抽屜式換煤機(jī)設(shè)計【含CAD圖紙、PROE三維】

抽屜式換煤機(jī)設(shè)計【含CAD圖紙、PROE三維】,含CAD圖紙、PROE三維,抽屜,式換煤機(jī),設(shè)計,CAD,圖紙,PROE,三維 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 設(shè)計題目：______________________________________ 學(xué)生姓名：______________________________________ 學(xué) 號：______________________________________ 專業(yè)班級：______________________________________ 指導(dǎo)老師：______________________________________ 2014年 月 日 目 錄 摘要......................................................... 第一章 前言 1.1蜂窩煤概述．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 1.2抽屜式換煤機(jī)概述．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 1.3抽屜式換煤機(jī)組成．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 第二章 抽屜式換煤機(jī)的設(shè)計 方案 2.1煤爐灶結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 2.2換煤機(jī)的隔板結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 2.3換煤機(jī)的支撐板結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 2.4換煤機(jī)的齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 2.5換煤機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)動動設(shè)計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 第三章 耐高溫材料的應(yīng)用 3.1隔熱材料概述．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 3.2支撐板與隔熱板材料選擇．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 3.3設(shè)計時考慮的幾個問題．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 第四章 蜂窩煤引燃設(shè)計 4.1用煤氣引燃設(shè)計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 4.2用電熱絲引燃設(shè)計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 第五章 預(yù)防煤氣中毒 第六章 結(jié)論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 致謝．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 參考文獻(xiàn)．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 專業(yè)相關(guān)的資料．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 摘 要 現(xiàn)在的我們家里的蜂窩煤爐都是把蜂窩煤一個一個疊在爐腔里面，而底下蜂窩煤燒完后，得把一個個的蜂窩煤用鉗子從爐腔里面夾起來，直到把底下面那個燒完了的蜂窩煤夾出來，然后再把其他沒燒完的蜂窩煤一個個夾回去，待到下面的燒完之后又得重復(fù)這個工作；甚至于需要把上面的蜂窩煤夾起來之后才能知道底下的蜂窩煤是否燒完了沒有，這樣操作非常麻煩，浪費時間的同時，需要反復(fù)操作，蜂窩煤夾來夾去的同時也會造成燃燒不充分，煤本身是不可再生資源，這樣的蜂窩煤爐造成了較大的資源浪費，使用過程繁瑣，效率非常低。還有的是用鐵勾從進(jìn)風(fēng)口伸入,將底層煤渣搗碎取出;或是把煤爐灶篦做成刀形,從上部加壓,將底層煤渣壓破取出。這幾種方法都不同程度地存在廢氣和飛灰對人體直接污染嚴(yán)重,散熱量大,易壓破上、中層煤,麻煩費事等弊病。為解決以上問題,這里設(shè)計一種簡易抽屜式換煤器。 第一章 前言 1.1蜂窩煤概述 蜂窩煤主要用于家庭生火、取暖，用無煙煤制成的蜂窩狀的圓柱形煤球。由原煤、碳化鋸木屑、石灰、紅（黃）泥、木炭粉等混合物基料和由硝酸鹽、高錳酸鉀等組成的易燃助燃劑所組成。用上述材料制成直徑100mm的易燃蜂窩煤試燒，其著火快、火苗高達(dá)140mm以上，燃燒時間長達(dá)1小時，無煙無味，燃燒完全。 優(yōu)點：高效易燃 M01-高效易燃蜂窩煤生產(chǎn)技術(shù)：上火快2分鐘火苗達(dá)一尺火力猛12分鐘燒開一壺水該煤球易燃燒，起火快，用一根火柴從爐口處即點燃，2分鐘火苗達(dá)一尺，爐火溫度能達(dá)680攝氏度，并能調(diào)節(jié)火苗大小，使用方便，和液化氣一樣，隨用隨點，不用封爐，無煙、無毒、無味，一次放二塊煤球能燃燒120-150分鐘。投資少見效快，用普通散煤加幾種遍地都是而不值錢的原料和兩種添加劑混合而成，手工操作，用普通煤球機(jī)每人日加工1200塊左右，成本每塊7分，市場售價0.18元以上，如建一個三人小廠，利用機(jī)器生產(chǎn)，年利潤達(dá)50萬元，添加劑各地化工商店均有銷售。一噸煤能生產(chǎn)6000塊易燃蜂窩煤。?M02-環(huán)保高效倍化節(jié)煤蜂窩煤：該蜂窩煤的優(yōu)點是即經(jīng)濟(jì)又好用，比傳統(tǒng)蜂窩煤具有上火快，燃燒效果好，火力猛，燃燒時間長，旺火時間比傳統(tǒng)蜂窩煤長20-30分鐘，每塊節(jié)能 蜂窩煤蜂窩煤比傳統(tǒng)蜂窩煤可多燒開水6-8公斤，藍(lán)火，能與液化氣比美，蜂窩煤中產(chǎn)生的一氧化碳和二氧化硫氣體得到有效控制和轉(zhuǎn)化，使排出的氣體不造成空氣污染，不易破損，便于運輸和存放，不掉黑渣，不易沾黑皮膚和衣服，而且成型煤重量輕，產(chǎn)量高，一噸煤可制成3000-4000塊節(jié)能蜂窩煤，是生產(chǎn)傳統(tǒng)蜂窩煤的3倍左右，利潤是傳統(tǒng)蜂窩煤的2.5-3倍。M03-強(qiáng)力速燃蜂窩煤：各地的煤球廠煤和土的比列多數(shù)為1000：300，能生產(chǎn)10厘米高的煤球1200個，成本極高，公司研制的快速燃燒煤技術(shù)，煤和土比列為1000：1000，另加十幾元助燃劑，能產(chǎn)10厘米高的煤球2600-3000個，燃燒效果和時間均超過未加添加劑的煤球，且上火快，持續(xù)時間長，封爐后18小時不滅，無毒，無煙，無味，燒后的廢煤球渣也能整塊夾出，助燃劑原料各地都可購到。節(jié)煤增效 M04-高能活性節(jié)煤增效劑：該技術(shù)與其他單位提供的類似技術(shù)截然不同，絕不是一根火柴點燃蜂窩煤技術(shù)。每噸煤加入8元錢左右的活性節(jié)煤增效劑后，可使每噸煤的摻土量在原來200公斤的基礎(chǔ)上再增加300-500公斤（不同產(chǎn)地的煤質(zhì)摻土量不同），熱效率提高15%以上。添加該活性增效劑的煤上火快、火力旺，火苗高10－20厘米，旺火時間2－2.5小時，燃燒充分，燃燒后整塊取出不散渣。劣質(zhì)煤加入后和優(yōu)質(zhì)煤一樣好燒。如專門生產(chǎn)該活性節(jié)煤增效劑，幾百元流動資金即可，手工操作，每噸煤添加的活性節(jié)煤增效劑成本8元左右，售價18元左右。即使僅供一個縣市1/10的蜂窩煤廠，年利潤也有幾萬元。原有的蜂窩煤機(jī)和爐具不變。秸稈窩煤 M05-秸稈生產(chǎn)蜂窩煤技術(shù)：本品是以秸稈粉和劣質(zhì)煤相配合為基本原料，再添加脫硫劑消石灰，成形后再經(jīng)以石蠟和重油配制成的表面處理劑進(jìn)行表面處理而制得，是可使作物秸稈得到充分有效利用的成形煤。 特點：(1)以作物秸稈和劣質(zhì)煤為基本原料，基本上都是廢料利用，價廉易得，變廢為寶。 (2)燃燒性好，發(fā)煙少，放出的二氧化硫少，堪與一般燃料媲美。 (3)成形時不加熱、不用粘結(jié)劑，既節(jié)能，又有利于降低成本。 (4)制得的成形煤具有耐水性，貯運方便。 (5)點燃性好，使用方便。用途和普通煤球、蜂窩煤一樣，用作家庭燃料。 3速燃點火編輯 燃煤從開采至今，多用柴草秸引燃，而本中心開發(fā)的速燃環(huán)保點火蜂窩煤用打火機(jī)或火柴就能直接點燃，而且環(huán)保、節(jié)能、火旺，普通煤爐直接使用。是經(jīng)改良后的最新科研成果。 蜂窩煤性能特點 1、點火迅速用打火機(jī)或火柴在煤球上直接點燃，隨用隨點、方便快捷。 2、火力威猛火焰覆蓋面積大、爐口溫度高，燃燒時若一次放兩塊煤，可保持90-120分鐘火力。 3、安全可靠屬安全產(chǎn)品，無明火不點燃，遇火星不燃燒。存放不失效，無有害氣體排放，符合國家環(huán)保要求，安全可靠。 4、成本低廉原煤價格越低，制成成品煤價格越低，原煤價格越高，制成單塊成品煤利潤越大。 4技術(shù)配方編輯 易燃蜂窩煤由點火層、引火層和本體煤3部分組成。其中點火層、引火層知為50克重， 本體煤15克重。?易燃蜂窩煤的制作工藝配方（重量%）如下：點火層 硝酸鈉30%（氧化劑），硝酸鉀1.7%（氧化劑），市猛酸鉀0.9%（催化劑），木碳粉17.4%（低燃點碳材料），無煙煤30%（高碳基材料）碳化鋸木屑13%，氧化鎢2%（凈化劑）黃泥約為3~5%（粘結(jié)劑）。引火層 碳化鋸木層23%，木碳粉15%，無煙煤50%，氧化鈣3%，黃泥約為4~9%。 在制作過程中，要注意上述3部分材料的濕度要基本相同。手工或機(jī)械成型時，要注意3個部分的配料占總重量的百分比，即最下層的點火層占20%，中間的引火層占20%，上面的本體煤占60%。 5易燃煤編輯 易燃蜂窩煤，由原煤、碳化鋸木屑、石灰、紅（黃）泥、木炭粉等混合物基 蜂窩煤料和由硝酸鹽、高錳酸鉀等組成的易燃助燃劑所組成。用上述材料制成直徑Φ100mm的易燃蜂窩煤試燒，其著火快、火苗高達(dá)140mm以上，燃燒時間長達(dá)1?小時，無煙無味，燃燒完全。本易燃蜂窩煤原料廣泛、成本低廉、使用方便、制作簡單、達(dá)到省料省時節(jié)能節(jié)資的目的，有著很好的開發(fā)前景。 1.2抽屜式換煤機(jī)概述 抽屜式換煤機(jī)是把除廢渣抽屜支撐板設(shè)置在爐腔的正下方，煤爐灶進(jìn)風(fēng)口正上方。隔板設(shè)置在爐腔和除廢渣抽屜之間，隔板稱之為活動隔離板（前后來回活動），最下面蜂窩煤用隔離板嵌于爐體兩蜂窩煤之中，從而實現(xiàn)兩煤分離讓整個蜂窩煤渣掉至除渣抽屜內(nèi)，并利用除渣抽屜將蜂窩煤渣排出，具有輕松操作和衛(wèi)生環(huán)保的優(yōu)點，不再需要把蜂窩煤一個個夾出來，即使，出現(xiàn)錯誤判斷而把最下面一個沒少燒完的蜂窩煤排出來，也可以直接把其重新放回至爐腔內(nèi)，操作非常簡單、便捷。 當(dāng)抽屜支撐抽出時能使廢煤排出，隔離板作用使上邊的煤自然落下，能同時達(dá)到換煤。下邊支撐板上安裝電熱絲之類，（類似家用煤氣灶爐絲，用途點燃底煤）。 1.3抽屜式換煤機(jī)組成 抽屜式換煤機(jī)由抽屜式換煤器由煤爐灶、抽屜支撐板、隔板、兩根齒條、固定齒輪軸、齒輪、組成。 如圖1-2所示。 ① 煤爐灶 ② 隔板 ③ 支撐板 ④ 齒條 ⑤ 齒輪 ⑥ 手柄 ⑦ 輪軸 ⑧ 手提 抽屜式換煤爐灶整體圖:1-2 第二章 抽屜式換煤灶的設(shè)計 2.1煤爐灶結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 由灶體、爐膛、灶臺和通風(fēng)口組成的煤爐灶，其結(jié)構(gòu)特征是在灶體外還設(shè)有一層金屬外殼，該金屬外殼與灶體外表面金屬層之間構(gòu)成一個封閉的空腔，貯在該空腔內(nèi)的水可以吸收散發(fā)到灶體外周的熱量，使水升溫，從而提高該煤灶的燃料利用率，并能同時產(chǎn)生熱水。爐灶底下面就是更新部分，如圖2-1所示。 抽屜式換煤灶剖面圖：2-1 2.2換煤器的隔板結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 隔熱板的作用是為了，在換煤的過程中切入最后一塊與倒數(shù)第二塊之間，起 到一個暫時的支撐作用，所以隔熱板的設(shè)計要求比較高，要滿足以下幾點： 1.必須薄，這樣才能切入緊密貼合在一起的兩塊煤之間。 2.必須隔熱，由于最后幾塊煤的溫度最高，所以隔熱板一定要隔熱性能非常好。 3.必須足夠硬，而且韌性好，因為隔熱板很薄，如果所以需要滿足這種要求。 2.3換煤機(jī)的支撐板結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 支撐板的作用是在使用的過程中一直拖著上面的4塊煤，所以對于支撐板的物理性能要求比較高，要滿足以下幾點： 1.強(qiáng)度足夠大，硬度足夠強(qiáng). 2.隔熱性足夠好。 3.好加工 2.4換煤機(jī)的齒輪齒條結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 由于煤的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高度是70MM，所以考慮到各種因素所以決定： 齒輪參數(shù)為：模數(shù)1.5 齒數(shù)36 壓力角20° 齒條參數(shù)為：模數(shù)1.5 齒數(shù)36 壓力角20° 2.5換煤機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)動動設(shè)計 動力方面有2種比較合理的方案 1.靠人力轉(zhuǎn)動，這種方式比較簡單，成本也比較低。 2.靠電動驅(qū)動，這種方案，比較省力，操作比較輕松，但是考慮到使用這種煤爐的人一般都是做小生意的人，所以成本這方面要壓縮。 綜合實際考慮，決定靠人力轉(zhuǎn)動為動力。 第三章 耐高溫材料的應(yīng)用 3.1 隔熱材料概述 隔熱材料分為多孔材料,熱反射材料和真空材料三類，包括前的使用本身，空氣或惰性氣體的熱傳導(dǎo)率的差距系數(shù)非常低，所以那樣的泡沫材料，和纖維材料的熱反射材料的高反射率反映，熱，金、銀、鎳等金屬、鋁箔或滌綸聚酰亞胺膠片等真空隔熱材料內(nèi)部的真空材料的使用熱對流的障礙達(dá)到了重量和體積的要求而使用的絕緣材料而航空宇宙產(chǎn)業(yè)的更多的要求，它通常是噪音、震動、耐腐蝕性需要各種各樣的絕緣材料的需求方面，各種各樣的航空飛機(jī)駕駛艙的客艙和一般的形式，超高石英玻璃棉，棉，熱真空隔熱板導(dǎo)彈頭能用絕緣物質(zhì)酚形式的初期的應(yīng)用，具有良好的溫度具有抗藥性的聚氨酯泡沫，單一的絕緣三明治結(jié)構(gòu)的開發(fā)了船艙中導(dǎo)彈器具灣絕緣外皮的厚度的發(fā)泡涂層層覆蓋，在室溫下的防腐涂料作為時，空氣動力加熱200°C以上，即使那個發(fā)泡保溫功能具有人造衛(wèi)星的高溫度移動的低溫環(huán)境，交替使用的話，高性能多層反射絕熱材料，一般的鋁薄膜幾層構(gòu)成、鍍鋁聚酯薄膜、鍍鋁聚酰亞胺膜并且，開發(fā)的瓷磚解決航天飛機(jī)的隔熱材料表面的同時，高絕緣水平的開發(fā)標(biāo)志 氣凝膠的多孔質(zhì)材料的絕緣材料模特的感覺，納米開口，管絕緣而絕緣使用機(jī)器，材料的0.018?w /的室溫的熱傳導(dǎo)率（k×m），0.009?w /的低溫度（k×m） 真空隔熱板的最新的絕緣材料，在海外大大促進(jìn)，家電產(chǎn)品的使用，這個材料的低熱傳導(dǎo)率.?004只上述的優(yōu)秀的保溫效果。現(xiàn)在的家用冰箱集裝箱完全這個材料的使用的 床墊聲納絕緣絕緣性能為軟件產(chǎn)業(yè)的強(qiáng)熱絕緣材料 兩個原理 編輯 3種方法，建筑物的熱交換性能的熱傳導(dǎo)：熱傳導(dǎo)對流的25，75的熱輻射 夏天的溫度下，瓦屋頂后，溫度的內(nèi)部的輻射熱的量持續(xù)增加，勞動和生活條件，很不舒服 堤防的鋁線圈的太陽輻射吸收系數(shù)（全部方法的輻射率）0.07，較少熱輻射屋頂和墻壁的隔熱材料廣泛被使用 熱傳輸線（絕緣膜）：太陽?紅外磁波動的影響對能源--瓷磚的高溫?zé)嵩礋?瓷磚的?熱沖擊的地方打屋頂?shù)臏囟?地方打屋頂?shù)臒彷椛錈崃?室內(nèi)環(huán)境溫度持續(xù)上升 熱傳輸線（絕緣膜加）：熱-瓷磚的?熱沖擊鋁鋁箔表面溫度-鋁鋁箔放射率極低的發(fā)出的高溫?zé)嵩矗?紅外磁波動能的影響--瓷磚，少量的熱輻射溫度舒適的室內(nèi)環(huán)境維持 代表材料 鋁箔隔熱卷材概念 Dike鋁箔隔熱卷材，又稱阻隔膜、隔熱膜、隔熱箔、拔熱膜、反射膜等。由鋁箔貼面+聚乙烯薄膜+纖維編織物+金屬涂膜通過熱熔膠層壓而成，鋁箔卷材具有隔熱保溫、防水、防潮等功能。鋁箔隔熱卷材的日照吸收率（太陽輻射吸收系數(shù)）極低(0.07)，具有卓越的隔熱保溫性能，可以反射掉93%以上的輻射熱，被廣泛應(yīng)用于建筑屋面與外墻隔熱保溫。 導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)較低的幾種隔熱材料（按厚度劃分） 1.保溫隔熱紙：FiberGC-10~50系列隔熱紙導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)0.027瓦米開，厚度0.4~5mm，白色，紙狀，具有超薄的優(yōu)勢，常用于IT類小型電子產(chǎn)品以及家電領(lǐng)域，極少用于建筑類的保溫隔熱； 2.玻璃纖維棉板/氈：導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)0.035瓦米開，厚度3mm~5mm，白色，分硬板和軟氈狀，玻璃纖維結(jié)構(gòu)，用于家電產(chǎn)品、管道等； 3.聚氨酯發(fā)泡板（PU/PIR）：導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)0.02~0.035瓦米開，多色，硬質(zhì)、脆性，厚度10mm~200mm； 4.離心剝離纖維棉/巖棉：導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)一般為0.038瓦米開，厚度30~200mm，黃色，用于建筑行業(yè)，機(jī)房、庫房等； 5.微納隔熱板：導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)0.02瓦米開，耐溫較高，多用于高溫環(huán)境； 6.氣凝膠氈：常溫下導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)0.018W/(K·m)，厚度2mm~10mm，白色或藍(lán)色，柔性氈，可根據(jù)要求定制成硬性板狀材料，適用于設(shè)備、管道保溫。 可任意造型的隔熱材料 RFC異形隔熱件。 新型高效干燥技術(shù) 隔熱材料因為其熱傳導(dǎo)性能差，采取傳統(tǒng)熱風(fēng)干燥其耗時很長，并且能耗過大，干燥均勻性較差，而采取微波干燥技術(shù)則繞開了其傳熱性能差的問題，提高了生產(chǎn)效率，符合現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)高效節(jié)能環(huán)保的要求，解決了傳統(tǒng)隔熱材料烘干技術(shù)用時長，資金周轉(zhuǎn)較慢，且干燥不均勻的問題，具體特點有： ● 干燥過程快捷迅速，幾分鐘完成深度干燥，可使最終含水量達(dá)到千分之一以上； ●干燥均勻，產(chǎn)品干燥品質(zhì)好； ●高效節(jié)能，安全環(huán)保； ●熱慣性小，加熱的即時性易于控制。 synotherm是全球知名的工業(yè)微波窯爐裝備制造商和微波加熱解決方案提供商，其專業(yè)生產(chǎn)微波干燥設(shè)備精品及高溫微波燒結(jié)爐 3.2支撐板與隔熱板材料選擇 支撐板的作用是在使用的過程中一直拖著上面的4塊煤，所以對于支撐板的物理性能要求比較高，要滿足以下幾點： 1.強(qiáng)度足夠大，硬度足夠強(qiáng). 2.隔熱性足夠好。 3.好加工 綜合考慮決定用用不銹鋼外殼鋪一層.微納隔熱板。 3.3設(shè)計時考慮的幾個問題 第一：煤爐的加工，由于煤爐的材料使用的是用混合泥料，做成的，所以造型的時候要求比較精細(xì)，因為隔熱板和支撐板的厚度有要求，加上煤爐的密封性要考慮，所以加工時要特別注意。 第二：隔熱板的材料和加工，由于隔熱板只是短時間支撐煤塊的，所以隔熱性要求不怎么高，但是熱熔性一定要高，還有刀口要求做倒角。這樣有利于切煤。 第三：電阻絲的選擇，要求功率比較高的，體型比較小的，這樣有利于結(jié)構(gòu)的緊湊性。 第四章 蜂窩煤引燃設(shè)計 4.1用煤氣引燃設(shè)計 我們都知道蜂窩煤的引燃是比較麻煩的事情，最常用的就是用別的燃燒的煤來引燃，但是很多時候全部煤都燒完了，那就要用別的柴火去引燃了，非常麻煩，費時費力。所以我們采用電阻絲來發(fā)熱引燃煤塊。 4.2用電熱絲引燃設(shè)計 為了均勻加熱我們采用彈簧型M式加熱絲，來加熱燃燒煤塊。 在窯爐里加熱的材料往往會產(chǎn)生大量的水蒸氣，水蒸氣會影響電熱絲表面氧化物保護(hù)層的形成并使它疏松且粘著性差，降低電熱絲的壽命。如何正確的選擇匹配的電熱絲，就需要考慮電熱絲所含的物質(zhì)，市面上電熱絲分為兩個系列為鐵鉻鋁合金和鎳鉻電熱合金。它們的抗氧化性能一般都較強(qiáng)。但也有著各自的優(yōu)缺點。 　　1、鐵鉻鋁合金系列主要優(yōu)缺點： 　　優(yōu)點：鐵鉻鋁電熱合金其使用溫度高，最高使用溫度可達(dá)1400度，（0Cr21A16Nb、0Cr27A17Mo2等)，使用壽命長、表面負(fù)荷高、抗氧化性能好、電阻率高，價格便宜等。 　　缺點：主要是高溫強(qiáng)度低，隨著使用溫度升高其塑性增大，元件易變形，不易彎曲和修復(fù)。 　　2、鎳鉻電熱合金系列主要優(yōu)缺點： 　　優(yōu)點：高溫強(qiáng)度較鐵鉻鋁高，高溫使用下不易變形，其結(jié)構(gòu)不易改變，塑性較好，易修復(fù)，其輻射率高，無磁性，耐腐蝕性強(qiáng)，使用壽命長等。 　　缺點：由于采用較稀缺的鎳金屬材料制成，故該系列產(chǎn)品價格高出鐵鉻鋁最多達(dá)幾倍，使用溫度較鐵鉻鋁低。 　　通過比較發(fā)現(xiàn)鐵鉻鋁電熱絲要比鎳鉻電熱絲嚴(yán)重的多，所以建議如果水汽較多情況下，應(yīng)盡量選擇鎳鉻電熱絲 http://item.taobao.com/item.htm?spm=a230r.1.0.0.ZXUXqL&id=36407061630&_u=sej5b0p83db 已知幾種常用煤的燃點： 無煙煤的燃點：550~700℃ 煙煤燃點：400~550℃ 褐煤燃點：300~400℃ 家庭用煤一般采用蜂窩式無煙煤。其燃點要求比較高，在選用電熱絲和設(shè)計電熱絲時需要經(jīng)過適當(dāng)計算，以保證點燃蜂窩煤時的效率和電熱絲保持合理的水平，保證能量的最大化利用。 已知一塊蜂窩煤的體積蜂窩煤的底面半徑：12÷2=6㎝,；這塊蜂窩煤的底面積：3.14×62=113.04㎝2；這塊蜂窩煤的體積：113.04×9=1017.36㎝3；孔的半徑：2÷2=1㎝；孔的底面積：3.14×12=3.14㎝2；孔的體積：3.14×9=28.26㎝3；孔數(shù)：28.26×12=339.12㎝3；蜂窩煤總面積-小孔總面積：1017.36-339.12=678.24㎝3。 一塊蜂窩煤大概900g ，比熱值為按公式C=Q/M*△t 按照700度點燃來計算比熱值為1.391*10^3J/KG 得出：Q=7.26102*10^3J 根據(jù)電熱絲發(fā)熱功率W=PT 按1分鐘來點燃蜂窩煤來計算，得到取近似值得到功率為 1.2KW 。 第五章 預(yù)防煤氣中毒 目前我國北方許多地區(qū)冬季取暖仍采用煤爐，因使用爐火不慎而造成煤氣中毒的事故常有發(fā)生，怎樣防止煤氣中毒呢？????? 1．用煤爐取暖，一定要安裝煙筒和風(fēng)斗。????? 2．定期清掃煙筒，保持煙筒通暢，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)煙筒堵塞或漏氣，必須及時清理或修補(bǔ)。????? 3．經(jīng)常打開門窗通風(fēng)換氣，保持室內(nèi)空氣新鮮。????? 4．伸出室外的煙筒，還應(yīng)該加裝遮風(fēng)板或拐脖，防止大風(fēng)將煤氣吹回室內(nèi)。?? 第六章 結(jié)論 本設(shè)計論文介紹了自動換煤鍋爐總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計，完成了各結(jié)構(gòu)件的設(shè)計，在設(shè)計零部件時，我通過計算機(jī)軟件對結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行設(shè)計與分析，對各構(gòu)件進(jìn)行了平面和空間力學(xué)受力分析和強(qiáng)度校核。因此，使得各構(gòu)件都滿足強(qiáng)度要求，使其工作安全可靠? 本文設(shè)計的自動換煤機(jī)。使其有運行可靠、性能穩(wěn)定、噪音低、安全可靠、體積小、重量輕、成本低、運輸安裝拆卸方便、使用維護(hù)工作量小等特點。因此具有很高的性能價格比。? 在設(shè)計過程中，存在的幾個技術(shù)點與攻克，首先是選材問題，要耐高溫的材料，煤爐的加工問題。等需要我們好好深思。? 由于本人的學(xué)識和時間實在有限，而且實踐經(jīng)驗更是不足，因此，在設(shè)計中難免會出現(xiàn)一些缺陷和不足之處，懇請各位老師和同學(xué)批評指正。 謝 辭 感謝我的導(dǎo)師xxx老師，他嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)細(xì)致、一絲不茍的作風(fēng)一直是我工作、學(xué)習(xí)中的榜樣；他循循善誘的教導(dǎo)和不拘一格的思路給予我無盡的啟迪。感謝我的李老師，這片論文的每個實驗細(xì)節(jié)和每個數(shù)據(jù)，都離不開你的細(xì)心指導(dǎo)。而你開朗的個性和寬容的態(tài)度，幫助我能夠很快的融入我們這個新的實驗室。 感謝我的室友們，從遙遠(yuǎn)的家來到這個陌生的城市里，是你們和我共同維系著彼此之間兄弟般的感情，維系著寢室那份家的融洽。四年了，仿佛就在昨天。今后大家就難得再聚在一起吃每年元旦那頓飯了吧，沒關(guān)系，各奔前程，大家珍重。 感謝我的輔導(dǎo)員xx老師，是趙老師在我這幾年的大學(xué)生活和學(xué)習(xí)中給予我積極的督促、諄諄的教導(dǎo)和無私的幫助才能讓我能夠如此順利的完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計。 感謝我大學(xué)所有的課程老師，沒有你們無私的教導(dǎo)我掌握不了如此繁雜的科學(xué)知識，我將帶著你們所給予的知識踏入這個復(fù)雜黑暗的社會。 感謝參加本人論文審閱和評閱的所有老師。謝謝你們能在百忙之中抽出時間對我的論文進(jìn)行評審，并提出自己獨到的意見。 最后，我要感謝所有培養(yǎng)、關(guān)心和教育了我的人們。 由衷的感謝你們。 - 16 - JOURNAL OF SHANG HAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Development of a Workpiece Location Determ ination System in Parallel Mechanism Type Machine Tools ZHAO Xiao ming , SHAO Hua, 　HATTORI Kazuya, 　TSUTSUMIM asaom i 1.School of Mechanical Eng, Shanghai Jiao tong Univ, Shanghai 200030,China; 2.Technical Research Dept,Toyoda Machine Works, Kariya 44828652,Japan; 3.Bio Applications and Systems Eng, Tokyo Univ of A griculture and Technology, Tokyo 18428858, Japan. Abstract: This paper uses HexaM made by ToyodaMachine Works Co.as an analyticalmodel of parallel mechanism type machine tools. Much collision may be generated for its complicated structure and working space, when a workpiece is mach inedusing this machine. For example, those collisions are generated.between the moving components of the parallel mechanism ,between the moving components and a workpiece and between themoving components and the tool storage for autom atic changing.In th is paper,an algorithm for detecting and avoiding those collision swasproposed. The method for avoiding the collisions was conducted by readjusting the location of the workpiece without am ending the toolpath.It is confirmed through experim ent that the proposed algorithm is useful for detecting the collisions and determining the location of the workp ieceprior to the actual machining. Keywords: parallel machine tools;ollision check; avoidance; toolpath; in stallation site In recent years, the PMT development and application of the growing, but because of its structure and working space is very complicated, use it for processing the workpiece, it is very possible the machine components themselves interfere with the workpiece and the machine interference. Also, if like PMT HexaM [1], work on stage in the installation of automatic tool change devices and other peripheral equipment, the installation of the workpiece. It may limit the installation of the workpiece location, that is, peripheral equipment and workpiece interference that may arise when processing machines and peripheral equipment to interfere. PMT on their way to check interference and machine work space has been much research [2 ~ 5]. Among them, This writer and other Japanese companies Toyota Machine Works of PMT HexaM [1] as a model. Discussion of PMTs their interference in the inspection, the work space approximate expression [5]. the other hand, 5-axis NC machining, cutting tool (knife, Chuck and Spindle) and the workpiece (workpiece and fixture) interference methods also have many. Among them, Takeuchi, etc. [6] tool system from the surface for a number of points as interference checking, and the workpiece surface are relatively simple function, when interference check point at the internal functions, be able to judge for the machine and workpiece occurred interference; The author, etc. [7] and the method proposed here just the opposite. that is, from the workpiece surface, system selection interference checking, whether the system access tool for interference checking. As CNC machine peripheral devices are not generally placed in the work tops , So, in these two methods, they did not consider processing machines and peripheral equipment to interfere in the issue. These studies are discussed in detail PMT their interference in the machine tool and workpiece and the interference checking and evasive methods, However, the use of PMT ago, but there are several problems : ① working platform for peripheral devices such as a barrier Machine [1] should consider the machines and peripheral equipment possible interference; ② the inspection machine and the interference of the workpiece. Consideration should also be given spindle plywood, plywood hinge link with the workpiece and the possibility of interference, However, the existing CAM software does not include such interference detection; ③ machine when there is interference with the workpiece. General Tool always postural adjustments to avoid interference. In fact, PMT, in addition to postural adjustment tool, You can also adjust the location of the workpiece to avoid all interference. Moreover, This approach avoided the biggest advantage is not to change the existing CAM software. Based on common CAM software tool path of the output-based, shorten the time to interfere in the inspection checkpoints document composition, By adjusting the location of the installation of the workpiece to avoid the possibility of all kinds of interference, of the workpiece can test for processing at the workpiece and machinability best installation location calculation. 1.Interference checking and avoid interference Using the PMT HexaM, peripheral equipment (the knife) and the workpiece installation diagram shown in Figure 1. Therefore, For the machine, during processing and installation of the workpiece at the possibility of interference with his interference, machine tool and workpiece interference machines and the peripheral equipment, and interference with the surrounding devices workpiece interference. If you are using a parallel machine table without peripheral devices or devices placed around the far more, will not affect the location of the workpiece machining process or there will not be machines and peripheral equipment interference, can be omitted from the workpiece and the machine and equipment around the interference checking. F ig. 1　Schemat ic of the parallelmechanism HexaM 1.1 Their interference 1.1.1 The composition checkpoints During processing, All tools can be applied to position literature [5] described method to check whether their intervention will happen. if there is interference, can be used in the adjustment of the workpiece location to avoid interference. Parts of the installation location changes, Processing Tool position will naturally be changed. Therefore, the need to conduct another inspection, not occur until the date their interference. As an installation at each location to location of all the tools for inspection computing time will be very long. To shorten the time of calculation, this is not the right tool for all locations and to extract only a small number of knives location (hereinafter referred to as check points) interference checking. Therefore, point out checks must be done : at checkpoints if no interference in its own. in the other cutter location would not interfere in their occurrence. setting up check-points advantage of a significant reduction in the frequency of inspections. From the z-axis cutter farther, the higher the position, the greater the degree of tilt, the more prone they interfere in [5]. Therefore, wait for the processing of the workpiece, the tool path from the outside to share the measurement point, the higher the cutter location, tool tilt angle larger point as to determine whether they interfere in the check points. 1.1.2 Interfere with the inspection methods Tool position and posture straight at the moon and the space rotary disk space, it would be interference in its own [5]. Therefore, they interfere with the inspection methods : ① read all checkpoints, obtained a checkpoint each corresponding to the straight and rotating space Yuan Yuan space [5]. ② cutter position and posture in response The straight round space and space Rotary Circle, convicted of the checkpoint will not interfere in their occurrence; In all the check points are not interfered, were judged to be installed in the position not to interfere in their occurrence. ③ If a check point in the location or position of the straight excess space Yuan Yuan, or rotating space, can be used in the literature [5] mentioned in the inspection methods to interfere in the review. As space than the average round of inspections interference [5] calculation to be much smaller, so this kind of method can shorten each inspection, the computation time. 1.1.3 Avoid interference method As in the same horizontal plane, the cutter in the z-axis location at the least prone to his interference. Therefore, If a checkpoint in a self-interference then we check points and the z-axis direction connectivity as evasive. Then, Parts of the installation location along the direction of movement of evading 10 mm. If two consecutive evade direction of the angle is greater than 150 °. that could have been avoided reversed direction in the horizontal plane does not exist in the location to install, so The workpiece can be installed to enhance upward position. In this paper, each increase by 10 mm. If they interfere with the main motor is a rotary screw lower interference Note workpiece is too high or the location of the workpiece too high, not with the machine tool. 1.2 Machine interfere with the workpiece 1.2.1 The composition checkpoints As shown in figure 2, machine and workpiece possible interference between parts of a knife, chuck, spindle head, spindle splint, Hinges and plywood link. workpiece can be seen from the surface and surface composition. Among them, Surface processing from the point with machine might happen to the non-interference by non-machined surface processing point is, here, processing and point and non-point processing collectively referred inquiries to the point. F ig. 2　Check method of the collision betw een the parallelmechanism and wo rkp iece Inquiries point with knives, and Chuck, The first spindle axis and the splint interference known as a category interference. Such interference only with knives, the posture, and workpiece position unrelated to the installation. Therefore, if the screening of such interference, and only postural adjustment tool for evasive, This requires changes CAM software, beyond the scope of this discussion. Inquiries point splint hinge connecting rod or interfere in the resolution as interference in two categories. Such interference can be adjusted through the installation of the workpiece - Purchase avoided. Below these two types of intervention on the check points formed. With a cone, its center point for the tool, cone angle of H0 included knives, and Chuck, The first spindle axis and the minimum angle of plywood; Tool center hinge splint to the minimum distance of d002; Tool axis in the direction of the minimum distance of h0, H0, d002 and h0 machine parts according to the size and structure of plywood hinge back corner of the largest such parameters obtained. For the processing of a point P, P calculated with all inquiries Q-point connectivity PQ and the tool axis angle H, d line segment and the length of the segment PQ tool axis direction on the length of the projection h. Therefore, satisfy conditions H "H 0 inquiries point as a kind of interference in check; satisfy conditions d "h and d 0" h0 inquiries points as Class 2 interfere in the check points. As with all the processing points have obtained two checkpoints, and deposited checkpoints document. 1.1.2 Interfere with the inspection methods Checking whether there was interference in Category 1, the first knife, Chuck, The first spindle axis and splint (referred to as Tool System), and a type of intervention checkpoints x z plane to the projection, then, Tool checks into the projection system checks whether the point system and tool interference [7]. As the No. 1 category interfere with the workpiece unrelated to the installation location, in the calculation of the workpiece location, only for a meeting of this kind of checking calculations. Due to the location of the installation of the workpiece, which will definitely lead to splint hinge and link the position and posture change. Therefore, Parts of each installation location adjustments, we must check whether there will be interference in the first two categories. Therefore, How to reduce interference in the first two categories of the inspection is to shorten the clearance time of the key. In this paper, judgment Category 2 interference check point is to satisfy the conditions d "h and d 0" h0, This small workpiece or relatively flat workpiece can be significantly reduced check points. 1.2.3 Avoid interference method When interference, and its method of avoiding interference in its own when there are evading the same method. 1.3 Machine and equipment around the interference 1.3.1 The composition checkpoints Figure 3 for PMT HexaM of peripheral equipment, workpiece machining and tool path when the vertical view. From Figure 3, we can see that peripheral equipment installed in the workstations to a quadrant, so Tool path to the center of a quadrant of the outer (.), as interference in the check points. Fig. 3　Check po ints and avo idance vecto r of the co llisionbetw een the parallelmechanism and magazine 1.3.2 Interfere with the inspection methods And peripheral equipment may interfere with the parts of a machine tool, chuck, spindle head, plywood hinge connecting rod and spindle splint, Their shape of a cylinder and the plane circles constitute the polyhedron, and peripheral equipment for the many facets of the shape. Therefore, peripheral equipment and machine parts will be used between "bounded plane and cylinder" and "bounded plane and bounded plane" interference method [5]. That is, in all the checkpoints, causing peripheral equipment bounded plane and the cylindrical machine parts sector plane or whether there is an intersection between. If Nodal, Information on interference; If no intersection, a statement that no interference. As noted above, workpiece location of the installation will bring different machine parts location and posture change, so each set new workpiece location, must re-examine whether there has been peripheral equipment and machine interference. 1.3.3 Avoid interference method If the machine occurred with the surrounding equipment interference, peripheral equipment will surface before the normal direction as to evade direction, and the occurrence of evading their own methods of avoiding interference in the same way. 1.4 Workpiece and the interference of neighboring devices In order to be able to quickly detect when installing the workpiece and the existence of peripheral equipment interference, the first of the workpiece to the xy plane projection, and bounded by polygons workpiece envelope projection. Then, use "bounded plane and bounded plane" [5] to check the workpiece and the interference of neighboring devices. each installation location given workpiece after, the need for such interference checking. If the workpiece and interfere with the surrounding equipment, peripheral equipment will surface before the normal direction as to evade direction, and the occurrence of evading their own methods of avoiding interference in the same way. 1.5 Interpolation of check points From the above content aware that apart from the workpiece and the interference of neighboring equipment checks, other checks are interfering in the inspection point in terms of interference. Therefore, if the check points between the distance is too large, There were at checkpoints without interference, while at checkpoints will happen between interference, But such interference has not been found possible. in actual processing time is absolutely impermissible. To solve checkpoints may exist between the interference problem, there are two major ways : First, a simple function with polyhedron intersection method [8]; two is to check the distance between the point narrowing. No. 1 methods for screening machine and the interference of the workpiece particularly effective, But they can not be used to solve interference; 2 methods for the various types of interference in the inspection applies to all, But if the checkpoints between the distance is too small, check points, a huge amount, Inspection interfere in the calculation will be very long. Therefore, we set a safe distance, Under this safe distance from the check point to shorten the distance between, in order to achieve the results we are reliable, also short time inspection purposes. specific methods are as follows. Conducting two objects judgment interference, One of the first objects to expand 5 mm. If the expanded intersection of two objects. was convicted of two objects there is interference. If the intersection from the surface of objects within 5 mm. In fact, this is still no interference. If convicted of two objects there is no interference, then the distance between the two objects in more than 5 mm. Here, this 5 mm called safe distance. CAM system for output from the reference point and tool path, If adjacent to the inquiry or the distance tool path is greater than the distance between a safe distance Inquiries points in the tool path between or among some interpolation points. that is, after inquiries after the interpolation between the points and tool path is the distance between less safe distance. So, when the two checkpoints there are no interference. in between them would not have happened interference. Thus, a safe distance from the need to determine whether the interpolation, can prevent missed interference, without excessive increase in computing time. 2. Workpiece location of the installation method of calculation 2.1 Parts of the best installation location In this paper, "Pad of the minimum height; from the shortest distance from the center stage "as a measure of the workpiece best installation location standards. Specifically, First to the workpiece is placed in the bottom table (At this point, the height of the pan 0) Tool tracks in the xy plane projection center and the center coincides workstations (distance from the center of the worktable 0) Workpiece as the best installation location. If there is interference in the location to be installed, in order to guarantee the minimum height Pad, will be the workpiece within the same level from the inside outward movement Find no interference in the installation location. If not found in the same horizontal plane does not interfere with the installation location, workpiece will be gradually upwards (increase Pad height) Mobile and then in the same horizontal plane to find, until they found the location of the installation or come in the machine can not be processed conclusion has been reached. 2.2 Best installation location method of calculation Based on the best parts of the installation location concept, this paper presents a workpiece machining installation location calculation steps are as follows : 1) Read the basic data. Include : knives, and Chuck extend the radius and length; Inquiries; Tool path; peripheral equipment and the location of the xy plane with the other projector. (2) to determine whether the machine processing. According to the workpiece Inquiries point and the tool path, Calculation workpiece xy z direction in the shape and size of the cutter Mobile distance. When the workpiece size or shape of the movement distance Tool too large, given the workpiece on the machine can process of warnings. the end of the operation. (3) various types of interference generated inspection checkpoints document. Among them : checking their interference, The machine tool and workpiece Class 1 and Class 2 interference, Machine interfere with peripheral equipment check-point document. (4) to check whether there are machine the workpiece with a type interference. If depositors in, due to the interference by not moving the workpiece to avoid the installation location, so given the "unavoidable existence of a category of interference" warning, the end of the system. (5) to set the tool path Center C (x, y, z) of the initial position. To meet the workpiece best installation location definition, C (x, y, z) of the initial set of home : x = 0; y = 0; z = s. Among them, 's