單層下切式機械剪的設(shè)計【含23張CAD圖紙】
單層下切式機械剪的設(shè)計【含23張CAD圖紙】,含23張CAD圖紙,單層,下切式,機械,設(shè)計,23,CAD,圖紙
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計
題目：
單層下切式機械剪
學 院:
專 業(yè):
學 號:
學生姓名:
指導教師:
日 期:
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯
外文譯文題目（中文） ：
機械切削加工
學 院:
機械自動化
專 業(yè):
機械工程及自動化
學 號:
學生姓名:
指導教師:
日 期:
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計開題報告
題目：
單層下切式機械剪
學 院:
機械自動化
專 業(yè):
機械工程及自動化
學 號:
學生姓名:
指導教師:
日 期:
畢業(yè)設(shè)計開題報告
1 選題背景及意義
1.1 課題名稱：單層下切式機械剪設(shè)計
1.2 本課題國內(nèi)外研究的歷史和現(xiàn)狀
鋼鐵工業(yè)作為國民經(jīng)濟支出產(chǎn)業(yè)，對國民經(jīng)濟建設(shè)發(fā)展做出了突出的貢獻。鋼鐵工業(yè)對于國家的重要性不言而喻。
在過去的幾年里，我國鋼鐵工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展?jié)M足了國民經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展需要，不僅為基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和房地產(chǎn)建設(shè)提供了大量長材，還為機械、造船、汽車等制造業(yè)提供了大量板材，且板材所占比例逐年提高。由于市場供需不平衡和政府的宏觀導向，長材一度受到冷落，而板材則受到追捧。然而，由于缺乏協(xié)調(diào)，在產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整過程當中，隨著熱軋板、冷軋板等所謂高附加值產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)能力的快速膨脹，其生產(chǎn)能力已超出市場需求。在全球經(jīng)濟危機尚未見底的今天，這種供大于求的矛盾尤為突出，給我國鋼鐵行業(yè)帶來了前所未有的巨大考驗。在追求利益最大化的市場經(jīng)濟下，如何有效的提高生產(chǎn)技術(shù)、降低生產(chǎn)成本、增加獲利空間成為各大鋼鐵企業(yè)迫切需要解決的問題。
在中厚板熱軋廠，熱定剪機作為軋線上的主要設(shè)備之一，通常布置在熱矯機和冷床入口之間，主要對經(jīng)過矯直處理后的熱鋼板進行切頭和倍尺剪切，以便于適合冷床的寬度，便于冷床上料冷卻。
目前世界上的中板生產(chǎn)，正逐步趨于向?qū)挾确较虬l(fā)展，熱軋成品板寬度越寬，則產(chǎn)品的適用面就越廣，相應(yīng)的軋線生產(chǎn)率以及板材的綜合收得率也就越高。但由此對軋線上的主要設(shè)備，尤其對軋機、剪切機等需要產(chǎn)生力能變形，或切斷的主機設(shè)備，在設(shè)備的大型化、控制的高精化、反應(yīng)的靈敏化方面提出了更高的要求。這也對單機設(shè)備的設(shè)計和制造帶來了許多需要解決的難題。該領(lǐng)域的前輩已經(jīng)在前幾年主持了國內(nèi)某 3500 mm中厚板熱軋廠軋線機械設(shè)備的中方設(shè)計，并作為主設(shè)計師對線上的熱定剪機進行了設(shè)計，現(xiàn)該廠已投產(chǎn)運行好幾年時間，從生產(chǎn)廠現(xiàn)場實際反饋的情況來看，軋線生產(chǎn)運行良好，尤其是熱定剪機經(jīng)受了各種不利情況的考驗。在試生產(chǎn)初期，在外方提供全套資料，國內(nèi)供貨的冷定尺剪機一直處于不正常的情況下，該熱定剪機承擔了全部成品板材的剪切任務(wù)，從常規(guī)的切頭、倍尺剪切，到定尺切斷、切尾，剪機不僅工作頻繁加劇，而且長時間處于熱板的直接烘烤下，設(shè)備的各個零部件經(jīng)受住了惡劣工況的檢驗，在合同工廠里，該設(shè)備得到了上下一致的首肯
合理的工藝過程，直接影響產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)量；然而，新設(shè)備是實現(xiàn)新工藝的可靠保證，新工藝的研究要考慮新設(shè)備實現(xiàn)的可能性。因此，脫離工藝談設(shè)備，或者脫離設(shè)備制定不切實際的工藝，都無濟于事。同時還要做些體現(xiàn)人性化設(shè)計的工作、重視輔助工序和自動化以減輕工人的勞動強度。這些輔助工序機械化、自動化、智能化，對生產(chǎn)具有重大意義，同時又能取得巨大經(jīng)濟效益。
1.3 課題研究的目的、意義
1.3.1本課題的研究有什么實際作用
由于板帶生產(chǎn)線基本實現(xiàn)了高度機械化、自動化，產(chǎn)品規(guī)格也實現(xiàn)了多樣化，生產(chǎn)效率逐步提高，這也要求輸送輥道及其他輔助設(shè)備能適應(yīng)這種高頻率、高效率的工作。因此研究一種高效的機械剪能有效地提高生產(chǎn)率，增加企業(yè)效益。
1.3.2 課題的理論和學術(shù)價值
大學期間，我們先后學習了《機械制圖》、《機械原理》、《機械設(shè)計》、《機械制造工藝學》、《軋鋼機械》、《液壓傳動》、《理論力學》、《材料力學》等課程，這些專業(yè)課程的學習為我們展開此次設(shè)計奠定了一定的專業(yè)理論基礎(chǔ)。此次設(shè)計，就是要實現(xiàn)將這些理論知識與生產(chǎn)實踐相結(jié)合，理論服務(wù)與實踐，以達到學以致用的目的。
誠然，要對現(xiàn)有生產(chǎn)設(shè)備進行改造，就要掌握相關(guān)設(shè)備技術(shù)知識和工藝流程。同時，我們要盡可能多的了解相關(guān)專業(yè)知識，這樣才可以設(shè)計出更好的設(shè)備。在對現(xiàn)有設(shè)備有充分了解的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合我們所學的專業(yè)知識，在滿足現(xiàn)場工藝條件下提出自己的改進方案，使設(shè)備能夠更好地完成任務(wù)，要提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)效率。
2 總體設(shè)計要求
2.1 技術(shù)要求
2.1.1 性能參數(shù)
最大剪切力： 0.15MN；
允許被切板規(guī)格(寬×厚)：1200*2mm；
允許被切板溫度： 1000℃；
2.1.2 特點
1)采用超長型上下刀片，鍘刀式全液壓下切式剪切。3450 mm長的刀片無論是材質(zhì)的選用，還是加工或熱處理，在保證精度、公差要求以及硬度方面，其技術(shù)難度都是很高的。上下刀片上的四個棱邊均為刀刃，可交替互換使用，有效延長了刀片的使用壽命。上刀架采用兩只缸徑為500 mm的大液壓油缸驅(qū)動向下剪切，刀架用杠桿平衡。
2)上下刀片間隙可自動無級調(diào)整。根據(jù)不同的鋼板厚度，采用不同的刀片間隙，可以保證良好的剪切斷面，同時防止被切鋼板因刀片間隙調(diào)整不好而產(chǎn)生的變形。此外，這一特點還可以補償?shù)镀褂媚p后的間隙，改善剪切條件。
3)剪機集定尺測量、前置夾送輥、活動式上壓板為一體，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，布置合理。采用整體的焊接鋼結(jié)構(gòu)機架，在保證同樣的強度和剛度前提下，使得剪機的自重大為減輕。
4)采用刀片自動移出機構(gòu)，可縮短刀片更換輔助時間，提高生產(chǎn)率。
5)廢料移出及收集裝置采用移動擺式輥道、緩沖溜槽、鏈式傳送機與輥間翻板等，安全可靠，大大降低了工人的勞動強度。
2.2 設(shè)計內(nèi)容
查閱有關(guān)資料30篇，其中外文文獻不少于8篇，翻譯一篇相關(guān)外文資料。設(shè)計方案論證，設(shè)計計算。繪制裝配圖，零件圖等設(shè)計圖紙折合 A1不低于5-7張，編制設(shè)計說明書50頁左右，撰寫設(shè)計計算說明書，具體要求依照《武漢科技大學本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）規(guī)范化要求》執(zhí)行。
3 主要設(shè)計思路
3.1 整體框架的搭建
單層下切式機械剪設(shè)計包括剪機機構(gòu)的設(shè)計，機架的設(shè)計，刀片與刀片架的設(shè)計和上下刀片間隙的調(diào)整。
3.2機架的設(shè)計
機架作為整個剪機剪切力的承載體，是剪機很重要的一個部件。目前國際上一般都采用緊湊式焊接鋼結(jié)構(gòu)作為剪機機架，為便于上刀臺和刀片的安裝，通常機架做成兩側(cè)牌坊成U形上開的開式機架，機架底部用鋼結(jié)構(gòu)箱型梁整體連接。機架頂部橫梁為可移出的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)箱形梁，橫梁要求具有足夠的強度和剛度，以便能承受向上的剪切反力。
3.3 刀片與刀片架的設(shè)計
刀片是很關(guān)鍵的零件，其設(shè)計和制造質(zhì)量的好壞，直接影響著剪機的使用。過去由于受到加工和熱處理條件的限制，大于 2500 mm的熱剪，一般都采用滾切式剪機來完成，但滾切式剪機效率較低，且結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，維護檢修不方便。近年來，隨著加工技術(shù)的提高和熱處理條件的改善，人們又考慮用下切式整體刀片來處理寬板的剪斷問題。
3.4 上下刀片的間隙調(diào)整
對于不同厚度的被剪板材，剪機上下刀片的間隙是不一樣的，通常薄厚度的板材，需用的剪力較小，上下刀的間隙相應(yīng)也??；隨著厚度的增加，剪力也隨之加大，上下刀片的間隙也加大。但不管板材厚度在允許的范圍內(nèi)怎么增加變化，刀片間隙量的變化是很小量的。以 4500 kN剪機為例，刀片間隙量僅在 0.32～ 2.8 mm范圍內(nèi)變化。
4 論文設(shè)計中可能遇到的困難和問題
4.1 剪機機構(gòu)設(shè)計方案的選擇
4.2 為了適應(yīng)人機工程學要求，如何對個聯(lián)接機構(gòu)進行合理優(yōu)化設(shè)計
4.3 如何保證整個機構(gòu)的聯(lián)動性，并且保證各個部位協(xié)同動作、同步動作，并且還要滿足生產(chǎn)要求。
5 進度安排
時間進度
1～2周
到工廠實習，進一步熟悉單層下切式機械剪相關(guān)設(shè)備工作原理，查閱相關(guān)資料并初步擬定設(shè)計方案；
2～5周
學習相關(guān)知識，了解機械設(shè)計的行業(yè)標準，比較各設(shè)計方案的優(yōu)劣，嘗試機構(gòu)的改進設(shè)計；
6～7周
確定單層下切式機械剪設(shè)計的最終方案，并完成初步的計算和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計；
8～12周
設(shè)計進行計算檢驗和校核，進行相應(yīng)調(diào)整并畫出草圖； 13～15周
整理設(shè)計資料，撰寫、打印論文及設(shè)備使用說明書；
16周
準備畢業(yè)答辯。
6 參考文獻
[1] 濮良貴.《機械設(shè)計》[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社，2005
[2] 唐曾寶等.《機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計》[M]. 武漢：華中科技大學出版社, 2006
[3] 楊家軍等.《機械設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)》[M]. 武漢：華中科技大學出版社，2002
[4] 黃華清.《軋鋼機械》[M]. 北京：冶金工業(yè)出版社，1980
[5] 王海文.《軋鋼機械設(shè)計》[M]. 北京：冶金工業(yè)出版社，1985
[6] 周國盈.《帶鋼卷取設(shè)備》[M]. 北京：冶金工業(yè)出版社，1982
[7] 成大先.《機械設(shè)計手冊》[M]. 北京：化學工業(yè)出版社，2002
[8] 劉寶衍.《軋鋼機械設(shè)備》[M]. 冶金工業(yè)出版社，1983
[9] 北京鋼鐵學院.《軋鋼車間輔助設(shè)備》[M]. 北京：北京鋼鐵學院，1961
[10] 東北工學院機械設(shè)計教研室.《機械零件設(shè)計手冊》[M]. 北京：冶金工業(yè)出版社，1998
[11] 馬鞍山鋼鐵設(shè)計院.《中小型軋鋼機械設(shè)計與計算》[M]. 冶金工業(yè)出版社，1979
[12] 文慶明.《軋鋼機械》[M]. 化學工業(yè)出版社，2003
[13] 武漢鋼鐵設(shè)計院.《軋鋼設(shè)計參考資料（通用部分一）》[M]. 武漢鋼鐵設(shè)計院，1978
[14] 陳奎生.《液壓與氣壓傳動》[M]. 武漢理工大學出版社，2001
[15] 冶金工業(yè)設(shè)計院.《板帶車間機械設(shè)備設(shè)計》[M]. 北京：冶金工業(yè)出版社，1981
[16] 機械設(shè)計手冊編委會.《機械設(shè)計手冊》[M]. 機械工業(yè)出版社，2006
[17] D. Woldt*, G. Schubert, H.-G. J7ckel.Size reduction by means of low-speed rotary shears[J].SCIENCE DIRECT.2004,74:405～415
[18] C. M. Suh,*, G. H. Song and H. D. Park. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 22 (2008)
[19] D. Woldt*, G. Schubert, H.-G. Jackel. Int. J. Miner. Process. 74S (2004) S405–S415
3
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯
機械切削加工
1、當前世界NC機床的研究現(xiàn)狀
世界各國對數(shù)控機床、加工中心以至FMS、CIMS等各種新技術(shù)的研究與發(fā)展進程，是與世界經(jīng)濟形勢緊密相連的。機床工業(yè)有世界經(jīng)濟相互促進和發(fā)展，進入21世界知識機警時代，人們的知識所起的作用更加突出，而機床工業(yè)作為機器制造業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)，其重點地位與戰(zhàn)略意義也更加明顯。在1991—1994年間，世界經(jīng)濟衰退，昂貴的FMS，CIMS降溫，1995—2000年間，世界經(jīng)濟在低速增長，根據(jù)當前世界市場各方面用戶為提高生產(chǎn)率對NC機床的要求以及世界四大國際機床展（歐洲的EMO、美國的IMTS、日本的JIMTOF、中國的CIMT）上展品的分析，當前世界NC機床的技術(shù)研究主要有以下幾點：
（1）、更加重視新技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新
在世界范圍內(nèi)，對新工藝、新材料、新結(jié)構(gòu)、新單元、新元件的研究開發(fā)工作正在大力開展，如新的刀具材料、新的主軸結(jié)構(gòu)、高速電主軸、高速直線電機等的開發(fā)研究。以加工工藝的改進創(chuàng)新為基礎(chǔ)，為加工超硬、難切削材料及特殊復(fù)合材料及復(fù)雜零件、不規(guī)則曲面等在不斷研究開發(fā)新機種。
（2）、提高機床加工的精度和研究
為了提高加工中心的加工精度，不斷提高機床的剛度、減少振動，消除熱變形，降低噪聲，提高NC機床的定位精度、重復(fù)精度、工作可靠性、穩(wěn)定性、精度保持性，世界很多國家都在進行機床熱誤差、機床運動及負載變形誤差的軟件補償技術(shù)研究，并采取精度補償、軟件補償?shù)却胧┘右愿纳疲械囊呀?jīng)可以使此類誤差消除60%。并在不斷開發(fā)精細加工，納米加工。
（3）、提高機床加工生產(chǎn)率的研究
世界NC機床、加工中心及相應(yīng)的高速點主軸、直線電機、測量系統(tǒng)、NC系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)，均以提高生產(chǎn)率為前提。
（4）、許多國家都已經(jīng)開始對數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的智能化、開放化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化研究
A、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的智能化的研究
主要表現(xiàn)在：為追求加工效率和加工質(zhì)量的智能化，對加工過程的自適應(yīng)控制，工藝參數(shù)自動生成進行研究；為提高驅(qū)動性能及使用連接方便的智能化，對反饋控制、電機參數(shù)的自適應(yīng)運算、自動識別負載自動選定模型、自整定等進行研究；還有智能化的自動編程、智能化的人機界面、智能診斷、智能監(jiān)控等方面的研究。
B、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)開放化研究
主要表現(xiàn)在：數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)在統(tǒng)一的運行平臺上，面向機床廠家和最終擁護，通過改變、增加或剪裁結(jié)構(gòu)對象（數(shù)控對象），形成系列化，并可方便地將用戶的特殊應(yīng)用和技術(shù)訣竅集成到控制系統(tǒng)中，快速實現(xiàn)不同品種、不同檔次的開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，形成具有鮮明個性的名牌產(chǎn)品。目前開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范、通行規(guī)范、配置規(guī)范、運行平臺、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能庫以及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能軟件開發(fā)工具等是當前研究的核心。
C、數(shù)控裝備的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化將極大地滿足生產(chǎn)線制造系統(tǒng)、制造企業(yè)對信息集成的需求，也是實現(xiàn)新的制造模式的基礎(chǔ)單元。
2、加工中心的分類
（1）按主軸加工時的空間位置分類有：臥式和立式加工中心。
臥式加工中心，是指主軸軸線水平設(shè)置的加工中心。臥式加工中心一般具有3—5個運動坐標軸，常見的是三個直線運動坐標軸和一個回轉(zhuǎn)運動坐標軸（回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺），它能在工件一次裝夾完成除安裝面和頂面以外的其余4個面的加工，最適合加工箱體類工件。它與力式加工中心相比，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，占地面積大，質(zhì)量大，價格高。
立式加工中心，立式加工中心主軸的軸線為垂直設(shè)置，其結(jié)構(gòu)多為固定立柱式，工作臺為十字滑臺，適合加工盤類零件，一般具有3個直線運動坐標軸，并可在工作臺上安置一個水平軸的數(shù)控轉(zhuǎn)臺（第4軸）來加工螺旋類零件。立式加工中心結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，占地面積小，價格低，配備各種附件后，可進行大部分工件的加工。
大型龍門式加工中心，主軸多為垂直設(shè)置，尤其使用于大型或形狀復(fù)雜的工件，像航空、航天工業(yè)及大型汽輪機上的某些零件的加工都需要用這類多坐標龍門式加工中心。
五面加工中心，這種加工中心具有立式和臥式加工中心的功能，在工件一次裝夾后，能完成除安裝面外的所有五個面的加工，這種加工方式可以使工件的形狀誤差降到最低，省去二次裝夾工作，從而提高生產(chǎn)效率，降低加工成本。
（2）按工藝用途分類有：
鏜銑加工中心，分為立式樘銑加工中心、臥式樘銑加工中心和龍門樘銑加工中心。其加工工藝以樘銑為主，用于箱體，殼體以及各種復(fù)雜零件特殊曲線和曲面輪廓的多工序加工，適合多品種小批量生產(chǎn)。
復(fù)合加工中心，主要指五面復(fù)合加工，主軸頭可自動回轉(zhuǎn)，進行立，臥加工，在主軸自動回轉(zhuǎn)后，在水平和垂直方向?qū)崿F(xiàn)知道變換。
（3）按特殊功能分類有：
單工作臺、雙工作臺加工中心；
單軸、雙軸、三軸及可換主軸箱的加工中心；
立式轉(zhuǎn)塔加工中心和臥式轉(zhuǎn)塔加工中心；
刀庫加主軸換刀加工中心；
刀庫接寫手加主軸換刀加工中心；
刀庫加機械手加雙主軸轉(zhuǎn)塔加工中心。
3、當今數(shù)控機床的發(fā)展趨勢：
目前，世界先進制造技術(shù)不斷興起，超高速切削、超精密加工等技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，柔性制造系統(tǒng)的迅速發(fā)展和計算機集成系統(tǒng)的不斷成熟，對數(shù)控加工技術(shù)提出了更高的要求。當今數(shù)控機床正在朝著以下幾個方向發(fā)展。
（1）.高速度、高精度化速度和精度是數(shù)控機床的兩個重要指標，它直接關(guān)系到加工效率和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。目前，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)采用位數(shù)、頻率更高的處理器，以提高系統(tǒng)的基本運算速度。同時，采用超大規(guī)模的集成電路和多微處理器結(jié)構(gòu)，以提高系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)處理能力，即提高插補運算的速度和精度。并采用直線電動機直接驅(qū)動機床工作臺的直線伺服進給方式，其高速度和動態(tài)響應(yīng)特性相當優(yōu)越。采用前饋控制技術(shù)，使追蹤滯后誤差大大減小，從而改善拐角切削的加工精度。
為適應(yīng)超高速加工的要求，數(shù)控機床采用主軸電動機與機床主軸合二為一的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，實現(xiàn)了變頻電動機與機床主軸一體化，主軸電機的軸承采用磁浮軸承、液體動靜壓軸承或陶瓷滾動軸承等形式。目前，陶瓷刀具和金剛石涂層刀具已開始得到應(yīng)用。
（2）.多功能化配有自動換刀機構(gòu)(刀庫容量可達100把以上)的各類加工中心，能在同一臺機床上同時實現(xiàn)銑削、鏜削、鉆削、車削、鉸孔、擴孔、攻螺紋等多種工序加工，現(xiàn)代數(shù)控機床還采用了多主軸、多面體切削，即同時對一個零件的不同部位進行不同方式的切削加工。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)由于采用了多CPU結(jié)構(gòu)和分級中斷控制方式，即可在一臺機床上同時進行零件加工和程序編制，實現(xiàn)所謂的“前臺加工，后臺編輯”。為了適應(yīng)柔性制造系統(tǒng)和計算機集成系統(tǒng)的要求，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)具有遠距離串行接口，甚至可以聯(lián)網(wǎng)，實現(xiàn)數(shù)控機床之間的數(shù)據(jù)通信，也可以直接對多臺數(shù)控機床進行控制。
（3）.智能化現(xiàn)代數(shù)控機床將引進自適應(yīng)控制技術(shù)，根據(jù)切削條件的變化，自動調(diào)節(jié)工作參數(shù)，使加工過程中能保持最佳工作狀態(tài)，從而得到較高的加工精度和較小的表面粗糙度，同時也能提高刀具的使用壽命和設(shè)備的生產(chǎn)效率。具有自診斷、自修復(fù)功能，在整個工作狀態(tài)中，系統(tǒng)隨時對CNC系統(tǒng)本身以及與其相連的各種設(shè)備進行自診斷、檢查。一旦出現(xiàn)故障時，立即采用停機等措施，并進行故障報警，提示發(fā)生故障的部位、原因等。還可以自動使故障模塊脫機，而接通備用模塊，以確保無人化工作環(huán)境的要求。為實現(xiàn)更高的故障診斷要求，其發(fā)展趨勢是采用人工智能專家診斷系統(tǒng)。
（4）.數(shù)控編程自動化隨著計算機應(yīng)用技術(shù)的發(fā)展，目前CAD／CAM圖形交互式自動編程已得到較多的應(yīng)用，是數(shù)控技術(shù)發(fā)展的新趨勢。它是利用CAD繪制的零件加工圖樣，再經(jīng)計算機內(nèi)的刀具軌跡數(shù)據(jù)進行計算和后置處理，從而自動生成NC零件加工程序，以實現(xiàn)CAD與CAM的集成。隨著CIMS技術(shù)的發(fā)展，當前又出現(xiàn)了CAD／CAPP／CAM集成的全自動編程方式，它與CAD／CAM系統(tǒng)編程的最大區(qū)別是其編程所需的加工工藝參數(shù)不必由人工參與，直接從系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的CAPP數(shù)據(jù)庫獲得。
（5）.可靠性最大化數(shù)控機床的可靠性一直是用戶最關(guān)心的主要指標。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)將采用更高集成度的電路芯片，利用大規(guī)?；虺笠?guī)模的專用及混合式集成電路，以減少元器件的數(shù)量，來提高可靠性。通過硬件功能軟件化，以適應(yīng)各種控制功能的要求，同時采用硬件結(jié)構(gòu)機床本體的模塊化、標準化和通用化及系列化，使得既提高硬件生產(chǎn)批量，又便于組織生產(chǎn)和質(zhì)量把關(guān)。還通過自動運行啟動診斷、在線診斷、離線診斷等多種診斷程序，實現(xiàn)對系統(tǒng)內(nèi)硬件、軟件和各種外部設(shè)備進行故障診斷和報警。利用報警提示，及時排除故障；利用容錯技術(shù)，對重要部件采用“冗余”設(shè)計，以實現(xiàn)故障自恢復(fù)；利用各種測試、監(jiān)控技術(shù)，當生產(chǎn)超程、刀損、干擾、斷電等各種意外時，自動進行相應(yīng)的保護。
（6）.控制系統(tǒng)小型化數(shù)控系統(tǒng)小型化便于將機、電裝置結(jié)合為一體。目前主要采用超大規(guī)模集成元件、多層印刷電路板，采用三維安裝方法，使電子元器件得以高密度安裝，較大規(guī)模縮小系統(tǒng)的占有空間。而利用新型的彩色液晶薄型顯示器替代傳統(tǒng)的陰極射線管，將使數(shù)控操作系統(tǒng)進一步小型化。這樣可以方便地將它安裝在機床設(shè)備上，更便于對數(shù)控機床的操作使用。
Mechanical machining
1、Research current situation of NC lathe in our times
Research and development process to such various kinds of new technologies as numerical control lathe , machining center , FMS , CIMS ,etc. of countries all over the world, linked to with the international economic situation closely. The machine tool industry has international economy to mutually promote and develop, enter 21 alert eras of World Affairs, the function that people's knowledge plays is more outstanding , and the machine tool industry is regarded as the foundation of the manufacturing industry of the machine, its key position and strategic meaning are more obvious. Within 1991-1994 years, the economic recession of the world, expensive FMS, CIMS lowers the temperature, among 1995-2000 years, the international economy increases at a low speed, according to requisition for NC lathe and the world four major international lathes exhibition in order to boost productivity of users of various fields of present world market (EMO , IMTS , JIMTOF , China CIMT of Japan of U.S.A. of Europe), have the analysis of the exhibit, there are the following several points mainly in the technical research of NC lathe in our times:
（1）、Pay more attention to new technology and innovation
Worldwide , are launching the new craft , new material , new structure , new unit , research and development of the new component in a more cost-effective manner, developmental research of for instance new cutter material , the new electric main shaft of main shaft structure , high speed , high-speed straight line electrical machinery ,etc.. Regard innovating in improvement of the processing technology as the foundation, for process ultra and hard difficult to cut material and special composite and complicated part , irregular curved surface ,etc. research and develop new lathe variety constantly.
（2）、Improve the precision and research of machine tooling
In order to improve the machining accuracy of the machining center , are improving rigidity of the lathe , reduction vibration constantly, dispel hotly and out of shape, reduce the noise , improve the precision of localization of NC lathe , repeat precision , working dependability , stability , precision keeping, world a lot of country carry on lathe hot error , lathe sport and load out of shape software of error compensate technical research, take precision compensate , software compensate measure improve , some may make this kind of error dispel 60% already. And is developing retrofit constantly, nanometer is being processed.
（3）、Improve the research of the machine tooling productivity
World NC lathe, machining center and corresponding some development of main shaft , electrical machinery of straight line , measuring system , NC system of high speed, under the prerequisite of boosting productivity.
（4）、What a lot of countries have already begun to the numerical control system melt intelligently, openly, study networkedly
A、 Elligent research of the numerical control system
Mainly showing in the following aspects: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, the self-adaptation to the processing course is controlled, the craft parameter produces research automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, to the feedback control , adaptive operation , discerning automatically load selects models automatically , since carries on research whole definitely ,etc. of the electrical machinery parameter; There are such research of the respect as intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface , intelligence diagnosing , intelligent monitoring ,etc..
B、 The numerical control system melts and studies open
Mainly showing in the following aspects: The development of the numerical control system is on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and support finally, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control target ), form the seriation, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, norm , disposing the norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software developing instrument ,etc. are the core of present research to pass through.
C、 Meeting the manufacture system of the production line , demand for the information integration of the manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, it is a basic unit of realizing the new manufacture mode too.
2、Classification of the machining center
（1）Process according to main shaft space position when it classifies to be as follows, horizontal and vertical machining center.
Horizontal machining center, refer to the machining center that the axis level of the main shaft is set up . Horizontal machining center for 3-5 sport coordinate axis, a common one three rectilinear motion coordinate axis and one turn the coordinate axis of sports round (turn the workingbench round), it can one is it is it finish other 4 Taxi processing besides installing surfaces and top surfaces to insert to install in work piece, most suitable for processing the case body work piece . Compared with strength type machining center it, the structure is complicated, the floor space is large, quality is large, the price is high.
Vertical machining center, the axis of the main shaft of the vertical machining center, in order to set up vertically, its structure is mostly the regular post type, the workingbench is suitable for processing parts for the slippery one of cross, have 3 rectilinear motion coordinate axis generally , can find a room for one horizontal numerical control revolving stage (the 4th axle ) of axle process the spiral part at workingbench. The vertical machining center is of simple structure, the floor space is small, the price is low, after allocating various kinds of enclosures , can carry on the processing of most work pieces .
Large-scale gantry machining center, the main shafts are mostly set up vertically, is especially used in the large-scale or with complicated form work piece , is it spend the many coordinate gantry machining center to need like aviation , aerospace industry , some processing of part of large-scale steam turbine.
Five machining centers, this kind of machining center has function of the vertical and horizontal machining center, one is it after inserting , can finish all five Taxi processing besides installing the surface to install in work piece, the processing way can make form of work piece error lowest , save 2 times install and insert working, thus improve production efficiency , reduce the process cost.
(2)Classify by craft use
Is it mill machining center to bore, is it mill for vertical door frame machining center , horizontal door frame mill the machining center and Longmen door frame mill the machining center to divide into. Processing technology its rely mainly on the fact that the door frame is milled, used in case body, shell and various kinds of complicated part special curve and large processes , curved surface of outline process, suitable for many varieties to produce in batches small.
Complex machining center, point five times and compound and process mainly, the main shaft head can be turned round automatically, stand, lie and process, after the main shaft is turned round automatically, realize knowing that varies in the horizontal and vertical direction.
(3)Classify by special function
Single workingbench , a pair of workingbench machining center;
Single axle , dual axle , three axle can change machining center , main shaft of case;
Transfer vertically to the tower machining center and transfer ;
One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the main shaft and changes one one hundred sheets of machining centers;
One hundred sheets of storehouses connects and writes hands to add the main shaft and change one hundred sheets of machining centers;
One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the manipulator and adds one pair of main shafts to transfer to the tower machining center.
3、Development trend of the current numerical control lathe
At present, the advanced manufacturing technology in the world is rising constantly, such application of technology as ultrafast cutting , ultraprecision processing ,etc., the rapid development of the flexible manufacturing system and integrated system of the computer one is constant and ripe, have put forward higher demand to the process technology of numerical control. Nowadays the numerical control lathe is being developed in several following directions.
（1）. The speed and precision at a high speed , high accuracy are two important indexes of the numerical control lathe , it concerns directly that processes efficiency and product quality. At present, numerical control system adopt-figure number, frequency high processor, in order to raise basic operation speed of system. Meanwhile , adopt the super large-scale integrated circuit and many microprocessors structure, in order to improve systematic data processing ability , namely improve and insert the speed and precision of mending operation. Adopt the straight line motor and urge the straight line of the lathe workingbench to be servo to enter to the way directly, it is quite superior that its responds the characteristic at a high speed and dynamically. Adopt feedforward control technology , make it lag behind error reduce greatly , thus improve the machining accuracy cut in corner not to track.
For meet ultrafast demand that process, numerical control lathe adopt main shaft motor and lathe structure form that main shaft unite two into one, realize frequency conversion motor and lathe main shaft integrate , bearing , main shaft of electrical machinery adopt magnetism float the bearing , liquid sound pigeonhole such forms as the bearing or the ceramic rolling bearing ,etc.. At present, ceramic cutter and diamond coating cutter have already begun to get application.
（2）. Multi-functional to is it change all kinds of machining centers of organization (a of capacity of storehouse can up to 100 of the above ) automatically to furnished with, can realize milling paring , boring and pares , bores such many kinds of processes as paring , turning , reaming , reaming , attacking whorl ,etc. to process at the same time on the same lathe , modern numerical control lathe adopt many main shaft , polyhedron cut also , carry on different cutting of way process to one different position of part at the same time. The numerical control system has because adopted many CPU structure and cuts off the control method in grades, can work out part processing and procedure at the same time on a lathe , realize so-called " the front desk processes , the backstage supporter is an editor ". In order to meet the needs of integrating the systematic one in flexible manufacturing system and computer, numerical control system have remote serial interface , can network , realize data communication , numerical control of lathe, can control many numerical control lathes directly too.
（3）. Intelligent modern numerical control lathe introduce the adaptive control technology, according to cutting the change of the condition, automatic working parameter, make the processing course can keep the best working state , thus get the higher machining accuracy and roughness of smaller surface , can improve the service life of the cutter and production efficiency of the equipment at the same time . Diagnose by oneself , repair the function by oneself, among the whole working state, the system is diagnosed, checked by oneself to CNC system and various kinds of equipment linking to each other with it at any time. While breaking down , adopt the measure of shutting down etc. immediately , carry on the fault alarm, brief on position , reason to break down ,etc.. Can also make trouble module person who take off automatically , put through reserve module , so as to ensure nobody demand of working environment. For realize high trouble diagnose that requires , its development trend adopts the artificial intelligence expert to diagnose the system.
（4）. Numerical control programming automation with the development of application technology of the computer, CAD/CAM figure interactive automatic programming has already get more application at present, it is a new trend of the technical development of numerical control. It utilize part that CAD draw process pattern , is it calculate the trailing punishing to go on by cutter orbit data of computer and then, thus produce NC part and process the procedure automatically, in order to realize the integration of CAD and CAM. With the development of CIMS technology , the full-automatic programming way in which CAD/CAPP/CAM integrates has appeared again at present, it, and CAD/CAM systematic programming great difference their programming necessary processing technology parameter needn't by artificial to participate in most, get from CAPP database in system directly.
（5）. The dependability of the dependability maximization numerical control lathe has been the major indicator that users cared about most all the time . The numerical control system will adopt the circuit chip of higher integrated level , will utilize the extensive or super large-scale special-purpose and composite integrated circuit, in order to reduce the quantity of the components and parts , to improve dependability . Through the function software of the hardware, in order to meet various kinds of demands for controlling the function, adopt the module , standardization , universalization and seriation of the structure lathe noumenonn of the hardware at the same time , make not only improve the production lot of the hardware but also easy to is it produce to organize and quality check on.. Still through operating and starting many kinds of diagnostic programs of diagnosing , diagnosing , diagnosing off-line online etc. automatically, realize that diagnoses and reports to the police the trouble to hardware , software and various kinds of outside equipment in the system. Utilize the warning suggestion, fix a breakdown in time; Utilize fault-tolerant technology, adopt and design the important part " redundantly ", in order to realize the trouble resumes by oneself; Utilize various kinds of test , control technology , exceed Cheng , one one hundred sheets of damages , interfering , cutting out ,etc. at the time of various kinds of accidents as production, carry on corresponding protection automatically.
（6）. Control system miniaturization systematic miniaturization of numerical control benefit and combine the machine , electric device for an organic whole. Adopt the super large-scale integrated component , multi-layer printed circuit board mainly at present, adopt the three-dimensional installation method , make the electronic devices and components must use the high density to install, narrow systematic occupying the space on a larger scale. And utilize the new-type slim display of colored liquid crystal to substitute the traditional cathode ray tube, will make the operating system of numerical control miniaturize further. So can install it on the machine tool conveniently, benefit the operation of the numerical control lathe correctly even more.
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