣傳動技術在不久的將來由交流傳動全面取代直流傳動，數字技術的發(fā)展，使復雜的矢量控制技術實用化得以實現，交流調速系統的調速性能已達到和超過直流調速水平?，F在無論大容量電機或中小容量電機都可以使用同步電機或異步電機實現可逆平滑調速。交流傳動系統在軋鋼生產中一出現就受到用戶的歡迎，應用不斷擴大。
參考文獻
1 楊自厚． 人工智能技術及其在鋼鐵工業(yè)中的應用[Ｊ]．冶金自動化，1994（5）
2 唐立新.鋼鐵工業(yè)CIMS特點和體系結構的研究[Ｊ]．冶金自動化，1996（4）
3 唐懷斌． 工業(yè)控制的進展與趨勢 [Ｊ]．自動化與儀器儀表，1996（4）
4 王俊普． 智能控制[M]． 合肥：中國科學技術大學出版社，1996
5 林行辛． 鋼鐵工業(yè)自動化的進展與展望[Ｊ]．河北冶金，1998（1）
6殷際英． 光機電一體化實用技術[Ｍ]．北京：化學工業(yè)出版社，2003
7 芮延年． 機電一體化系統設計[Ｍ]． 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2004．
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