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河北建筑工程學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文資料翻譯
院別： 機械工程學(xué)院
專業(yè)： 機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化
班級： 機094班
姓名： 劉 松
學(xué)號： 2009307408
外文出處： Software Department, Polytechnical
University of Catalonia, Spain
附 件：1、外文原文；2、外文資料翻譯譯文。
指導(dǎo)教師評語：
簽字：
年 月 日
The Numerical Control Engine Bed Transforms
Harvey B.M ackey
First numerical control system development summary brief history and tendency
In 1946 the first electronic accounting machine was born in the world, this indicated the humanity created has been possible to strengthen and partially to replace the mental labor the tool. It with the humanity these which in the agriculture, the industry society created only is strengthens the physical labor the tool to compare, got up the quantitive leap, entered the information society for the humanity to lay the foundation.
After 6 years, in 1952, computer technology applied to the engine bed , the first numerical control engine bed were born in US. From this time on, the traditional engine bed has had the archery target change. Since nearly half century, the numerical control system has experienced two stages and six generation of development.
1.1 Numerical control (NC) stage (1952 -- 1970)
The early computer operating speed is low, was not big to then science computation and the data processing influence, but could not adapt the engine bed real-time control request. The people can not but use numeral logic circuit “to build” to become an engine bed special purpose computer to take the numerical control system, is called the hardware connection numerical control (HARD-WIRED NC), Jian Chengwei numerical control (NC). Along with the primary device development, this stage has had been through repeatedly three generations, namely 1952 first generation of -- electron tube; 1959 second generation of -- transistor; 1965 third generation -- small scale integration electric circuit.
1.2 Computer numerical control (CNC) stage (in 1970 -- present)
In 1970, the general minicomputer already appeared and the mass production. Thereupon transplants it takes the numerical control system the core part, from this time on entered the computer numerical control (CNC) the stage ("which should have computer in front of the general" two characters to abbreviate). In 1971, American INTEL Corporation in the world first time the computer two most cores part -- logic units and the controller, used the large scale integrated circuit technology integration on together the chip, called it the microprocessor (MICROPROCESSOR), also might be called the central processing element (to be called CPU).
The microprocessor is applied to 1974 in the numerical control system. This is because minicomputer function too strong, controlled an engine bed ability to have wealthily (therefore once uses in controlling the multi- Taiwan engine bed at that time, called it group control), was inferior to used the microprocessor economy to be reasonable. Moreover then small machine reliability was not ideal. The early microprocessor speed and the function although insufficiently are also high, but may solve through the multi-processor structure. Because the microprocessor is the general-purpose calculator core part, therefore still was called the computer numerical control.
In 1990, PC machine (personal computer, domestic custom had called microcomputer) the performance has developed to the very high stage, may satisfiedly take the numerical control system core part the request. The numerical control system henceforth entered based on the PC stage.
In brief, the computer numerical control stage has also experienced three generations. Namely 1970 fourth generation of -- minicomputer; 1974 five dynasties -- microprocessor and 1990 sixth generation -- (overseas was called PC-BASED) based on PC.
Also must point out, although overseas already renamed as the computer numerical control (namely CNC), but our country still the custom called the numerical control (NC). Therefore we daily say “numerical control”, the materially already was refers to “computer numerical control”.
1.3 the numerical control future will develop tendency
1.3.1 open style continues to, to develop based on the PC sixth generation of direction
The software and hardware resources has which based on PC are rich and so on the characteristic, the more numerical controls serial production factory can step onto this path. Uses PC machine to take at least its front end machine, processes the man-machine contact surface, the programming, the association, question and so on net correspondence, undertakes the numerical control duty by the original system. PC machine has the friendly man-machine contact surface, will popularize to all numerical controls system. The long-distance communication, the long-distance diagnosis and the service will be more common.
1.3.2 approaches and the high accuracy development
This is adapts the engine bed to be high speed and the high accuracy direction need to develop.
1.3.3 develops to the intellectualized direction
Along with the artificial intelligence in the computer domain unceasing seepage and the development, the numerical control system intellectualized degree unceasingly will enhance.
(1) applies the adaptive control technology
The numerical control system can examine in the process some important information, and the automatic control system related parameter, achieves the improvement system running status the goal.
(2) introduces the expert system instruction processing
The skilled worker and expert's experience, the processing general rule and the special rule store in the system, take the craft parameter database as the strut, the establishment has the artificial intelligence the expert system.
(3) introduces the breakdown to diagnose the expert system
(4) intellectualized numeral servo drive
May through the automatic diagnosis load, but the automatic control parameter, causes the actuation system to obtain the best movement.
Second, engine bed numerical control transformation necessity
2.1 microscopic looks at the transformation the necessity
From on microscopic looked below that, the numerical control engine bed has the prominent superiority compared to the traditional engine bed, moreover these superiority come from the computer might which the numerical control system contains.
2.1.1 may process the traditional engine bed cannot process the curve, the curved surface and so on the complex components.
Because the computer has the excellent operation ability, may the instant accurately calculate each coordinate axis instant to be supposed the movement physiological load of exercise, therefore may turn round the synthesis complex curve or the curved surface.
2.1.2 may realize the processing automation, moreover is the flexible automation, thus the efficiency may enhance 3 - 7 times compared to the traditional engine bed.
Because the computer has the memory and the memory property, may the procedure which inputs remember and save, then the order which stipulated according to the procedure automatic carries out, thus realization automation. The numerical control engine bed so long as replaces a procedure, may realize another work piece processing automation, thus causes the single unit and the small batch of production can automate, therefore is called has realized “flexible automation”.
2.1.3 processings components precision high, size dispersion degree small, makes the assembly to be easy, no longer needs “to make repairs”.
2.1.4 may realize the multi- working procedures centralism, reduces the components in engine bed between frequent transporting.
2.1.5 has auto-alarm, the automatic monitoring, automatic compensation and so on the many kinds of autonomy function, thus may realize long time nobody to safeguard the processing.
2.1.6 advantage which derives by above five.
For example: Reduced worker's labor intensity, saved the labor force (a person to be possible to safeguard the multi- Taiwan engine bed), reduced the work clothes, reduced the new product trial manufacturing cycle and the production cycle, might to the market demand make rapid reaction and so on.
Above these superiority are the predecessor cannot imagine, is an extremely significant breakthrough. In addition, the engine bed numerical control carries out FMC (flexible manufacture unit), FMS (flexible manufacture system) as well as CIMS (computer integration manufacture system) and so on the enterprise becoming an information based society transformation foundation. The numerical control technology already became the manufacturing industry automation the core technology and the foundation technology.
2.2 great watches the transformation the necessity
From on macroscopic looked that, the industry developed country armed forces, the airplane weapon industry, in the end of the 70's, at the beginning of the 80's started the large-scale application numerical control engine bed. Its essence is, uses the information technology to the traditional industry (including the armed forces, airplane weapon industry) carries on the technological transformations. Except that uses outside the numerical control engine bed, FMC, FMS in the manufacture process, but also includes in the product development carries out CAD, CAE, CAM, the hypothesized manufacture as well as carries out MIS in the production management (management information system), CIMS and so on. As well as increases the information technology in its production product, including artificial intelligence and so on content. Because uses the information technology to the country foreign troops, the airplane weapon industry carries on the thorough transformation (to call it becoming an information based society), finally causes them the product in the international military goods and in the goods for civilian use market the competitive power greatly is the enhancement. But we in the information technology transformation tradition industry aspect compared to the developed country to fall behind approximately for 20 years. Like in our country engine bed capacity, numerical control engine bed proportion (numerical control rate) to 1995 only then 1.9%, but Japan has reached 20.8% in 1994, therefore every year has the massive mechanical and electrical products import. This also on from on macroscopic explained the engine bed numerical control transformation necessity.
Third, the numerical control transformation content and superiorly lacks
3.1 Transformation industry starting
In US, Japan and Germany and so on the developed country, their engine bed transforms took the new economical growth profession, thrives abundantly, is occupying the golden age. As a result of the engine bed as well as the technical unceasing progress, the engine bed transformation is “the eternal” topic. Our country's engine bed transformation industry, also enters from the old profession to by the numerical control technology primarily new profession. In US, Japan, Germany, have the broad market with the numerical control technological transformations engine bed and the production line, has formed the engine bed and the production line numerical control transformation new profession. In US, the engine bed transformation industry is called the engine bed regeneration (Remanufacturing) industry. Is engaged in the regeneration industry famous company to include: The Bertsche engineering firm, the ayton engine bed company, Devlieg-Bullavd (are valuable) serves the group, the US equipment company and so on. The American valuable company has set up the company in China. In Japan, the engine bed transformation industry is called the engine bed to reequip (Retrofitting) industry. Is engaged in the reequipment industry famous company to include: Big indentation project group, hillock three mechanical companies, thousand substitute fields labor machine company, wild engineering firm, shore field engineering firm, mountain this engineering firm and so on.
3.2 Numerical control transformation content
The engine bed and the production line numerical control transformation main content has following several points:
First is extensively recovers the function, to the engine bed, the production line has the breakdown partially to carry on the diagnosis and the restoration;
Second is NC, the addend reveals the installment on the ordinary engine bed, or adds the numerical control system, transforms the NC engine bed, the CNC engine bed;
Third is renovates, for increases the precision, the efficiency and the automaticity, to the machinery, the electricity partially carries on renovates, reassembles the processing to the machine part, extensively recovers the precision; Does not satisfy the production request to it the CNC system to carry on the renewal by newest CNC;
Fourth is the technology renews or the technical innovation, for enhances the performance or the scale, or in order to use the new craft, the new technology, carries on the big scale in the original foundation the technology to renew or the technical innovation, the great scope raises the level and the scale renewal transformation.
3.3 The numerical control transformation superiorly lacks
3.3.1 reduced investment costs, the date of delivery are short
With purchases the new engine bed to compare, may save 60% - 80% expense generally, the transformation expense is low. Large-scale, the special engine bed especially is specially obvious. The common large-scale engine bed transforms, only spends the new engine bed purchase expense 1/3, the date of delivery is short. But some peculiar circumstances, like the high speed main axle, the tray automatic switching unit manufacture and the installment too requires a lot of work, costs a great deal of money, often transforms the cost to enhance 2 - 3 times, with purchases the new engine bed to compare, only can economical invest about 50%.
3.3.2 machine capability stable are reliable, the structure is limited
Uses foundation and so on lathe bed, column all is heavy but the firm casting component, but is not that kind of welding component, after the transformation engine bed performance high, the quality is good, may take the new equipment continues to use many years. But receives the original mechanism the limit, not suitably makes the unprecedented transformation.
3.3.3 familiar understood the equipment, is advantageous for the operation service
When purchases the new equipment, did not understand whether the new equipment can satisfy its processing request. The transformation then otherwise, may precisely calculate the engine bed the processing ability; Moreover, because many years use, the operator already understood to the engine bed characteristic, uses and services the aspect to train the time in the operation short, effective is quick. The transformation engine bed as soon as installs, may realize the capacity load revolution.
3.3.4 may fully use the existing condition
May fully use the existing ground, does not need to like buys when the new equipment such to have reto construct the ground.
3.3.5 may use the newest control technology
enhances the production equipment the automated level and the efficiency, improves the equipment quality and the scale, alters to the old engine bed now the horizontal engine bed.
Fourth, numerical control system choice
When the numerical control system mainly has three kind of types, the transformation, should act according to the special details to carry on the choice.
4.1 Step-by-steps the open system which the electrical machinery drives
This system servo drive mainly is step-by-steps the electrical machinery, the power step-by-steps the electrical machinery, the battery solution pulse motor and so on. Entering sends out which by the numerical control system for instruction pulse, after the actuation electric circuit control and the power enlargement, causes to step-by-step the electrical machinery rotation, through gear vice- and ball bearing guide screw vice- actuation executive component. So long as the control command pulse quantity, the frequency as well as the circular telegram order, then may control the executive component movement the displacement quantity, the speed and the heading. This kind of system does not need the physical location and the velocity feedback which obtains to the input end, therefore called it the open system, this system displacement precision mainly decided in step-by-steps the electrical machinery angular displacement precision, transmission part and so on gear guide screw pitches the precision, therefore the system displacement precision is low.
This system structure simple, debugging service convenient, work reliable, cost low, is easy to reequip successfully.
4.2 The asynchronous motor or the direct current machine drive, diffraction grating survey feedback closed loop numerical control system
This system and the open system difference is: Physical location feedback signal which by position detector set and so on the diffraction grating, induction synchromesh obtains, carries on the comparison as necessary with the given value, two interpolations enlargements and the transformation, the actuation implementing agency, by the speed which assigns turns towards the elimination deviation the direction movement, until assigns the position and the feedback physical location interpolation is equal to the zero. The closed loop enters for the system.
Enters for the system complex in the structure compared to the split-ring, the cost is also high, requests strictly to the environment room temperature. The design and the debugging is all more difficult than the open system. But may obtain compared to the split-ring enters for a system higher precision, quicker speed, actuation power bigger characteristic target. May act according to the product specification, decided whether uses this kind of system.
4.3 The direct current servo electrical machinery drives, encoder feedback semi-closure link numerical control system
Half closed-loop system examination part installs in among passes in the moving parts, indirectly surveys the executive component the position. It only can compensate a system ring circuit interior part of part the error, therefore, its precision compared to closed-loop system precision low, but its structure and the debugging all compares the closed-loop system to be simple. In makes the angular displacement examination part and the speed examination part and the servo electrical machinery time a whole then does not need to consider the position detector set installs the question.
The current production numerical control system company factory quite are many, overseas famous company like German SIEMENS Corporation, Japanese FANUC Corporation; Native corporation like China Mount Everest Corporation, Beijing astronautics engine bed numerical control system group company, Central China numerical control company and Shenyang upscale numerical control country engineering research center.
When choice numerical control system mainly is each kind of precision which the engine bed must achieve after the numerical control transformation, actuates the electrical machinery the power and user's request.
Fifth , in the numerical control transformation the main mechanical part reequips the discussion
A new numerical control engine bed, must achieve in the design that, Has the high static dynamic rigidity; Movement vice- between friction coefficient small, the transmission is ceaseless; The power is big; Is advantageous for the operation and the service. When engine bed numerical control transformation should meet the above requirements as far as possible. Cannot