RL6100混合動力城市客車總布置設(shè)計【含3張CAD圖紙】
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附 錄
附錄A.英文文獻(xiàn)
Hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles have advantages in many fields，such as technology, economy and environment will become the first decades of the new century, the development of mainstream cars and automobile industry become the consensus of all of the industry. The Chinese government also has the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) specifically listed, including hybrid vehicles, including electric cars of major projects. At present, China's independent innovation of new energy vehicles in the process, adhere to the government support to core technology, key components and system integration focusing on the principles established in hybrid electric vehicles, through close links between production cooperation, China's independent innovation of hybrid cars has made significant progress.
With completely independent intellectual property rights form the power system technology platform, established a hybrid electric vehicle technology development. Is the core of hybrid vehicles batteries (including battery management system) technology. In addition, also include engine technology, motor control, vehicle control technology, engine and electrical interface between the power conversion and is also the key. From the current situation, China has established a hybrid electric vehicle power system through Cooperative R & D technology platforms and systems, made a series of breakthroughs for vehicle development has laid a solid foundation.
Mastered the core technology of key components, developed a series of products, a comprehensive follow-up of key components and parts industry. In the core of hybrid cars - battery technology research and development, China has independently developed the capacity to 6Ah-100Ah Ni-MH and Li-ion battery products, energy density and power density close to the international level and break through the security technology bottlenecks the scale of the world's first urban public transport buses used; the following self-developed 200kW permanent magnet brushless motors, induction motors and switched reluctance motor, motor power to weight ratio than 1300w/kg,
Motor system to achieve maximum efficiency 93%; self-developed fuel cell engine technology advanced, more than 50% efficiency, control the world's few car a hundred kilowatt fuel cell engine development, manufacturing and testing technology one of the countries. At the same time, the key components of hybrid car industry, a comprehensive follow-up of production capabilities and complete.
Mastered the entire vehicle key development, the formation of a capability to develop various types of electric vehicles. Hybrid cars in China in systems integration, reliability, fuel economy and other aspects of the marked progress in achieving fuel economy of different technical solutions can be 10% -40%. Meanwhile, the hybrid vehicle automotive enterprises and industrial R & D investment significantly enhanced, accelerating the pace of industrialization.
A vehicle that has two or more power trains is called a hybrid vehicle. The power train is defined as the combination of the energy source and the energy converter A hybrid vehicle drive train usually consists of no more than two power trains. More than two power trains will make the drive train very complicated. For the purpose of recapturing braking energy that is dissipated in the form of heat in conventional IC engine vehicles, a hybrid drive train usually has a power train that allows energy to flow bidirectional
A hybrid drive train can supply its power to the load by a selective power train. There are many available patterns of operating two power trains to meet the load requirement:
1. Power train 1 alone delivers its power to the load.
2. Power train 2 alone delivers its power to the load.
3. Both power train 1 and power train 2 deliver their power to the load simultaneously.
4. Power train 2 obtains power from the load (regenerative braking).
5. Power train 2 obtains power from power train 1.
6. Power train 2 obtains power from power train 1 and the load simultaneously.
7. Power train 1 delivers power to the load and to power train 2 simultaneously.
8. Power train 1 delivers its power to power train 2, and power train 2 delivers its power to the load.
9. Power train 1 delivers its power to the load, and the load delivers the power to power train 2.
In the case of hybridization with a gasoline (diesel)–IC engine (power train 1) and a battery–electric machine (power train 2), pattern (1) is the engine alone propelling mode. This may be used when the batteries are almost completely depleted and the engine has no remaining power to charge the batteries, or when the batteries have been fully charged and the engine is able to supply sufficient power to meet the power demands of the vehicle. Pattern (2) is the pure electric propelling mode, in which the engine is shut off. This pattern may be used for situations where the engine cannot operate effectively, such as very low speed, or in areas where emissions are strictly prohibited. Pattern (3) is the hybrid traction mode and may be used when large power is needed, such as during sharp accelerating or steep hill climbing. Pattern (4) is the regenerative braking mode, by which the kinetic or potential energy of the vehicle is recovered through the electric motor functioning as a generator. The recovered energy is then stored in the batteries and reused later on. Pattern (5) is the mode in which the engine charges the batteries while the vehicle is at a standstill, coasting, or descending a slight grade, in which no power goes into or comes from the load. Pattern (6) is the mode in which both regenerating braking and the IC engine charge the batteries simultaneously. Pattern (7) is the mode in which the engine propels the vehicle and charges the batteries simultaneously. Pattern (8) is the mode in which the engine charges the batteries, and the batteries supply power to the load. Pattern (9) is the mode in which the power flows into the batteries from the heat engine through the vehicle mass.
The abundant operation modes in a hybrid vehicle create much more flexibility over a single power train vehicle. With proper configuration and control, applying a specific mode for a special operating condition can potentially optimize the overall performance, efficiency, and emissions. However, in a practical design, deciding which mode should be implemented depends on many factors, such as the physical configuration of the drive train, power train efficiency characteristics, load characteristics, and so on. Operating each power train in its optimal efficiency region is essential for the overall efficiency of the vehicle.
附錄B.中文翻譯
混合動力汽車及電動汽車在技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境等方面的綜合優(yōu)勢使其成為新世紀(jì)前幾十年汽車發(fā)展的主流，并成為我國汽車界所有業(yè)內(nèi)人士的共識。我國政府也已經(jīng)在國家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計劃(863計劃)中專門開列了包括混合動力汽車在內(nèi)的電動汽車重大專項。目前，我國在新能源汽車的自主創(chuàng)新過程中，堅持了政府支持，以核心技術(shù)、關(guān)鍵部件和系統(tǒng)集成為重點的原則，通過產(chǎn)學(xué)研緊密合作，我國混合動力汽車的自主創(chuàng)新取得了重大進展。
形成了具有完全自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的動力系統(tǒng)技術(shù)平臺，建立了混合動力汽車技術(shù)開發(fā)體系?；旌蟿恿ζ嚨暮诵氖请姵兀ò姵毓芾硐到y(tǒng)）技術(shù)。除此之外，還包括發(fā)動機技術(shù)、電機控制技術(shù)、整車控制技術(shù)等，發(fā)動機和電機之間動力的轉(zhuǎn)換和銜接也是重點。從目前情況來看，我國已經(jīng)建立起了混合動力汽車動力系統(tǒng)技術(shù)平臺和產(chǎn)學(xué)研合作研發(fā)體系，取得了一系列突破性成果，為整車開發(fā)奠定了堅實的基礎(chǔ)。
掌握了關(guān)鍵零部件核心技術(shù)，自主開發(fā)出系列化產(chǎn)品，關(guān)鍵零部件產(chǎn)業(yè)化全面跟進。在混合動力汽車的核心——電池技術(shù)研發(fā)方面，我國已自主研制出容量為6Ah-100Ah的鎳氫和鋰離子動力電池系列產(chǎn)品，能量密度和功率密度接近國際水平，同時突破了安全技術(shù)瓶頸，在世界上首次規(guī)模應(yīng)用于城市公交大客車；自主開發(fā)的200kW以下永磁無刷電機、交流異步電機和開關(guān)磁阻電機，電機重量比功率超過1300w/kg，電機系統(tǒng)最高效率達(dá)到93％；自主開發(fā)的燃料電池發(fā)動機技術(shù)先進，效率超過50%，成為世界上少數(shù)幾個掌握車用百千瓦級燃料電池發(fā)動機研發(fā)、制造以及測試技術(shù)的國家之一。與此同時，混合動力汽車關(guān)鍵零部件的產(chǎn)業(yè)化全面跟進，生產(chǎn)配套能力顯著增強。
掌握了電動汽車整車開發(fā)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，形成了各類電動汽車的開發(fā)能力。我國混合動力汽車在系統(tǒng)集成、可靠性、節(jié)油性能等方面進步顯著，不同技術(shù)方案可實現(xiàn)節(jié)油10%-40%。同時，各汽車企業(yè)對混合動力汽車的研發(fā)和產(chǎn)業(yè)化投入顯著增強，產(chǎn)業(yè)化步伐不斷加快。
一個擁有兩個或以上動力系統(tǒng)的汽車稱為混合動力車，這個動力系統(tǒng)被定義成能量源和能量轉(zhuǎn)換裝置的結(jié)合，通常混合動力車的驅(qū)動系不會多于兩個動力系統(tǒng)。多于兩個動力系統(tǒng)會似的驅(qū)動系非常的復(fù)雜。出于回收傳統(tǒng)內(nèi)燃機車輛制動過程中變成熱消耗掉的能量，混合動力驅(qū)動系通常有一個動力系統(tǒng)允許能量雙向流動。
混合動力驅(qū)動系可以將動力通過可選擇的路線傳遞給負(fù)載。兩個動力系統(tǒng)滿足負(fù)載的有效方式有很多種：
1、 動力系統(tǒng)1單獨傳遞動力到負(fù)載。
2、 動力系統(tǒng)2單獨傳遞動力到負(fù)載。
3、 動力系統(tǒng)1和2同時傳遞動力到負(fù)載。
4、 動力系統(tǒng)2從負(fù)載獲得能量 (再生制動)。
5、 動力系統(tǒng)2從動力系統(tǒng)1獲得能量。
6、 動力系統(tǒng)2同時從動力系統(tǒng)1和負(fù)載獲得能量。
7、動力系統(tǒng)1同時將動力傳遞給動力系統(tǒng)2和負(fù)載。
8、動力系統(tǒng)1將能量傳遞給動力系統(tǒng)2，動力系統(tǒng)2將能量傳遞給負(fù)載。
9、 動力系統(tǒng)1將動力傳遞給負(fù)載，負(fù)載將動力傳遞給動力系統(tǒng)2。
汽油機（柴油機）——內(nèi)燃機（動力系統(tǒng)1）和電動動力系統(tǒng)（動力系統(tǒng)2）組合的情況下，方式(1)是發(fā)動機單獨驅(qū)動模式。通常是電池幾乎完全用盡并且發(fā)動機沒有剩余動力給電池充電，或者是電池已經(jīng)完全充滿而發(fā)動機能夠提供足夠的動力來滿足車輛的負(fù)載需求。方式 (2) 是純電動模式，發(fā)動機關(guān)閉。這種方式是在發(fā)動機不能有效地運行的場合，比如速度非常低，或者某些嚴(yán)禁排放的區(qū)域。方式 (3)是混合驅(qū)動模式，可能在需要大功率的情況下運用，比如急加速或者爬陡坡。方式 (4)是在生制動模式， 通過電動機作為發(fā)電機運行來回收動能或潛在的能量。再生的能量儲存到電池里，以后再利用。方式(5) 是充電模式，當(dāng)車輛停止，滑行或者下小斜坡的時候，沒有動力傳遞到負(fù)載，也沒有動力傳回來。方式 (6) 是再生制動和內(nèi)燃機同時給電池充電模式。方式 (7) 是發(fā)動機驅(qū)動車輛行駛同時給電池充電。方式(8) 是發(fā)動機給電池充電，電池提供動力給負(fù)載。方式 (9) 是發(fā)動機將動力通過車身傳遞給電池。
混合動力車豐富的操作模式相比于單一動力系統(tǒng)的汽車提供了更多的靈活性。用正確的結(jié)構(gòu)和控制， 針對特殊的工況運用相應(yīng)的模式可以潛在地優(yōu)化整體性能，效率和排放。然而，在一個特定的設(shè)計中， 決定執(zhí)行哪一種模式取決于很多因素，比如驅(qū)動系的結(jié)構(gòu)，動力系統(tǒng)的效率特性,負(fù)載特性等等。在各自的優(yōu)化效率區(qū)域運行每個動力系統(tǒng)對一輛汽車總體性能至關(guān)重要。
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