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★【汽車概述】
“汽車”（automobile）英文原意為“自動(dòng)車”，在日本也稱“自動(dòng)車”（日本漢字中的汽車則是指
我們所說(shuō)的火車）其他文種也多是“自動(dòng)車”，唯有我國(guó)例外。
在我國(guó)，汽車是指有自身裝備的動(dòng)力裝置驅(qū)動(dòng)，一般具有四個(gè)或四個(gè)以上車輪，不依靠軌道或架線而
在陸地行駛的車輛。汽車通常被用作載運(yùn)客、貨和牽引客、貨掛車，也有為完成特定運(yùn)輸任務(wù)或作業(yè)任務(wù)
而將其改裝或經(jīng)裝配了專用設(shè)備成為 專用車輛，但不包括專供農(nóng)業(yè)使用的機(jī)械。全掛車和半掛車并無(wú)自
帶動(dòng)力裝置，他們與牽引汽車組成汽車列車時(shí)才屬于汽車范疇。有些進(jìn)行特種作業(yè)的輪式機(jī)械以及農(nóng)田作
業(yè)用的輪式拖拉機(jī)等，在少數(shù)國(guó)家被列入專用汽車，而在我國(guó)則分別被列入工程機(jī)械和農(nóng)用機(jī)械之中。
按照國(guó)家最新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T 3730.1—2001對(duì)汽車的定義：由動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)，具有四個(gè)或四個(gè)以上車輪的非軌
道承載的車輛，主要用于：載運(yùn)人員和(或)貨物；牽引載運(yùn)人員和(或)貨物的車輛；特殊用途。本術(shù)語(yǔ)還
包括：a)與電力線相聯(lián)的車輛，如無(wú)軌電車；b)整車整備質(zhì)量超過(guò)400kg的三輪車輛。
美國(guó)汽車工程師學(xué)會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)SAEJ 687C中對(duì)汽車的定義是：由本身動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)，裝有駕駛裝置，能在固定
軌道以外的道路或地域上運(yùn)送客貨或牽引車輛的車輛。
日本工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)JISK 0101 中對(duì)汽車的定義是：自身裝有發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和操縱裝置，不依靠固定軌道和架線能
在陸上行駛的車輛。
按照國(guó)家最新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T 3730.1—2001汽車主要分為乘用車和商用車.
乘用車：在其設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)特性上主要用于載運(yùn)乘客及其隨身行李和/或臨時(shí)物品的汽車，包括駕駛員
座位在內(nèi)最多不超過(guò)9個(gè)座位。它也可牽引一輛掛車。分為普通乘用車、活頂乘用車、高級(jí)乘用車、小型
乘用車、敞篷車、倉(cāng)背乘用車、旅行車、多用途乘用車、短頭乘用車、越野乘用車和專用乘用車等11類；
商用車：在設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)特性上用于運(yùn)送人員和貨物的汽車，并且可以牽引掛車。乘用車不包括在內(nèi)。
商用車分為客車、貨車和半掛牽引車等3類。客車細(xì)分為小型客車、城市客車、長(zhǎng)途客車、旅游客車、鉸
接客車、無(wú)軌客車、越野客車、專用客車。貨車細(xì)分為普通貨車、多用途貨車、全掛牽引車、越野貨車、
專用作業(yè)車、專用貨車。
★【基本構(gòu)造】
汽車一般由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、底盤、車身和電氣設(shè)備等四個(gè)基本部分組成。
一.汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)：發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是汽車的動(dòng)力裝置。由2大機(jī)構(gòu)5大系組成：曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)；配氣機(jī)構(gòu)；燃料
供給系；冷卻系；潤(rùn)滑系；點(diǎn)火系；起動(dòng)系.
1.冷卻系：一般由水箱、水泵、散熱器、風(fēng)扇、節(jié)溫器、水溫表和放水開關(guān)組成。汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)采用兩
種冷卻方式，即空氣冷卻和水冷卻。一般汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)多采用水冷卻。
2.潤(rùn)滑系：發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)潤(rùn)滑系由機(jī)油泵、集濾器、機(jī)油濾清器、油道、限壓閥、機(jī)油表、感壓塞及油尺等
組成。
3.燃料系：汽油機(jī)燃料系由汽油箱、汽油表、汽油管、汽油濾清器、汽油泵、化油器、空氣濾清器、
進(jìn)排氣歧管等組成。
二.汽車的底盤：底盤作用是支承、安裝汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)及其各部件、總成，形成汽車的整體造型，并接
受發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力，使汽車產(chǎn)生運(yùn)動(dòng)，保證正常行駛。底盤由傳動(dòng)系、行駛系、轉(zhuǎn)向系和制動(dòng)系四部分組成
。
1.傳動(dòng)系：汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)所發(fā)出的動(dòng)力靠傳動(dòng)系傳遞到驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪。傳動(dòng)系具有減速、變速、倒車、中斷
動(dòng)力、輪間差速和軸間差速等功能，與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)配合工作，能保證汽車在各種工況條件下的正常行駛，并具
有良好的動(dòng)力性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性。 主要是由離合器、變速器、萬(wàn)向節(jié)、傳動(dòng)軸和驅(qū)動(dòng)橋等組成。
離合器：其作用是使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力與傳動(dòng)裝置平穩(wěn)地接合或暫時(shí)地分離，以便于駕駛員進(jìn)行汽車的起
步、停車、換檔等操作。
變速器：由變速器殼、變速器蓋、第一軸、第二軸、中間軸、倒檔軸、齒輪、軸承、操縱機(jī)構(gòu)等機(jī)件
構(gòu)成，用于汽車變速、變輸出扭矩。/ z& K1 w w$ L
2.行駛系：由車架、車橋、懸架和車輪等部分組成。行駛系的功用是：
a.接受傳動(dòng)系的動(dòng)力，通過(guò)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪與路面的作用產(chǎn)生牽引力，使汽車正常行駛；
b.承受汽車的總重量和地面的反力；
c.緩和不平路面對(duì)車身造成的沖擊，衰減汽車行駛中的振動(dòng)，保持行駛的平順性；
d.與轉(zhuǎn)向系配合，保證汽車操縱穩(wěn)定性。
3.轉(zhuǎn)向系：汽車上用來(lái)改變或恢復(fù)其行駛方向的專設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)稱為汽車轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)。轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的基本組成
a.轉(zhuǎn)向操縱機(jī)構(gòu) 主要由轉(zhuǎn)向盤、轉(zhuǎn)向軸、轉(zhuǎn)向管柱等組成。
b.轉(zhuǎn)向器 將轉(zhuǎn)向盤的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)變?yōu)檗D(zhuǎn)向搖臂的擺動(dòng)或齒條軸的直線往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，并對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)向操縱力進(jìn)行放大
的機(jī)構(gòu)。轉(zhuǎn)向器一般固定在汽車車架或車身上，轉(zhuǎn)向操縱力通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)向器后一般還會(huì)改變傳動(dòng)方向。
c.轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu) 將轉(zhuǎn)向器輸出的力和運(yùn)動(dòng)傳給車輪(轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié))，并使左右車輪按一定關(guān)系進(jìn)行偏轉(zhuǎn)的
機(jī)構(gòu)。
4.制動(dòng)系：汽車上用以使外界(主要是路面)在汽車某些部分(主要是車輪)施加一定的力，從而對(duì)其進(jìn)
行一定程度的強(qiáng)制制動(dòng)的一系列專門裝置統(tǒng)稱為制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。其作用是：使行駛中的汽車按照駕駛員的要求
進(jìn)行強(qiáng)制減速甚至停車；使已停駛的汽車在各種道路條件下(包括在坡道上)穩(wěn)定駐車；使下坡行駛的汽車
速度保持穩(wěn)定。
制動(dòng)系分類：
a. 按制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的作用
制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可分為行車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、駐車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、應(yīng)急制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)及輔助制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)等。用以使行駛中的汽
車降低速度甚至停車的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)稱為行車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)；用以使已停駛的汽車駐留原地不動(dòng)的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)則稱為
駐車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)；在行車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)失效的情況下，保證汽車仍能實(shí)現(xiàn)減速或停車的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)稱為應(yīng)急制動(dòng)系
統(tǒng)；在行車過(guò)程中，輔助行車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)降低車速或保持車速穩(wěn)定，但不能將車輛緊急制停的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)稱為
輔助制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。上述各制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中，行車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和駐車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是每一輛汽車都必須具備的。
b.按制動(dòng)操縱能源
制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可分為人力制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、動(dòng)力制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和伺服制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)等。以駕駛員的肌體作為唯一制動(dòng)能源
的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)稱為人力制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)；完全靠由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)化而成的氣壓或液壓形式的勢(shì)能進(jìn)行制動(dòng)的系統(tǒng)
稱為動(dòng)力制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)；兼用人力和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力進(jìn)行制動(dòng)的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)稱為伺服制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)或助力制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。
c.按制動(dòng)能量的傳輸方式
制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可分為機(jī)械式、液壓式、氣壓式、電磁式等。同時(shí)采用兩種以上傳能方式的制動(dòng)系稱為組合
式制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。
制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)一般由制動(dòng)操縱機(jī)構(gòu)和制動(dòng)器兩個(gè)主要部分組成。
a. 制動(dòng)操縱機(jī)構(gòu)
產(chǎn)生制動(dòng)動(dòng)作、控制制動(dòng)效果并將制動(dòng)能量傳輸?shù)街苿?dòng)器的各個(gè)部件以及制動(dòng)輪缸和制動(dòng)管路。
b. 制動(dòng)器
產(chǎn)生阻礙車輛的運(yùn)動(dòng)或運(yùn)動(dòng)趨勢(shì)的力(制動(dòng)力)的部件。汽車上常用的制動(dòng)器都是利用固定元件與旋轉(zhuǎn)
元件工作表面的摩擦而產(chǎn)生制動(dòng)力矩，稱為摩擦制動(dòng)器。它有鼓式制動(dòng)器和盤式制動(dòng)器兩種結(jié)構(gòu)型式。
三.汽車車身:車身安裝在底盤的車架上，用以駕駛員、旅客乘坐或裝載貨物。轎車、客車的車身一般
是整體結(jié)構(gòu)，貨車車身一般是由駕駛室和貨箱兩部分組成。 。
汽車車身結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括：車身殼體(白車身)、車門、車窗、車前鈑制件、車身內(nèi)外裝飾件和車身附件
、座椅以及通風(fēng)、暖氣、冷氣、空氣調(diào)節(jié)裝置等等 。在貨車和專用汽車上還包括車箱和其它裝備。
1.車身殼體(白車身)是一切車身部件的安裝基礎(chǔ)，通常是指縱、橫梁和支柱等主要承力元件以及與它
們相連接的鈑件共同組成的剛性空間結(jié)構(gòu)?？蛙囓嚿矶鄶?shù)具有明顯的骨架，而轎車車身和貨車駕駛室則沒(méi)
有明顯的骨架。車身殼體通常還包括在其上敷設(shè)的隔音、隔熱、防振、防腐、密封等材料及涂層。
2.車門通過(guò)鉸鏈安裝在車身殼體上，其結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，是保證車身的使用性能的重要部件。鈑等。這些
鈑制制件形成了容納發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、車輪等部件的空間。
3.車身外部裝飾件主要是指裝飾條、車輪裝飾罩、標(biāo)志、浮雕式文字等等。散熱器面罩、保險(xiǎn)杠、燈
具以及后視鏡等附件亦有明顯的裝飾性。
4.車內(nèi)部裝飾件包括儀表板、頂篷、側(cè)壁、座椅等表面覆飾物，以及窗簾和地毯。在轎車上廣泛采用
天然纖維或合成纖維的紡織品、人造革或多層復(fù)合材料、連皮泡沫塑料等表面覆飾材料；在客車上則大量
采用纖維板、紙板、工程塑料板、鋁板、花紋橡膠板以及復(fù)合裝飾板等覆飾材料。
5.車身附件有：門鎖、門鉸鏈、玻璃升降器、各種密封件、風(fēng)窗刮水器、風(fēng)窗洗滌器、遮陽(yáng)板、后視
鏡、拉手、點(diǎn)煙器、煙灰盒等。在現(xiàn)代汽車 上常常裝有無(wú)線電收放音機(jī)和桿式天線，在有的汽車車身上
還裝有無(wú)線電話機(jī)、電視機(jī)或加熱食品的微小爐和小型電冰箱等附屬設(shè)備。
6.車身內(nèi)部的通風(fēng)、暖氣、冷氣以及空氣調(diào)節(jié)裝置是維持車內(nèi)正常環(huán)境、保證駕駛員和乘客安全舒適
的重要裝置。座椅也是車身內(nèi)部重要裝置之一。座椅由骨架、座墊、靠背和調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)等組成。座墊和靠背
應(yīng)具有一定的彈性。調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)可使座位前后或上下移動(dòng)以及調(diào)節(jié)座墊和靠背的傾斜角度。某些座椅還有彈
性懸架和減振器，可對(duì)其彈性懸架加以調(diào)節(jié)以便在駕駛員們不同的體重作用下仍能保證座墊離地板的高度
適當(dāng)。在某些貨車駕駛室和客車車廂中還設(shè)置適應(yīng)夜間長(zhǎng)途行車需要的臥鋪。
7.為保證行車安全，在現(xiàn)代汽車上廣泛采用對(duì)乘員施加約束的安全帶、頭枕、氣囊以及汽車碰撞時(shí)防
止乘員受傷的各種緩沖和包墊裝置。按照運(yùn)載貨物的不同種類，貨車車箱可以是普通欄板式結(jié)構(gòu)、平臺(tái)式
結(jié)構(gòu)、傾卸式結(jié)構(gòu)、閉式車箱、氣、液罐以及運(yùn)輸散粒貨物(谷物、粉狀物等)所采用的氣力吹卸專用容罐
或者是適于公路、鐵路、水路、航空聯(lián)運(yùn)和國(guó)際聯(lián)運(yùn)的各種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)格的集裝箱。
四.電氣設(shè)備：電氣設(shè)備由電源和用電設(shè)備兩大部分組成。電源包括蓄電池和發(fā)電機(jī)；用電設(shè)備包括
發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的起動(dòng)系、汽油機(jī)的點(diǎn)火系和其它用電裝置。
1.蓄電池：蓄電池的作用是供給起動(dòng)機(jī)用電，在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)起動(dòng)或低速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)向發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)點(diǎn)火系及其他用電
設(shè)備供電。當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)電充足，蓄電池可以儲(chǔ)存多余的電能。蓄電池上每個(gè)單電池都有
正、負(fù)極柱。
[1][2][3]2.起動(dòng)機(jī)： 其作用是將電能轉(zhuǎn)變成機(jī)械能，帶動(dòng)曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，起動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。起動(dòng)機(jī)使用時(shí)，
應(yīng)注意每次起動(dòng)時(shí)間不得超過(guò)5秒，每次使用間隔不小于10-15秒，連續(xù)使用不得超過(guò)3次。若連續(xù)起動(dòng)時(shí)
間過(guò)長(zhǎng)，將造成蓄電池大量放電和起動(dòng)機(jī)線圈過(guò)熱冒煙，極易損壞機(jī)件。
★【性能參數(shù)】
1. 整車裝備質(zhì)量（kg）：汽車完全裝備好的質(zhì)量，包括潤(rùn)滑油、燃料、隨車工具、備胎等所有裝置
的質(zhì)量。
2. 最大總質(zhì)量(kg)：汽車滿載時(shí)的總質(zhì)量。
3. 最大裝載質(zhì)量(kg)：汽車在道路上行駛時(shí)的最大裝載質(zhì)量。
4. 最大軸載質(zhì)量（kg）：汽車單軸所承載的最大總質(zhì)量。與道路通過(guò)性有關(guān)在對(duì)汽車的使用過(guò)車中
盡量不要對(duì)酸堿物體進(jìn)行傷害。
5. 車長(zhǎng)(mm)：汽車長(zhǎng)度方向兩極端點(diǎn)間的距離。
6. 車寬(mm)：汽車寬度方向兩極端點(diǎn)間的距離.
7. 車高(mm)：汽車最高點(diǎn)至地面間的距離。
8. 軸距(mm)：汽車前軸中心至后軸中心的距離。
9. 輪距(mm)：同一車轎左右輪胎胎面中心線間的距離。
10. 前懸(mm)：汽車最前端至前軸中心的距離。
11. 后懸(mm)：汽車最后端至后軸中心的距離。
12. 最小離地間隙(mm)：汽車滿載時(shí)，最低點(diǎn)至地面的距離。
13. 接近角(°)：汽車前端突出點(diǎn)向前輪引的切線與地面的夾角。
14. 離去角(°)：汽車后端突出點(diǎn)向后輪引的切線與地面的夾角。
15. 轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑(mm)：汽車轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí)，汽車外側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)向輪的中心平面在車輛支承平面上的軌跡圓半徑。轉(zhuǎn)向
盤轉(zhuǎn)到極限位置時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑 為最小轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑。
16. 最高車速(km/h)：汽車在平直道路上行駛時(shí)能達(dá)到的最大速度。
17. 最大爬坡度(%)：汽車滿載時(shí)的最大爬坡能力。
18. 平均燃料消耗量(L/100km)：汽車在道路上行駛時(shí)每百公里平均燃料消耗量。
19. 車輪數(shù)和驅(qū)動(dòng)輪數(shù)(n×m)：車輪數(shù)以輪轂數(shù)為計(jì)量依據(jù)，n代表汽車的車輪總數(shù)，m 代表驅(qū)動(dòng)輪
數(shù)。
★汽車的分類：
汽車按用途分為：
(1)載貨汽車：主要用于運(yùn)送貨物，有的也可牽引全掛車的汽車。根據(jù)最大總質(zhì)量不同，可分為微型
貨車(1.8噸以下)，輕型貨車(1.8-6噸)，中型貨車(6-14噸)，重型貨車(14噸以上)。
(2)自卸汽車：以運(yùn)送貨物為主且有可傾卸貨箱的汽車。適于壞路或無(wú)路地區(qū)行駛，多用于國(guó)防、林
區(qū)和礦山。
(3)越野汽車：主要用于壞路或無(wú)路地區(qū)的全輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的具有高通過(guò)性的汽車。適于壞路或無(wú)路地區(qū)行
駛，多用于國(guó)防、林區(qū)和礦山。
(4)轎車：用于載送人員及其隨身物品且座位布置在兩軸之間的四輪車輛。按發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)排量大小可分為
微型汽車(1L以下)，普通級(jí)轎車(1-1.6L)，中級(jí)轎車(1.6-2.5L)，中高級(jí)轎車(2.5-4L)，高級(jí)轎車(4L以
上)。
(5)客車：具有長(zhǎng)方形車廂，主要用于載送人員及其隨身行李物品的汽車。按用途不同可分為長(zhǎng)途客
車、團(tuán)體客車、市內(nèi)公共汽車和旅游客車等。
(6)牽引汽車及半掛牽引汽車：專門或主要用于牽引掛車或半掛車的汽車。根據(jù)牽引掛車的不同可分
為半掛牽引汽車和全掛牽引汽車。
(7)專用汽車：裝置有專用設(shè)備、具備專用功能，用于承擔(dān)專門運(yùn)輸任務(wù)或?qū)ｍ?xiàng)作業(yè)的汽車。用于完
成特殊任務(wù)，如消防車、救護(hù)車、油罐車、防彈車、工程車等。
【Overview】 car
"Vehicle" (automobile) English original intent was to "automatic car", in Japan, also known as "automatic car" (the Japanese characters in the car while we are talking about is the train) are also many other languages are "automatic car", only exception to our country.
In China, the car is the power equipment has its own device drivers, usually have four or more wheels, not to rely on the track or land-line and in vehicles. Is often used as a vehicle to carry passengers, cargo and traction passenger and cargo trailers, but also for the completion of a specific mission or operation of transport and its mission, as modified or equipped with special equipment as a dedicated vehicle, but does not include special machinery for agricultural use. Trailers and semi-trailer full power device does not own their vehicle components and traction when the vehicle belong to the train car areas. Some of the wheel to carry out special operations, as well as farm machinery used in homework and other wheeled tractor, a small number of countries included in the Special Purpose Vehicle, and in our country were to be included in construction machinery and agricultural machinery are.
Country in accordance with the latest standards GB / T 3730.1-2001 for definition of motor vehicles: from power-driven, with four or more wheels of the vehicle carrying non-track, mainly used for: transporting personnel and (or) goods; traction transport staff and (or) goods vehicles; for special purposes. The term also includes: a) associated with the power line of vehicles such as trolley buses; b) vehicles of more than 400kg of整備質(zhì)量three vehicles.
American Society of Automotive Engineers standards SAEJ 687C of the definition of motor vehicles are: power-driven by their own, equipped with a driving device, other than in the fixed track on the road or geographical or traction vehicles transporting passengers and cargo vehicles.
JISK 0101 Japanese Industrial Standards in the definition of the car are: with their own engines and control devices, not to rely on a fixed orbit and land-line in the vehicles.
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Country in accordance with the latest standards GB / T 3730.1-2001 vehicle is divided into passenger cars and commercial vehicles.
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Passenger cars: in its design and technical features on the main for the transport of passengers and their carry-on baggage and / or temporary goods vehicles, including the driver seat, including a maximum of 9 seats. It is also a trailer can be towed. Divided into ordinary passenger cars, live top-passenger, high-level passenger cars, small cars, convertible cars, warehouses back passenger, station wagon, multi-purpose passenger vehicles, short head of passenger cars, off-road passenger Private passenger vehicles and 11 categories;
Commercial Vehicles: On the design and technical characteristics on the transport of personnel and goods for the automobile, and can be towed trailer. Passenger cars are not included. Commercial vehicles into passenger cars, trucks and tractor-type tractor, etc. 3. Subdivided into small passenger buses, city buses, long-distance bus, tourist buses, articulated buses, trolley buses, cross-country bus, private bus. Subdivided into ordinary goods truck, a multi-purpose vehicle, all linked to tractor, off-road trucks, special vehicles, special-purpose vehicle.
The basic structure 【】
Car generally engine, chassis, body and electrical equipment, such as the four basic parts.
1. Automobile Engine: Engine power devices are motor vehicles. 2 large organizations by the Department of 5 components: crank linkage; valve; fuel supply system; cooling system; lubrication system; ignition system; starting line.
1. Cooling system: general by the water tanks, water pumps, radiators, fans, temperature section, and tables and water temperature switches. Uses two types of automobile engine cooling method, that is, air cooling and water cooling. The use of general automotive engine cooling water.
2. Lubrication line: by the engine lubrication oil pump, set the filter, oil filter, oil Road, the pressure limiting valve, oil form, a sense of tamponade, and ruler, such as the composition of the oil.
3. Fuel line: gasoline engine fuel by the petrol tank, petrol table, petrol pipes, gas filter, fuel pump, carburetor, air filter, into the exhaust manifold and other components.
Two. Automotive chassis: the chassis is supported, the installation of automotive engine and its components, assembly, and form the overall shape of the car and the engine power acceptable to have a sports car, to ensure normal traffic. Chassis by the power train, road system, steering system and braking system composed of four parts.
1. Powertrain: Automobile Engine issued by the transmission of power transmission to the drive wheels. Transmission line with a slow, variable speed, reversing, interruption of power, rotation speed difference between the inter-axle differential and functions, with the engine to work, to ensure working conditions in a variety of motor vehicles under normal driving conditions, and has good power and economy. Mainly by the clutch, transmission, universal joints, drive shaft and the composition of bridges.
Clutch: its role is to enable the engine power and smooth gear engagement or temporary separation, in order to start driver for automotive, parking, and other operating shift.
Transmission: transmission by the shell, transmission cover, the first axis, the second shaft, intermediate shaft, reverse shaft, gears, bearings and other mechanical manipulation of body composition, for automotive speed, variable torque output. / Z & K1 ww $ L
2. Traveling line: by the frame, axle, suspension components and wheels. Department of the function of traffic are:
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a. accept the power transmission system, through the driving wheel and the role of road traction, so that normal car traffic;
b. bear the total weight of vehicle and the ground reaction force;
c. uneven road to ease the impact of the face of the body, the attenuation of vibration in the car to maintain the smooth running of;
d. meet with the steering system to ensure the vehicle handling and stability.
3. Steering system: the car used to change or restore the special direction of its travel agency known as the automotive steering system. The basic composition of steering system
a. turn manipulated mainly by the steering wheel, steering shaft, steering column and so on.
b. rotating the steering wheel steering will be turned into a swinging arm or a rack shaft of the linear reciprocating motion, and shift power to manipulate the body to enlarge. Steering frame fixed in the car or truck body, power steering through the steering control will change after the general direction of transmission.
c. turning the steering transmission mechanism and the output to the exercise wheel (steering knuckle), and about the relationship between the wheels must deflection by the body.
4. Brake System: Automotive up to the outside world (mainly roads) in some parts of motor vehicles (mainly the wheel) must exert the power, so their degree of enforcement of a series of braking devices are collectively referred to as specialized braking system. Its role is: to make a moving vehicle in accordance with the mandatory requirements of the driver slow down or even stop; so that the car had been stopped at a variety of road conditions (including the ramp up in) stability in the car; so downhill speed vehicles stability.
Brake System Classification:
a. the role of the braking system in accordance with
Vehicular braking systems can be divided into the braking system, brake system, emergency braking systems and auxiliary braking systems. To make a moving vehicle to reduce the speed of the braking system and even parking braking system known as the road; to have been suspended so that the presence of the car to stay put while the braking system known as the parking brake system; at failure of the braking system traffic cases, to ensure that motor vehicles can slow down or stop implementation of the emergency braking system known as the braking system; in the road, the auxiliary braking system to reduce traffic speed or maintain speed and stability, but emergency vehicles can not be suspension system known as the auxiliary braking system brakes. The above-mentioned brake system, brake system and the road car braking system in each car must have the.
b. by the brake manipulation of energy
Braking system can be divided into human and braking systems, brake systems and power brake servo systems. To the body of the driver braking energy as the only braking system known as the human braking system; entirely on power from the engine turned into a form of pressure or the potential for hydraulic brake system, known as the power brake system ; a combination of human power and engine braking to the braking system or braking system known as the servo power braking system.
c. Transfer of energy by way of braking
Braking system can be divided into mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electromagnetic, etc.. At the same time, two ways to upload to the braking system known as the Combined Braking System.
Braking system in general by the brake control and brake the two main parts.
a. brake control agencies
Have a braking action to control the braking effect and braking energy transmitted to the various brake components and wheel brake cylinder and brake lines.
b. Brake
Hinder the movement of vehicles or sports trends force (power system) components. Commonly used in automobile brakes are on the use of fixed and rotating components of the friction surface components arising from brake torque, known as the friction brake. It has drum brakes and disc brake structure of two types.
Three. Auto body: the body installed on the chassis of the vehicle chassis, for the driver, passengers or cargo. Cars, passenger cars are the overall structure of the general body, truck body is normally provided by the cab and cargo boxes of two parts. .
Vehicle body structure include: the body shell (body in white), doors, windows, the front sheet metal parts, body parts and body both inside and outside the decorative accessories, chairs, as well as ventilation, heating, cooling, air-conditioning devices and so on. Special Purpose Vehicle in the truck and also on car and other equipment.
1. The body shell (body in white) is the installation of all the basic body parts, usually refers to vertical, such as beams and pillars, as well as load-bearing components connected with them to form the sheet metal pieces of the rigid spatial structure. A clear majority of bus body skeleton, and the car body and truck cab frame is not obvious. Body shell is usually also included in the laying on of the noise, heat, vibration, corrosion, sealing and coating materials.
2. The door hinge is installed through the shell on the body of the vehicle, its structure more complex is to ensure that the use of the body of the essential components of performance. Sheet metal, etc.. These sheet metal parts formed a system to accommodate the engine, wheels and other parts of the space.
3. Decorative pieces on the exterior decoration mainly refers to articles, decorative wheel covers, logos, text and so on relief. Radiator mask, bumper, lamp and mirror attachment is also obvious, such as decorative.
4. Car interior decoration items, including the dashboard, roof, wall, seat cover and other surface decorations, as well as curtains and carpets. Widely used in the car on the natural fiber or synthetic fiber textile, leather or multi-layer composite materials, their skins cover the surface of foam and other decorative materials; on the bus at the use of substantial fiberboard, cardboard, plastics plate, sheet, rubber tread plate and composite decorative board decorative materials, such as follow-up.
5. Has attachment body: door locks, door hinges, glass lifts, a variety of seals, shutters wipers, washer shutters, sun visor, rearview mirror, handle, cigarette lighter, ash boxes. At Hyundai Motor closed up player usually equipped with a radio antenna and leveraged, in some vehicle was also equipped with a wireless telephone, TV or heating stoves and small food ancillary facilities such as small refrigerators.
6. The body's internal ventilation, heating, cooling and air-conditioning inside the vehicle is to maintain a normal environment to ensure that drivers and passengers safe and comfortable essential device. Internal seat body is one of important devices. Seat by the frame, seat, backrest and adjust the composition of institutions. Seat and backrest should have a certain degree of flexibility. Before and after adjusting the seat or body can move up or down and adjust the seat and backrest angle. Some seats have a flexible suspension and shock absorber, suspension may be its flexibility in adjusting to different drivers are still under the weight of seat from floor to ensure proper height. At some truck driver's cab and passenger compartment is also set to adapt to night-time sleeper of the necessary long-distance traffic.
7. In order to ensure traffic safety, at Hyundai Motor widely used on constraints imposed on the occupant of seat belts, head restraints, airbags, and vehicle collision to prevent the crew were injured in a variety of buffering and packet pad device. The carriage of goods in accordance with different types of goods can be an ordinary car field plate structure, platform-type structure, the structure dump, closed car, gas, tank and transport bulk goods (grains, powder, etc.) used in pneumatic blow tank or disposal capacity is dedicated for roads, railways, waterways, air transport and international transport of a variety of standard containers.
Iv. Electrical equipment: electrical equipment and electrical equipment from power supply composed of two major parts. Including battery and generator power; electrical equipment, including engine start-up system, the gasoline engine ignition system and other electric devices.
1. Battery: battery starter's role is to supp
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