英語(yǔ)作文 (2)
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1、中考基礎(chǔ)知識(shí) 一.知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò) 【重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容概要】 1.應(yīng)答與邀請(qǐng) 2.簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型 3.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can,may,must的用法 4.when,before,after等連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句 5.have to的用法 6.系動(dòng)詞 7.不定式作賓語(yǔ)的用法 8.不定代詞的用法 9.表示容量的詞和食品名稱連用,以說(shuō)明食品的數(shù)量 10.交際項(xiàng)目:1)問(wèn)路和指路2)禁止和警告3)看病 11.理解并運(yùn)用并列句 12.形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí),以及它們之間等級(jí)的轉(zhuǎn)換 13.冠詞的用法 14.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)用法 15.表示祝賀、祝愿、勸告和建議的交
2、際用語(yǔ),以及表示“確信”的基本句型 ??碱}型:選擇題、句型轉(zhuǎn)換及用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 【句型、詞組精講】 1. could you ask him to call me, please? 請(qǐng)你讓他給我回電話好嗎? ask sb. to do sth. 請(qǐng)某人做某事,ask sb. not to do sth.請(qǐng)某人不要做某事。不定式在句中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。適用于該句型的動(dòng)詞還有want, tell, like, would like, teach等。如:the teacher asked sam not to be late. 老師叫薩姆不要遲到。liu ying told me to
3、 wait for her at home. 劉英讓我在家里等她。mr. zhang often teaches his japanese friends to cook chinese food. 張先生常常教他的日本朋友做中國(guó)菜。 2. but there were not enough people to pick them. 但是他們沒(méi)有足夠多的人來(lái)摘蘋果。 enough在此是形容詞,意為“足夠的”,它修飾名詞時(shí),通常放在名詞之前,有時(shí)放在名詞之后。 enough作副詞修飾形容詞和副詞時(shí),放在它們的后面。如: the boy is old enough to go to
4、school. 這個(gè)男孩到了上學(xué)的年齡了。 he didn’t run fast enough to catch the bus. 他跑的不夠快,沒(méi)有趕上公共汽車。 3. they needed to climb up the trees with ladders. 他們需要梯子來(lái)爬上樹(shù)。 need在本句中為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,其后可接不定式或名詞。如: he needs to see a doctor. 他需要去看醫(yī)生。 we need some more water. could you get some for us? 我們還需要些水。你能為我們弄些嗎? climb up意為
5、“爬上”,up在此為介詞。如: don’t climb up the hill. 不要爬山。 with 是“用,借助”的含義。如: we see with our eyes and hear with our ears. 我們用眼睛看,用耳朵聽(tīng)。 4. it’s best to wear cool clothes. 最好穿涼快的衣服。 it’s best to do sth. 意為“最好去做某事”。這里的it為形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)為to do sth. 如: it’s best to get there before 8 o’clock. 最好八點(diǎn)鐘以前趕到。 5. t
6、he farmers are all busy getting ready for the next year. 農(nóng)民們正忙著為下一年做準(zhǔn)備。 be busy doing sth. “忙于做某事”。如:the farmers are busy picking apples. (=the farmers are busy with the apple harvest.) get ready for“為……做準(zhǔn)備”,類似的短語(yǔ)還有:get ready to do“準(zhǔn)備做……”;get sth. ready“把某事準(zhǔn)備好”; …be ready “……準(zhǔn)備好了”。如:i m getting
7、ready for the new lesson. 我正在為新課做準(zhǔn)備。get your books ready. 準(zhǔn)備好你們的書(shū)。supper is ready. 晚飯準(zhǔn)備好了。 6. “i’m here!” said jim. “and so is polly!” “我在這!”吉姆說(shuō)。“波利也來(lái)了!” “so + be (have,助動(dòng)詞)+主語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)為倒裝語(yǔ)序,表示前句所述的情況也適合于另一個(gè)人或事。如: he can speak english, so can i. 他會(huì)講英語(yǔ),我也會(huì)。 —i watched the tv programme last night. 昨天
8、晚上我看了那個(gè)電視節(jié)目。 —so did i. 我也看了。 注意此結(jié)構(gòu)中,前后兩后的主語(yǔ)是兩個(gè)人或物,后一句的時(shí)態(tài)必須和前一句保持一致,但人稱和數(shù)則應(yīng)與后句主語(yǔ)保持一致。 比較:so+主語(yǔ)+be動(dòng)詞(助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞),此結(jié)構(gòu)常常就前面提到的事實(shí)予以確認(rèn)或贊同,意為“的確如此”、“是呀”等。如: —it’s your turn. 輪到你了。 —so it is. 是的,輪到我了。 7. i’m going to get it back. 我準(zhǔn)備把它取回來(lái)。 get …back…為“動(dòng)詞+副詞”類短語(yǔ)。代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)要放在動(dòng)詞與副詞中間。類似的短語(yǔ)還有:pick up, ri
9、ng up, find out, turn on (off, up, down)等。如: the radio is too noisy, please turn it down. 收音機(jī)太吵鬧,請(qǐng)把它(聲音)調(diào)低些。 if you don’t know the meaning of the word, please look it up in a dictionary. 如果你不知道這個(gè)單詞的含義,請(qǐng)?jiān)谵o典里查一下。 8. it takes sb. some time to do sth. 這是一個(gè)重要句型,意思是“某人花費(fèi)一些時(shí)間做某事”,可根據(jù)需要用不同的時(shí)態(tài)。如: it
10、 took me half an hour to go to school by bike yesterday. 有時(shí)這個(gè)句型可以和spend句型轉(zhuǎn)換。如上面這一句也可以說(shuō):i spent half an hour (in) going to school by bike yesterday. 9. it is nice +v-ing. 這個(gè)句型也可以說(shuō)成it is nice to do. 意思是“做……真好”。如:it was nice talking to you. (和你談話真高興。)it’s nice of you to ask me to your party. (謝謝你請(qǐng)我參
11、加你的晚會(huì)). 10. there’s something wrong with…. 這個(gè)句型表示“……出了毛病了”。就等于something is wrong with…. 句型。如將something換為nothing, 則表示“沒(méi)出什么事兒”。如:there’s something wrong with my nose. there’s nothing wrong with her. 11. there he is! 這是個(gè)倒裝句型,把所強(qiáng)調(diào)部分there提到了句首。如果主語(yǔ)是代詞則用there (here) + 代詞+謂語(yǔ);如果主語(yǔ)是名詞,則用there (here) +謂
12、語(yǔ)+名詞。如:here comes li lei. (李雷來(lái)了)。there goes the bell. (鈴聲響了。)here it is. (它在這兒。) 12. until 與till同義,既可用作介詞又可用作連詞。它常用于以下兩種句型: (1)用于肯定句時(shí),意思是“直到……為止”,句子謂語(yǔ)一般用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(如stay, live, work, study等),表示動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到until所表示的時(shí)間為止。如: he listened to the radio until his father came back. 他聽(tīng)收
13、音機(jī),直到他父親回來(lái)為止。 he will be here until sunday. 他將在這兒一直呆到星期天。 (2)用于否定句時(shí),意思是“在……以前(before)”,“直到……才”,句子謂語(yǔ)一般是短暫動(dòng)詞(如come, die, leave等),它所表示的動(dòng)作直到until所表示的時(shí)間才發(fā)生。如: i didn’t go to bed until eleven o’clock last night. 昨晚我直到十一點(diǎn)才睡覺(jué)。 the students will not begin the meeting until their teacher comes. 學(xué)生們等老師到了才開(kāi)
14、會(huì)。 until與till可換用,不過(guò),口語(yǔ)中常用till,正式文體中常用until。 13. interest, interested, interesting. 這三個(gè)詞都與“興趣”有關(guān)。interest作動(dòng)詞時(shí),要求“人”作賓語(yǔ)。如:this new invention will interest you. 這項(xiàng)新發(fā)明會(huì)引起你的興趣。它作名詞時(shí),所構(gòu)成的詞組是place of interest(名勝)。interested是過(guò)去分詞表示人的感覺(jué),現(xiàn)在常用作形容詞,構(gòu)成的句式是“be (become) interested in”來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)“對(duì)……感興趣”之意,要求主語(yǔ)是“人”。如
15、:i am interested in english. interesting是現(xiàn)在分詞,表示事物具有能引起人們的某種感覺(jué)的能力。其意思是“有趣味的”,常用作形容詞,可作定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。其主語(yǔ)通常是事或物。如:interesting games can always make children happy.(有趣味的游戲總能使孩子們快樂(lè)。)the story is interesting. 14. instead, instead of instead是副詞,含“代替;更換”之意,可理解為instead of的省略,避免不必要的重復(fù),省略的部分是介詞of及其賓語(yǔ),常放在句末。如:mr. b
16、lack is ill, so miss green is talking his class instead (of him). instead of是個(gè)復(fù)合介詞,它后面可接名詞、代詞、v-ing形式等。如:i’ll go to bed instead of watching tv. 我將睡覺(jué),而不看電視。 【口語(yǔ)回顧】 1. could i speak to…,please? 電話術(shù)語(yǔ),意為“我可以和……通話嗎?找……接電話好嗎?”句中could 還可替換為can或may。如: —hello, could (can/ may) i speak to mr. brown, ple
17、ase? 你好,請(qǐng)布朗先生接電話好嗎? —yes, just a minute, please. 當(dāng)然,請(qǐng)稍等一下。 2. i’m afraid. 委婉用語(yǔ)。用于禮貌地拒絕某人或?qū)ζ浒l(fā)生或?qū)⒁l(fā)生的不幸表示惋惜。意為“抱歉,對(duì)不起,恐怕”。如: i can’t come to supper, i’m afraid. 恐怕我不能去吃晚飯了。 —can you go with us now? 你現(xiàn)在能同我們一起去嗎? —i’m afraid not. 對(duì)不起,我不能。 —are we late? 我們晚了嗎? —i’m afraid so. 恐怕是的。 3. it’s a p
18、leasure. 用于回答感謝之類的話的客套用語(yǔ)。意為“能幫上你的忙我很高興;不客氣;不用謝?!彼€可表達(dá)為it’s my pleasure/ my pleasure / a pleasure. 如: —thank you very much for passing the message on to him! 非常感謝你把口信傳給了他! —it’s a pleasure! 請(qǐng)別客氣! —thanks for helping me yesterday! 多謝你昨天幫助我! —my pleasure! nice to see you again. 不用謝!很高興又見(jiàn)到你! 4. c
19、an i take a message for you? 詢問(wèn)對(duì)方是否愿意留下口信可用此句式。意為“我給你帶個(gè)口信,好嗎?”類似的表達(dá)還有:may i take a message for you? / would you like to leave a message? 5. by the way. 常用作插入語(yǔ)。用于提出一個(gè)新的話題或提起一件已經(jīng)忘記的事,意為“順便說(shuō)一下,順便問(wèn)一下,且說(shuō),另外”等。如: —by the way, there was a telephone call for you. 對(duì)啦,有你一個(gè)電話。 6. what’s the weather lik
20、e…? 此句式用于詢問(wèn)某地或某時(shí)天氣如何,意為:“……的天氣如何?”。還可表達(dá)為how is (the) weather…?如: —what’s the weather like in beijing now? 現(xiàn)在北京天氣如何? —it’s nice and cool. 很涼爽。 7. i think so. 有保留地同意或贊同別人的意見(jiàn)或看法時(shí),可用此語(yǔ)。如: —can you mend the bike? 你能修理這輛自行車嗎? —yes, i think so. 我想可以。 直截了當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_(dá)不同意見(jiàn),可用i don’t think so或i think no
21、t。如: —can you mend a clock? —sorry, i don’t think so. 8. would you like to…? 發(fā)出邀請(qǐng)的常見(jiàn)句式,帶有商量、詢問(wèn)、試探性的口氣,意為“你愿意……嗎?”應(yīng)答時(shí)常用:yes, i’d love (like) to. 是的,我很樂(lè)意。i’d love to, but ……我很愿意,不過(guò)……。如: —would you like to come for dinner tonight? —thank you, i’d love to. —would you like to come to the part
22、y tonight? —i’d love to, but i’m too busy. 9. what can i do for you? 商店售貨員、報(bào)務(wù)員等招呼顧客的禮貌用語(yǔ),也用于表示主動(dòng)關(guān)心和愿意幫助別人用語(yǔ)。不同場(chǎng)合可以有不同的譯法。類似的表達(dá)還有:can (may) i help you? / is there anything i can do for you? 在向顧客打招呼時(shí),后面還可以加“sir”或“madam”。對(duì)它的應(yīng)答可以說(shuō):yes, please/ yes, i’d like to…/ yes, i’m looking for…/ yes, i want to
23、…。如: —what can i do for you? —i want to buy a sweater for my son. —can i help you? —i’d like a new skirt. please show me the red one. 10. help oneself (to…). 這是招待客人時(shí)常用的交際用語(yǔ)。意思是“請(qǐng)隨便(吃……)”。如:xiao wang, help yourself to some bananas.(小王,請(qǐng)隨便吃香蕉吧。)children, help yourselves to some apples.(孩子們,
24、請(qǐng)隨便吃些蘋果吧。) 11. 問(wèn)路與指路 (1) 問(wèn)路: a. where’s the (nearest)…,please? b. is there a…near there? c. which is the way to…, please? d. how can i get to…? e. do you tell me the way to…? f. can you tell me the way to…? g. can you tell me how to get to…? h. i want to go to…. d
25、o you know the way? i. i’m looking for…. where is it, do you know? (2) 指路:可根據(jù)具體情況,將下列有關(guān)句子組織起來(lái)。 a. it’s over there. b. it’s behind (next to, in front of, near, outside) the… c. walk along the road (street). d. take the first (second等) turning on the left. (right). e. it’s about…metres along on
26、 the right (left). f. walk on and turn right. (left). g. turn right (left) at the traffic lights. you’ll find the…on your right (left). h. go on until you reach the end of the road. you will see the…in front of you. i. go down this road until you reach the first traffic lights. turn left at the
27、end of the road you’ll see the…. you can’t miss it. 另外,在“問(wèn)路”時(shí),如對(duì)方不知道,問(wèn)路人仍要向他表示謝意。如: —excuse me. is there a post office near here? —sorry. i don’t know. you’d better ask a policeman. —thank you all the same. 【語(yǔ)法精講】 否定疑問(wèn)句 否定疑問(wèn)句的結(jié)構(gòu)一般為:助動(dòng)詞(或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、連系動(dòng)詞)與not的縮寫(xiě)形式+主語(yǔ)+其它成分?也可寫(xiě)成: 助動(dòng)詞(或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、連系動(dòng)詞)+主語(yǔ)+ n
28、ot + 其它成分?這種問(wèn)句表達(dá)的含義主要有以下幾種。 一、表示驚訝或提出反問(wèn)。譯為:“難道不……嗎?”說(shuō)話人指望對(duì)方作出肯定回答,或深信自己所說(shuō)的話,以致不需要對(duì)方作出答復(fù)。如: don t you believe me? (do you not believe me?)你不相信我? don t you hear of it? (do you not hear of it?)難道你沒(méi)聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)它? 二、表示試探性的建議或有禮貌的邀請(qǐng)。如: don t you think it s too noisy? please turn it down.你不覺(jué)得它太吵鬧了嗎?請(qǐng)把聲音調(diào)低些。 w
29、on t you have a cup of tea? 請(qǐng)喝杯茶如何? 三、表示提問(wèn)人的懷疑。如: isn t he going? (is he not going) 他不去了嗎? 四、表示贊嘆(相當(dāng)于一個(gè)感嘆句,朗讀時(shí)一般用降調(diào)。)如: isn’t it a nice day? (is it not a nice day?)這天氣多么好?。? aren t the babies lovely? (are the babies not lovely?)這些嬰兒真可愛(ài)?。? 特殊形式的反意疑問(wèn)句 一、當(dāng)陳述部分為iam…結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),附加問(wèn)句常用a
30、ren t. 如: i am very busy , aren t i ? 二、當(dāng)陳述句部分是there be 句型時(shí),附加部分需用…there。如: there isn t any bread on the plates, is there? 三、陳述句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為have時(shí),有以下三種情況: 1.當(dāng)have作“有”解時(shí),用have或do的適當(dāng)形式均可。 he has a daughter, hasn t/doesn t he? 2.當(dāng)have 作“經(jīng)歷、遭受、得到、吃、喝”等解時(shí),附加問(wèn)句用do的適當(dāng)形式。如: they had noodles for lunch, didn
31、 t they? 3.當(dāng)陳述句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含有 have to, has to, had to時(shí),附加問(wèn)句用do 的適當(dāng)形式。如: we have to get there at eight tomorrow, don t we? alice has to finish her work now, doesn t she? 四、當(dāng)陳述部分有:few/little/never/hardly/nothing等表示否定意義的詞時(shí),附加問(wèn)句通常用肯定形式。如: he hardly hurt himself in the accident, did he? the canadian girl k
32、nows little russian, does she? kate is never later for class, is she? 注:如果陳述部分帶有否定意義的前、后綴如:un-/in-/im-/dis-/-less等構(gòu)成的派生詞,仍把該句看作肯定句,附加問(wèn)句用否定形式。如: the girl is unhappy, isn t she? 五、當(dāng)陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, no one, none, neither等詞時(shí),附加問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)一般用they, 有時(shí)也可用he。如:
33、 everyone knows the answers, don t they? /doesn t he? 六、當(dāng)陳述句中主語(yǔ)是this, that, everything, anything, something, nothing等詞時(shí),附加問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)是it。如: something is wrong, isn t it? nothing can stop us now, can it? 七、當(dāng)陳述部分含有had better時(shí),附加問(wèn)句的助動(dòng)詞用had;陳述部分含有would like時(shí),附加問(wèn)句的助動(dòng)詞用would。如: you d better have a rest, ha
34、dn t you? he d like to go, wouldn t he? 八、當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must時(shí),附加問(wèn)句部分要視must所表示的意義來(lái)定,有四種情況: 1.當(dāng)must表示推測(cè)時(shí),附加問(wèn)句不用must,而是用must后面相呼應(yīng)的助動(dòng)詞形式。如: you must be very hungry, aren t you? 2.當(dāng)must表示“應(yīng)該“時(shí),附加問(wèn)句用mustn t。如: we must work hard at chinese, mustn t we? 3.當(dāng)must表示“必須”時(shí),附加問(wèn)句用needn t。如: you must see the d
35、octor, needn t you? 4.當(dāng)must表示“禁止”時(shí),附加問(wèn)句用must。如: you mustn t do that again, must you? 九、祈使句的附加問(wèn)句主要有以下四種情況: 1.以行為動(dòng)詞開(kāi)頭的祈使句,附加問(wèn)句用will you 或won t you,有時(shí)也用would you, can you等。如 give me a hand, will you? 2.否定的祈使句,附加問(wèn)句一般用will you。如: don t play with the cat, will you? 3.以let s開(kāi)頭的祈使句,附加問(wèn)句用shall we。如:l
36、et s have a meeting, shall we? 4.以let us或let me開(kāi)頭的祈使句,附加句用will you。如: let us help you, will you? let me do it for you, will you? (或may i?) 十、當(dāng)陳述部分的主句是i think, i guess, i believe等結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),附加問(wèn)句的主謂語(yǔ)一般要與陳述部分賓語(yǔ)從句中的主謂語(yǔ)保持一致,并且要注意否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。如: i don t think he can finish the work, can he? i guess s
37、he taught herself japanese, didn t she? 十一、陳述部分是省略形式的感嘆句,附加問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)與感嘆句的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如: what fine weather, isn t it? what a clever boy, isn t he? how cool the water is, isn t it? 十二、陳述部分主語(yǔ)是不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句時(shí),附加問(wèn)句部分的主語(yǔ)用it。如: to learn english well is very important, isn t it? doing morning exercises is good fo
38、r your health, isn t it? 感嘆句 1.感嘆句由what或how引導(dǎo),句末常用感嘆號(hào),用來(lái)表示喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)等強(qiáng)烈情感。 2.what引導(dǎo)感嘆句時(shí),在句中作定語(yǔ)修飾句中的名詞,名詞前常有形容詞修飾。其結(jié)構(gòu)為: (1)what +a(an) +形容詞+單數(shù)名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)! (2)what +形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)!如: what a nice picture it is! 多么好的一幅畫(huà)啊! what beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花?。? what bad weather it is! 多么糟糕的
39、天氣??! 3.how引導(dǎo)感嘆句,在句中作狀語(yǔ)修飾形容詞、副詞。其結(jié)構(gòu)為: (1)how+形容詞/副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)! (2)how+形容詞+ a(an)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)!如: how delicious they are! 它們多么好吃??! how well she is singing! 她唱得多么好?。? how nice a day it is! 多么好的天氣??! 4.感嘆句中主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)總是放在句末,且為陳述句語(yǔ)序,即主語(yǔ)在前,謂語(yǔ)在后,放在前面的是強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分。在口語(yǔ)中,只要能將句意表達(dá)清楚明白,可將句中的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)省略,甚至how后面的強(qiáng)調(diào)部分也可省略。如:
40、 what a happy baby (it is)! 多么快樂(lè)的嬰兒?。? how cold (it is)! 多冷的天氣??! how (fast) time flies! 時(shí)間過(guò)得真快??! 5.陳述句變感嘆句時(shí)可按下列步驟進(jìn)行: (1)首先將陳述句在謂語(yǔ)后面斷開(kāi)。如:the tree is/ very tall.lily is/ a good girl. (2)在后一部分前加how或what。判斷的依據(jù)是:如果后一部分的中心詞是形容詞或副詞則加how,如果后一部分的中心詞是名詞要加what。然后將前后兩部分位置進(jìn)行調(diào)換,注意大小寫(xiě)及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)
41、的調(diào)整。如:how tall the tree is! what a good girl lily is! 注意:如果陳述句中的形容詞或副詞前有very, quite, so, too等程度副詞修飾,變成感嘆句后一定要去掉。 簡(jiǎn)單句 并列句 復(fù)合句分解 1. 簡(jiǎn)單句 由一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))構(gòu)成的句子叫做簡(jiǎn)單句。 i go to school at 7:00 every day.(一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)) wang nan and wang fan sing and dance.(二個(gè)主語(yǔ)和二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)) 在初中階段,我們應(yīng)該掌握簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu): (1)主語(yǔ)
42、+謂語(yǔ)(s+v) we study hard for the people. 在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞(vi.),其后不跟賓語(yǔ)。 (2)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)(s+v+o) she speaks english. they play basketball after class. (3)主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)(s+v+p) wang hongji is a good student. 連系動(dòng)詞除be外,還有l(wèi)ook(看上去),get(逐漸變得),turn(變成),feel(感覺(jué)),become(變成)等等。 (4)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)(s+v+in o+do)
43、she bought me a pen yesterday. he has taught us english for 3 years. 這種結(jié)構(gòu)可轉(zhuǎn)化為“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)+for (或to) +間接賓語(yǔ)”。如:she bought a pen for me yesterday. (5)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(s+v+o+oc) we can keep it warm. they call me lao wang. he asked me to help him with his english. 注意:在此結(jié)構(gòu)中,賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系是邏輯上的“主謂”關(guān)系。 另
44、外,有些簡(jiǎn)單句結(jié)構(gòu)比較特殊,包含一個(gè)字 或一個(gè)成份。如:good morning! hello! thanks! happy new year.等。 2.并列句 由并列連詞(and, but, so, or等)把兩個(gè)(或兩個(gè)以上)簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起而構(gòu)成的句子叫并列句。 he helps me and i help him. we bought granny a present, but she didn t like it. this is our first lesson, so i don t know all your names. 3.復(fù)合句 由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句所
45、構(gòu)成的句子稱復(fù)合句。所謂“從句”就是充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成份的“主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”。這個(gè)“主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”在主句中作什么成份,就叫什么從句。比如,這個(gè)“結(jié)構(gòu)”在主句中做狀語(yǔ),我們就把它叫做狀語(yǔ)從句。這個(gè)“結(jié)構(gòu)”在主句中做賓語(yǔ),我們就把它叫做賓語(yǔ)從句,等等。從句須有一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如: you must see the doctor if you re ill. 主句 從句 此句中含有if(如果)引導(dǎo)的從句,表示條件,因?yàn)樗谥骶渲凶鳡钫Z(yǔ),所以,我們就把它叫做“條件狀語(yǔ)從句”。在初中階段,我們應(yīng)該掌握狀語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句。下面對(duì)狀語(yǔ)從句作一歸納總結(jié)。 (1)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:由表示時(shí)間的連詞引導(dǎo):when
46、(當(dāng)……時(shí)), while(當(dāng)……時(shí)候,與……同時(shí)),before(在……之前),after(在……之后),until(直到……為止),since(自從……以來(lái)),as soon as(一……就……)等。如: when she reached home, she had a short rest. (2)條件狀語(yǔ)從句:由連詞if引導(dǎo)。如: if you eat old food, you may be ill. 需要說(shuō)明的是,上述兩種從句,如果主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)(或含有將來(lái)的意思),那么,這兩種從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:不能說(shuō)if i will
47、be free tomorrow, i will go to the cinema. 而應(yīng)說(shuō) if i am free tomorrow, i will go to the cinema. (3)原因狀語(yǔ)從句:由because等詞引導(dǎo)。如: the children went to the farm, because the farmers needed some help. 注意:不能因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)中有“因?yàn)椤?,所以……”這樣的關(guān)聯(lián)詞而譯成英語(yǔ)“because…,so…”,兩者只用其中之一便可。如:不能說(shuō)because he is ill, so he can t come to scho
48、ol.而應(yīng)說(shuō)because he is ill, he can t come to school.或he is ill, so he can t come to school. (4)比較狀語(yǔ)從句:由連詞than, as…as…等引導(dǎo)。如: jim is older than i (am). he runs as fast as li ping (does). 注意:由than, as…as…引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常常省略 (5)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句:由so…that…(如此……以致……)引導(dǎo)。如: he became so angry that he couldn t speak.
49、 另外,在so…that…引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合句中,如果that后的從句為否定句或含有否定意義,則常用“too…to…(太……而不能……)”改寫(xiě)為簡(jiǎn)單句。如上一句可改寫(xiě)為he became too angry to speak. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 特點(diǎn) (1)本身有一定的詞義。 (2)必須與后面動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。 (3)無(wú)人稱和數(shù)的變化。 (4)各種句式變化與含be動(dòng)詞句式變化相同。 1. can (1)表示能力。如: he can do it by himself. two eyes can see more than one.(諺語(yǔ)) (2)表示允許。如: can i come
50、in? you can go now. 在這種情況下,它與may意思接近,可換用,但問(wèn)句中用may比用can語(yǔ)氣委婉。 (3)與be able to在表示能力上意思接近,可換用,但be able to 有更多的時(shí)態(tài),而can只有現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)。如: no one can do it. (=no one is able to do it.) will you be able to come tonight? (不能說(shuō):will you can come tonight?) (4)其過(guò)去式could可用來(lái)比較委婉客氣地提出問(wèn)題或陳述看法。此時(shí),could和can沒(méi)時(shí)間上的差別。如: c
51、ould (can) you lend me your bike? 2. may (1)請(qǐng)示許可。如:may i take this seat? 但在回答這種問(wèn)句時(shí),常避免用may這個(gè)詞,而用其它方式。如: 肯定回答:yes, please. certainly. 否定回答:please don t. no, you mustn t. (2)談?wù)摽赡苄?。如? he may know the answer. she may not be there today. 3. must (1)表示一種揣測(cè)(只有在肯定句中)。如:tha
52、t must be xiao li. (2)表示必要性。如:i must go now. (3)與have to 很接近,但have to強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要,must說(shuō)明主觀看法。比較: i must tidy the room. (主觀看法) i have to tidy the room.(客觀需要) (4)在回答must的一般問(wèn)句時(shí),否定用needn t。如: -must we do it? -yes, you must. (no, you needn t) 4. have to 必須,不得不 這個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與上述3個(gè)不同,它有第三人稱單數(shù)形式has,并且各種句式的變化與含有行
53、為動(dòng)詞的句式變化相同。如:they have to go there. 否定結(jié)構(gòu)為: they don t have to go there. he has to look after his little brother. 一般問(wèn)句為:does he have to look after his little brother? 二.考試熱點(diǎn) 1.通過(guò)大量的有關(guān)邀請(qǐng)、應(yīng)允、打電話談?wù)撎鞖狻⒓竟?jié)、喜好的對(duì)話,學(xué)會(huì)交際用語(yǔ),此內(nèi)容常見(jiàn)于中考的口語(yǔ)運(yùn)用題。 2.掌握一般將來(lái)時(shí)will的用法,形容詞與副詞的用示及反意疑問(wèn)句等,此內(nèi)容常見(jiàn)于中考的書(shū)面表達(dá)題中。 3.要求掌握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(ca
54、n, may, must, need)、反身代詞、不定代詞的用法,其考點(diǎn)常出現(xiàn)在選擇填空題中。 4.理解并掌握由when, before, after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句;if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句;and, but連接的并列句。其考點(diǎn)常出現(xiàn)在選擇題或句型轉(zhuǎn)換題中。 三.重難點(diǎn)突破 1.關(guān)于問(wèn)路、指路和看病的常用句式是非常重要的交際用語(yǔ),只要熟讀,是容易掌握的。 2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞事主動(dòng)詞,但它無(wú)人稱代詞和數(shù)的變化。在使用時(shí),首先要依據(jù)語(yǔ)境和所表示的語(yǔ)氣來(lái)區(qū)分。其次注意在疑問(wèn)句中的否定回答。如:may i…?no,you mustn’t. must i…?no,you needn’t. 3.wh
55、en,after,before,if這四個(gè)詞的用法如下:當(dāng)它們連接時(shí)間(或條件)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),若主句為祈使句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般講來(lái)時(shí)時(shí),從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示講來(lái)時(shí)。 4.until用法復(fù)雜,它分為兩種情況使用:當(dāng)它引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合句的主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為終止性動(dòng)詞時(shí),他要用否定形式,即not…until作“直到……才”解。它引導(dǎo)的從句時(shí)態(tài)要求與上述when的用法基本相同。 5.must與have to do用法區(qū)別: must表示說(shuō)話者的主觀愿望,作“必須”解,它本身可以構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句和否定句。而have to指客觀要求,作“不得不”解。它有時(shí)態(tài)變化,不能直接構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)和否定。 6.stop doing表
56、示“停止做…,而stop to do則表示“停下來(lái)(去)做(另外一件事)?!? 7.neither...nor,either…or,both…and neither...nor “既不……也不” ,連接主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與離謂語(yǔ)最近的主語(yǔ)保持人稱和數(shù)的一致,同時(shí)它要修飾對(duì)等成分,它的反義詞是both...a(chǎn)nd both...a(chǎn)nd "既……又” 連接主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù),必須修飾對(duì)等成分。either...or "或者......或者” ,“要么……要么”,連接主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的數(shù) 由離它最近的主語(yǔ)決定,它也要修飾對(duì)等成分。另注意both用法,由以下例句可知其位置關(guān)系 the two
57、students are both from japan. the two students both come from japan. both the students are japanese. both of them are japanese. 8.關(guān)于不定代詞的用法。 1)some或與some構(gòu)成的合成詞一般只用在肯定的陳述句中,但若表示詢問(wèn),征求意見(jiàn)時(shí),可以用于疑問(wèn)句中;any或與any構(gòu)成的合成詞一般只翔于否定句或疑問(wèn)句。 2)當(dāng)形容詞修飾不定代詞時(shí),應(yīng)將形容詞放在所修飾的不定代詞之后。 9.關(guān)于so + be(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞)+主語(yǔ)。 這是so引導(dǎo)的倒裝句,
58、這種句子是指前句所述情況也適合另一個(gè)(或另一些)人或物,以免重復(fù)。在使用這一結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),要注意謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與上一句保持一致。這種結(jié)構(gòu)譯為“……也是這樣?!倍鴖o+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),意為“……確實(shí)如此?!庇脮r(shí)要注意區(qū)分。 10.幾種比較等級(jí)的轉(zhuǎn)換 1) at… than b ---- b + not so (as)…as a ---- b+…less…than a 如:this book is more difficult than that one. ---- that book is not so difficult as this one. ---- that book is
59、less difficult than this one. 2)主語(yǔ)+最高級(jí)+范圍 ---- 主語(yǔ)+比較級(jí)than any other + 范圍 如:.jim is the shortest boy in my class. jim is shorter than any other boy in my class. 3) prefer a to b ---- like a better than b 11.see sb.do/doing看見(jiàn)某人做/在做某事。接do表示動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程,接doing表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行中。類似用法的詞還有watch,hear。 12.find it
60、+ adj + to do結(jié)構(gòu),表示感覺(jué)做某事怎么樣。 13.or當(dāng)“否則”,“不然”用祈使句+ or + 陳述句(用will的將來(lái)時(shí)) 此句式可以改為: if引導(dǎo)否定條件句,陳述句。 另請(qǐng)注意這種結(jié)構(gòu): 祈使句+and(then)+陳述句。(用will的將來(lái)時(shí)) if引導(dǎo)的肯定條件句,陳述句。 14.反身代詞 1)反身代詞的構(gòu)成分兩種:第一、二人稱反身代詞在形容詞性物主代詞后加上self或selves,第三人稱的反身代詞在賓格代詞后加上self或selves。 2)反身代詞的用法:一種是作賓語(yǔ),由主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的動(dòng)作又回到動(dòng)作者本身。 如:i enjoyed myself at
61、the party.另一種是作名詞或代詞的同位語(yǔ),用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。如: i can do it myself. 3)初中階段由反身代詞構(gòu)成的常用詞組有:enjoy oneself,help oneself to,learn by oneself,teach oneself,(all)by oneself,leave...by oneself,lose oneself in等。在使用反身代詞時(shí),應(yīng)注意它在數(shù)、性別上與哪一個(gè)保持一致。試比較:“help yourselves to some fish,tom and mike.”i can’t leave the girl by herself。
62、 四. 典型例題 【例1】the young man drives ______ than he did three months ago. a. much carefully b. much more careful c. mach careful d. much more carefully 分析 此題從兩個(gè)方面考查學(xué)生:一是多音節(jié)詞的比較級(jí);二是形容詞與副詞如何使用。句中有than提醒學(xué)生該用比較級(jí),而句中drives是動(dòng)詞,修飾動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用副詞。故b、c兩答案不行。而多音節(jié)詞的比較級(jí)在詞前加上more,再要加上much是修飾程度,“小心得多了”,此題答案應(yīng)為d。 【例2】
63、1) china is one of ______in the world. a. the oldest country b. the oldest countries c. much older country d .much older countries 2) — how great dalian radio and tv centre looks! —yes. that s one of the greatest _________ in dalian. a. building b. build c. buildings d. builds 分析 one of表
64、示“……的一個(gè)”是整體的一部分。整體部分要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,1)題中a、c兩答案不行。句中的“in the world”是表示最高級(jí)的范圍,故d答案也不行,所以b答案才對(duì)。2)題中a、b不行:d答案的builds不是名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,故答案為c。 【例3】tom often has lunch at school, ______ ? a. doesn t tom b. doesn t he c. hasn’t he d. hasn’t tom 分析 此題考查反意疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成。反意疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成:一、前為肯定陳述句,后為否定簡(jiǎn)略問(wèn)句;二、前為否定陳述句,后為肯定簡(jiǎn)略問(wèn)句。此題前為肯定,所以后者要用否定
65、形式并且問(wèn)句中的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為人稱代詞(he),所以a、d不行。has lunch“吃中飯”中的has不是助動(dòng)詞,故要借助動(dòng)詞does,所以正確答案為b。這里要提醒的是如果反意疑問(wèn)句陳述部分有no, nobody, never, few, little, hardly等含有否定意思的詞,后面的反問(wèn)部分就要用肯定形式。 【例4】they arrived in guangzhou _______ the morning of may 25. a. at b. in c. on d. during 分析 此題考查的是介詞表示時(shí)間的用法。英語(yǔ)中“在早上、下午、晚上”的表示為in the morning/ afternoon/ evening。但如果morning, afternoon, evening前或后有修飾語(yǔ)的話,則表示某一特定(某天的)上午、下午、晚上,要用介詞on,故此題答案為c。 【例5】 there is_______ with my bike. i hur
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