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徐州工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
附錄
中文翻譯：
數(shù)控技術(shù)和裝備發(fā)展趨勢(shì)及對(duì)策
摘要：簡(jiǎn)要介紹了當(dāng)今世界數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)及我國(guó)數(shù)控裝備技術(shù)發(fā)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)化的現(xiàn)狀，在此基礎(chǔ)上討論了在我國(guó)加入WTO和對(duì)外開放進(jìn)一步深化的新環(huán)境下，發(fā)展我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備、提高我國(guó)制造業(yè)信息化水平和國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力的重要性，并從戰(zhàn)略和策略兩個(gè)層面提出了發(fā)展我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備的幾點(diǎn)看法。
裝備工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和現(xiàn)代化程度決定著整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的水平和現(xiàn)代化程度，數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備是發(fā)展新興高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)和尖端工業(yè)（如信息技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、生物技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、航空、航天等國(guó)防工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)）的使能技術(shù)和最基本的裝備。馬克思曾經(jīng)說過“各種經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的區(qū)別，不在于生產(chǎn)什么，而在于怎樣生產(chǎn)，用什么勞動(dòng)資料生產(chǎn)”。制造技術(shù)和裝備就是人類生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的最基本的生產(chǎn)資料，而數(shù)控技術(shù)又是當(dāng)今先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)和裝備最核心的技術(shù)。當(dāng)今世界各國(guó)制造業(yè)廣泛采用數(shù)控技術(shù)，以提高制造能力和水平，提高對(duì)動(dòng)態(tài)多變市場(chǎng)的適應(yīng)能力和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。此外世界上各工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家還將數(shù)控技術(shù)及數(shù)控裝備列為國(guó)家的戰(zhàn)略物資，不僅采取重大措施來(lái)發(fā)展自己的數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)，而且在“高精尖”數(shù)控關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和裝備方面對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)行封鎖和限制政策。總之，大力發(fā)展以數(shù)控技術(shù)為核心的先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)已成為世界各發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家加速經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、提高綜合國(guó)力和國(guó)家地位的重要途徑。
數(shù)控技術(shù)是用數(shù)字信息對(duì)機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)和工作過程進(jìn)行控制的技術(shù)，數(shù)控裝備是以數(shù)控技術(shù)為代表的新技術(shù)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和新興制造業(yè)的滲透形成的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，即所謂的數(shù)字化裝備，其技術(shù)范圍覆蓋很多領(lǐng)域：
（1）機(jī)械制造技術(shù)；
（2）信息處理、加工、傳輸技術(shù)；
（3）自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)；
（4）伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)技術(shù)；
（5）傳感器技術(shù)；
（6）軟件技術(shù)等。
1數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
數(shù)控技術(shù)的應(yīng)用不但給傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)帶來(lái)了革命性的變化，使制造業(yè)成為工業(yè)化的象征，而且隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的擴(kuò)大，他對(duì)國(guó)計(jì)民生的一些重要行業(yè)（IT、汽車、輕工、醫(yī)療等）的發(fā)展起著越來(lái)越重要的作用，因?yàn)檫@些行業(yè)所需裝備的數(shù)字化已是現(xiàn)代發(fā)展的大趨勢(shì)。從目前世界上數(shù)控技術(shù)及其裝備發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)來(lái)看，其主要研究熱點(diǎn)有以下幾個(gè)方面［1～4］。
1.1 高速、高精加工技術(shù)及裝備的新趨勢(shì)效率、質(zhì)量是先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的主體。高速、高精加工技術(shù)可極大地提高效率，提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和檔次，縮短生產(chǎn)周期和提高市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。為此日本先端技術(shù)研究會(huì)將其列為5大現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)之一，國(guó)際生產(chǎn)工程學(xué)會(huì)（CIRP）將其確定為21世紀(jì)的中心研究方向之一。
在轎車工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，年產(chǎn)30萬(wàn)輛的生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍是40秒/輛，而且多品種加工是轎車裝備必須解決的重點(diǎn)問題之一；在航空和宇航工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，其加工的零部件多為薄壁和薄筋，剛度很差，材料為鋁或鋁合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情況下，才能對(duì)這些筋、壁進(jìn)行加工。近來(lái)采用大型整體鋁合金坯料“掏空”的方法來(lái)制造機(jī)翼、機(jī)身等大型零件來(lái)替代多個(gè)零件通過眾多的鉚釘、螺釘和其他聯(lián)結(jié)方式拼裝，使構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度、剛度和可靠性得到提高。這些都對(duì)加工裝備提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。
從EMO2001展會(huì)情況來(lái)看，高速加工中心進(jìn)給速度可達(dá)80m/min，甚至更高，空運(yùn)行速度可達(dá)100m/min左右。目前世界上許多汽車廠，包括我國(guó)的上海通用汽車公司，已經(jīng)采用以高速加工中心組成的生產(chǎn)線部分替代組合機(jī)床。美國(guó)CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach機(jī)床進(jìn)給速度最大達(dá)60m/min，快速為100m/min，加速度達(dá)2g，主軸轉(zhuǎn)速已達(dá)60 000r/min.加工一薄壁飛機(jī)零件，只用30min，而同樣的零件在一般高速銑床加工需3h，在普通銑床加工需8h；在加工精度方面，近10年來(lái)，普通級(jí)數(shù)控機(jī)床的加工精度已由10μm提高到5μm，精密級(jí)加工中心則從3～5μm，提高到1～1.5μm，并且超精密加工精度已開始進(jìn)入納米級(jí)（0.01μm）。
在可靠性方面，國(guó)外數(shù)控裝置的MTBF值已達(dá)6000h以上，伺服系統(tǒng)的MTBF值達(dá)到30000h以上，表現(xiàn)出非常高的可靠性。
1.2 為了實(shí)現(xiàn)高速、高精加工，與之配套的功能部件如電主軸、直線電機(jī)得到了快速的發(fā)展，應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。
軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床快速發(fā)展采用5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)對(duì)三維曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳幾何形狀進(jìn)行切削，不僅光潔度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般認(rèn)為，1臺(tái)5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床的效率可以等于2臺(tái)3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床，特別是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料銑刀進(jìn)行高速銑削淬硬鋼零件時(shí)，5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工可比3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工發(fā)揮更高的效益。但過去因5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、主機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜等原因，其價(jià)格要比3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床高出數(shù)倍，加之編程技術(shù)難度較大，制約了5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床的發(fā)展。
當(dāng)前由于電主軸的出現(xiàn)，使得實(shí)現(xiàn)5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工的復(fù)合主軸頭結(jié)構(gòu)大為簡(jiǎn)化，其制造難度和成本大幅度降低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的價(jià)格差距縮小。因此促進(jìn)了復(fù)合主軸頭類型5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床（含5面加工機(jī)床）的發(fā)展。
在EMO2001展會(huì)上，新日本工機(jī)的5面加工機(jī)床采用復(fù)合主軸頭，可實(shí)現(xiàn)4個(gè)垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5軸加工可在同一臺(tái)機(jī)床上實(shí)現(xiàn)，還可實(shí)現(xiàn)傾斜面和倒錐孔的加工。德國(guó)DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中心，可在一次裝夾下5面加工和5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工，可由CNC系統(tǒng)控制或CAD/CAM直接或間接控制。
1.3 智能化、開放式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化成為當(dāng)代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的主要趨勢(shì)21世紀(jì)的數(shù)控裝備將是具有一定智能化的系統(tǒng)，智能化的內(nèi)容包括在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中的各個(gè)方面：為追求加工效率和加工質(zhì)量方面的智能化，如加工過程的自適應(yīng)控制，工藝參數(shù)自動(dòng)生成；為提高驅(qū)動(dòng)性能及使用連接方便的智能化，如前饋控制、電機(jī)參數(shù)的自適應(yīng)運(yùn)算、自動(dòng)識(shí)別負(fù)載自動(dòng)選定模型、自整定等；簡(jiǎn)化編程、簡(jiǎn)化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自動(dòng)編程、智能化的人機(jī)界面等；還有智能診斷、智能監(jiān)控方面的內(nèi)容、方便系統(tǒng)的診斷及維修等。
為解決傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)封閉性和數(shù)控應(yīng)用軟件的產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)存在的問題。目前許多國(guó)家對(duì)開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行研究，如美國(guó)的NGC（The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control）、歐共體的OSACA（Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems）、日本的OSEC（Open System Environment for Controller），中國(guó)的ONC（Open Numerical Control System）等。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)開放化已經(jīng)成為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的未來(lái)之路。所謂開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)就是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)可以在統(tǒng)一的運(yùn)行平臺(tái)上，面向機(jī)床廠家和最終用戶，通過改變、增加或剪裁結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)象（數(shù)控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地將用戶的特殊應(yīng)用和技術(shù)訣竅集成到控制系統(tǒng)中，快速實(shí)現(xiàn)不同品種、不同檔次的開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，形成具有鮮明個(gè)性的名牌產(chǎn)品。目前開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范、通信規(guī)范、配置規(guī)范、運(yùn)行平臺(tái)、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能庫(kù)以及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能軟件開發(fā)工具等是當(dāng)前研究的核心。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)化數(shù)控裝備是近兩年國(guó)際著名機(jī)床博覽會(huì)的一個(gè)新亮點(diǎn)。數(shù)控裝備的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化將極大地滿足生產(chǎn)線、制造系統(tǒng)、制造企業(yè)對(duì)信息集成的需求，也是實(shí)現(xiàn)新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虛擬企業(yè)、全球制造的基礎(chǔ)單元。國(guó)內(nèi)外一些著名數(shù)控機(jī)床和數(shù)控系統(tǒng)制造公司都在近兩年推出了相關(guān)的新概念和樣機(jī)，如在EMO2001展中，日本山崎馬扎克（Mazak）公司展出的“CyberProduction Center”（智能生產(chǎn)控制中心，簡(jiǎn)稱CPC）；日本大隈（Okuma）機(jī)床公司展出“IT plaza”（信息技術(shù)廣場(chǎng)，簡(jiǎn)稱IT廣場(chǎng)）；德國(guó)西門子（Siemens）公司展出的Open Manufacturing Environment（開放制造環(huán)境，簡(jiǎn)稱OME）等，反映了數(shù)控機(jī)床加工向網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。
1.4重視新技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范的建立
關(guān)于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)規(guī)范如前所述，開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)有更好的通用性、柔性、適應(yīng)性、擴(kuò)展性，美國(guó)、歐共體和日本等國(guó)紛紛實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展計(jì)劃，并進(jìn)行開放式體系結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)規(guī)范（OMAC、OSACA、OSEC）的研究和制定，世界3個(gè)最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體在短期內(nèi)進(jìn)行了幾乎相同的科學(xué)計(jì)劃和規(guī)范的制定，預(yù)示了數(shù)控技術(shù)的一個(gè)新的變革時(shí)期的來(lái)臨。我國(guó)在2000年也開始進(jìn)行中國(guó)的ONC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的規(guī)范框架的研究和制定。
關(guān)于數(shù)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是制造業(yè)信息化發(fā)展的一種趨勢(shì)。數(shù)控技術(shù)誕生后的50年間的信息交換都是基于ISO6983標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即采用G，M代碼描述如何（how）加工，其本質(zhì)特征是面向加工過程，顯然，他已越來(lái)越不能滿足現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術(shù)高速發(fā)展的需要。為此，國(guó)際上正在研究和制定一種新的CNC系統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ISO14649（STEP－NC），其目的是提供一種不依賴于具體系統(tǒng)的中性機(jī)制，能夠描述產(chǎn)品整個(gè)生命周期內(nèi)的統(tǒng)一數(shù)據(jù)模型，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)整個(gè)制造過程，乃至各個(gè)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)品信息的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。
STEP-NC的出現(xiàn)可能是數(shù)控技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的一次革命，對(duì)于數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展乃至整個(gè)制造業(yè)，將產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。首先，STEP-NC提出一種嶄新的制造理念，傳統(tǒng)的制造理念中，NC加工程序都集中在單個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)上。而在新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下，NC程序可以分散在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上，這正是數(shù)控技術(shù)開放式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化發(fā)展的方向。其次，STEP-NC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)還可大大減少加工圖紙（約75％）、加工程序編制時(shí)間（約35％）和加工時(shí)間（約50％）。
目前，歐美國(guó)家非常重視STEP-NC的研究，歐洲發(fā)起了STEP-NC的IMS計(jì)劃（1999.1.1～2001.12.31）。參加這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的有來(lái)自歐洲和日本的20個(gè)CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC用戶、廠商和學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)。美國(guó)的STEP Tools公司是全球范圍內(nèi)制造業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)交換軟件的開發(fā)者，他已經(jīng)開發(fā)了用作數(shù)控機(jī)床加工信息交換的超級(jí)模型（Super Model），其目標(biāo)是用統(tǒng)一的規(guī)范描述所有加工過程。目前這種新的數(shù)據(jù)交換格式已經(jīng)在配備了SIEMENS、FIDIA以及歐洲OSACA-NC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的原型樣機(jī)上進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。
2、對(duì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的基本估計(jì)
我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)起步于1958年，近50年的發(fā)展歷程大致可分為3個(gè)階段：第一階段從1958年到1979年，即封閉式發(fā)展階段。在此階段，由于國(guó)外的技術(shù)封鎖和我國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)條件的限制，數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展較為緩慢。第二階段是在國(guó)家的“六五”、“七五”期間以及“八五”的前期，即引進(jìn)技術(shù)，消化吸收，初步建立起國(guó)產(chǎn)化體系階段。在此階段，由于改革開放和國(guó)家的重視，以及研究開發(fā)環(huán)境和國(guó)際環(huán)境的改善，我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究、開發(fā)以及在產(chǎn)品的國(guó)產(chǎn)化方面都取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步。第三階段是在國(guó)家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期間，即實(shí)施產(chǎn)業(yè)化的研究，進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)階段。在此階段，我國(guó)國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控裝備的產(chǎn)業(yè)化取得了實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)步。在“九五”末期，國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控機(jī)床的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)占有率達(dá)50％，配國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)（普及型）也達(dá)到了10％。
縱觀我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)近50年的發(fā)展歷程，特別是經(jīng)過4個(gè)5年計(jì)劃的攻關(guān)，總體來(lái)看取得了以下成績(jī):
a.奠定了數(shù)控技術(shù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，基本掌握了現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術(shù)。我國(guó)現(xiàn)在已基本掌握了從數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)、數(shù)控主機(jī)、專機(jī)及其配套件的基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)，其中大部分技術(shù)已具備進(jìn)行商品化開發(fā)的基礎(chǔ)，部分技術(shù)已商品化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化。
b.初步形成了數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。在攻關(guān)成果和部分技術(shù)商品化的基礎(chǔ)上，建立了諸如華中數(shù)控、航天數(shù)控等具有批量生產(chǎn)能力的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠。蘭州電機(jī)廠、華中數(shù)控等一批伺服系統(tǒng)和伺服電機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠以及北京第一機(jī)床廠、濟(jì)南第一機(jī)床廠等若干數(shù)控主機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠。這些生產(chǎn)廠基本形成了我國(guó)的數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)基地。
c.建立了一支數(shù)控研究、開發(fā)、管理人才的基本隊(duì)伍。
雖然在數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)以及產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步，但我們也要清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到，我國(guó)高端數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)，尤其是在產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面的技術(shù)水平現(xiàn)狀與我國(guó)的現(xiàn)實(shí)需求還有較大的差距。雖然從縱向看我國(guó)的發(fā)展速度很快，但橫向比（與國(guó)外對(duì)比）不僅技術(shù)水平有差距，在某些方面發(fā)展速度也有差距，即一些高精尖的數(shù)控裝備的技術(shù)水平差距有擴(kuò)大趨勢(shì)。從國(guó)際上來(lái)看，對(duì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)水平和產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平估計(jì)大致如下。
a.技術(shù)水平上，與國(guó)外先進(jìn)水平大約落后10～15年，在高精尖技術(shù)方面則更大。
b.產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平上，市場(chǎng)占有率低，品種覆蓋率小，還沒有形成規(guī)模生產(chǎn)；功能部件專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)水平及成套能力較低；外觀質(zhì)量相對(duì)差；可靠性不高，商品化程度不足；國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)尚未建立自己的品牌效應(yīng)，用戶信心不足。
c.可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力上，對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)前數(shù)控技術(shù)的研究開發(fā)、工程化能力較弱；數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域拓展力度不強(qiáng)；相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范的研究、制定滯后。
分析存在上述差距的主要原因有以下幾個(gè)方面。
a.認(rèn)識(shí)方面。對(duì)國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)進(jìn)程艱巨性、復(fù)雜性和長(zhǎng)期性的特點(diǎn)認(rèn)識(shí)不足；對(duì)市場(chǎng)的不規(guī)范、國(guó)外的封鎖加扼殺、體制等困難估計(jì)不足；對(duì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)應(yīng)用水平及能力分析不夠。
b.體系方面。從技術(shù)的角度關(guān)注數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化問題的時(shí)候多，從系統(tǒng)的、產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的角度綜合考慮數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化問題的時(shí)候少；沒有建立完整的高質(zhì)量的配套體系、完善的培訓(xùn)、服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等支撐體系。
c.機(jī)制方面。不良機(jī)制造成人才流失，又制約了技術(shù)及技術(shù)路線創(chuàng)新、產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新，且制約了規(guī)劃的有效實(shí)施，往往規(guī)劃理想，實(shí)施困難。
d.技術(shù)方面。企業(yè)在技術(shù)方面自主創(chuàng)新能力不強(qiáng)，核心技術(shù)的工程化能力不強(qiáng)。機(jī)床標(biāo)準(zhǔn)落后，水平較低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)研究不夠。
3、對(duì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略思考
3.1 戰(zhàn)略考慮我國(guó)是制造大國(guó)，在世界產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移中要盡量接受前端而不是后端的轉(zhuǎn)移，即要掌握先進(jìn)制造核心技術(shù)，否則在新一輪國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整中，我國(guó)制造業(yè)將進(jìn)一步“空芯”。我們以資源、環(huán)境、市場(chǎng)為代價(jià)，交換得到的可能僅僅是世界新經(jīng)濟(jì)格局中的國(guó)際“加工中心”和“組裝中心”，而非掌握核心技術(shù)的制造中心的地位，這樣將會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響我國(guó)現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)的發(fā)展進(jìn)程。
我們應(yīng)站在國(guó)家安全戰(zhàn)略的高度來(lái)重視數(shù)控技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)問題，首先從社會(huì)安全看，因?yàn)橹圃鞓I(yè)是我國(guó)就業(yè)人口最多的行業(yè)，制造業(yè)發(fā)展不僅可提高人民的生活水平，而且還可緩解我國(guó)就業(yè)的壓力，保障社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定；其次從國(guó)防安全看，西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家把高精尖數(shù)控產(chǎn)品都列為國(guó)家的戰(zhàn)略物質(zhì)，對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)禁運(yùn)和限制，“東芝事件”和“考克斯報(bào)告”就是最好的例證。
3.2 發(fā)展策略從我國(guó)基本國(guó)情的角度出發(fā)，以國(guó)家的戰(zhàn)略需求和國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的市場(chǎng)需求為導(dǎo)向，以提高我國(guó)制造裝備業(yè)綜合競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力和產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平為目標(biāo)，用系統(tǒng)的方法，選擇能夠主導(dǎo)21世紀(jì)初期我國(guó)制造裝備業(yè)發(fā)展升級(jí)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)以及支持產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的支撐技術(shù)、配套技術(shù)作為研究開發(fā)的內(nèi)容，實(shí)現(xiàn)制造裝備業(yè)的跨躍式發(fā)展。
強(qiáng)調(diào)市場(chǎng)需求為導(dǎo)向，即以數(shù)控終端產(chǎn)品為主，以整機(jī)（如量大面廣的數(shù)控車床、銑床、高速高精高性能數(shù)控機(jī)床、典型數(shù)字化機(jī)械、重點(diǎn)行業(yè)關(guān)鍵設(shè)備等）帶動(dòng)數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。重點(diǎn)解決數(shù)控系統(tǒng)和相關(guān)功能部件（數(shù)字化伺服系統(tǒng)與電機(jī)、高速電主軸系統(tǒng)和新型裝備的附件等）的可靠性和生產(chǎn)規(guī)模問題。沒有規(guī)模就不會(huì)有高可靠性的產(chǎn)品；沒有規(guī)模就不會(huì)有價(jià)格低廉而富有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的產(chǎn)品；當(dāng)然，沒有規(guī)模中國(guó)的數(shù)控裝備最終難以有出頭之日。
在高精尖裝備研發(fā)方面，要強(qiáng)調(diào)產(chǎn)、學(xué)、研以及最終用戶的緊密結(jié)合，以“做得出、用得上、賣得掉”為目標(biāo)，按國(guó)家意志實(shí)施攻關(guān)，以解決國(guó)家之急需。
在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)前數(shù)控技術(shù)方面，強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)新，強(qiáng)調(diào)研究開發(fā)具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品，為我國(guó)數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)、裝備制造業(yè)乃至整個(gè)制造業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展奠定基礎(chǔ)。
4、調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu) 加強(qiáng)功能部件開發(fā)制造能力
中檔數(shù)控機(jī)床產(chǎn)業(yè)化程度低是《規(guī)劃》要解決的問題之一?！爸袡n數(shù)控機(jī)床我們能做，但是我們做出來(lái)的東西，從質(zhì)量、交貨期，到售后服務(wù)，都缺乏市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力?！眳前亓终f，“不要說跟歐美比，就連中國(guó)臺(tái)灣我們現(xiàn)在都比不過。他以中檔數(shù)控機(jī)床中典型的普通立式加工中心作例子：2004年內(nèi)地約消耗了1萬(wàn)臺(tái)，但是大陸所有企業(yè)加起來(lái)共生產(chǎn)2000臺(tái)左右，而只有八九個(gè)生產(chǎn)加工中心工廠的臺(tái)灣竟向大陸銷售了3300臺(tái)。這說明我們的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力差，產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平低。”
在發(fā)展專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)方面，吳柏林認(rèn)為，提高產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平，從政府導(dǎo)向來(lái)說，還是要大力提倡專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)?！案銠C(jī)床，尤其是普及型或經(jīng)濟(jì)型機(jī)床，大而全、小而全的生產(chǎn)方法是不行的?！?他還特別提到我國(guó)機(jī)床產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)問題，就是主機(jī)廠多，關(guān)鍵功能部件專業(yè)生產(chǎn)廠少且弱。以數(shù)控系統(tǒng)來(lái)說，我們的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)80%以上是進(jìn)口的。不僅價(jià)格高，進(jìn)口周期也不能滿足主機(jī)廠的要求。而且，使用進(jìn)口的東西組裝起來(lái)的機(jī)床，可靠性和質(zhì)量也會(huì)受到影響。
吳柏林因此認(rèn)為，提高產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平，首先要調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，加強(qiáng)功能部件的開發(fā)和制造能力。其次，企業(yè)的技術(shù)改造也要加強(qiáng)，而這方面過去企業(yè)欠賬太多?！爸圃旄呔鹊臋C(jī)床，用低精度的普通機(jī)床去做，難度是很大的?！?
5、提升高檔數(shù)控機(jī)床開發(fā)能力
如果說中檔數(shù)控機(jī)床我們還能做，只是產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平低的話，那么在高檔數(shù)控機(jī)床方面，開發(fā)能力不足的問題就顯得尤為突出。《規(guī)劃》明確了以企業(yè)為主體提高開發(fā)能力的方針。吳柏林提到有希望進(jìn)入國(guó)家數(shù)控機(jī)床產(chǎn)業(yè)化基地的企業(yè)，像大連、沈陽(yáng)、北京、上海、濟(jì)南、秦川、齊齊哈爾的幾家企業(yè)，都具備一定的水平，而且這幾年發(fā)展勢(shì)頭很好?！叭绻麌?guó)家再扶持一下，它們可能很快就能上來(lái)。”
但是，提高開發(fā)能力并不是一件容易的事情。就拿數(shù)控系統(tǒng)來(lái)說，現(xiàn)在西方大的公司對(duì)我們采取封鎖加傾銷的市場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)略。首先是封鎖，封鎖不成就傾銷。其數(shù)控系統(tǒng)在中國(guó)市場(chǎng)以十分昂貴的價(jià)格出售，獲取了高額利潤(rùn)。一但中國(guó)企業(yè)開發(fā)出同樣產(chǎn)品，他們就立即大幅降價(jià)，甚至降到中國(guó)企業(yè)的成本價(jià)以下。在這種情況下，國(guó)家就更要給國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)以扶持，就像當(dāng)初美、德、日等扶持本國(guó)企業(yè)那樣。
另一方面，吳柏林提醒企業(yè)也要從主觀上重視開發(fā)的投入?！扒皫啄陣?guó)內(nèi)機(jī)床企業(yè)多數(shù)處于虧損狀態(tài)，無(wú)力進(jìn)行科研和技術(shù)開發(fā)，現(xiàn)在過上了紅紅火火的好日子。但是你不能只顧生產(chǎn)那些萬(wàn)元一臺(tái)的小機(jī)床。那樣的話，幾百萬(wàn)美元、幾百萬(wàn)歐元一臺(tái)的機(jī)床你永遠(yuǎn)都開發(fā)不出來(lái)?！?
專家指出，機(jī)床企業(yè)如欲進(jìn)入產(chǎn)業(yè)化基地，其技術(shù)開發(fā)投入不得低于產(chǎn)品銷售收入的5%。如果達(dá)到了這個(gè)指標(biāo)，將可每年享受國(guó)家給予的一定程度的補(bǔ)貼。按照《規(guī)劃》的目標(biāo)，到“十一五”末期，國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控機(jī)床以銷售額計(jì)的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)占有率將提高到50%以上，同時(shí)，國(guó)產(chǎn)全部機(jī)床產(chǎn)品的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)占有率也將提高到60%以上。
外文翻譯：
Number control technique and material a development trend and counterplan
Abstract:Synopsis introduction nowadays world number control the trend of technique and material development and our country number control material technique development and the industry turn of present condition, on this foundation discussion under the new surrounding that our country join WTO and outward open further deep turn, development our country number control a technique and material, exaltation our country the manufacturing industry information-based level and international competition the importance of ability, and from strategy and strategy two level put forward development our country number to control a technique and material of what time viewpoint.
Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position.
Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields:
(1)Mechanical manufacturing technology;
(2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology;
(3)Automatic control technology;
(4)Servo drive technology;
(5)Technology of the sensor;
(6)Software engineering ,etc..
1.Development trend of a numerical control technology
The application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus.
1.1 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equipped
The efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.
In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.
According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.
In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm).
In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .
In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further .
1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes
Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.
At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).
At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.
1.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.
The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc..
Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc.. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research.
The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous