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機械專業(yè)外語翻譯
機械專業(yè)外語翻譯
外語翻譯
Open CNC system
Open CNC system is the development of numerical control system can be run in a unified platform for machine tool manufacturers and end users, by changing, adding or cutting out the structure object (NC function) to form a series, and easily the user's special integration of applications and technical know-how to the control system, quickly realize the different varieties and different grades of open CNC system, form a distinctive brand personality. The open numerical control system architecture specification, communication specifications, configuration specifications, operating platform, function libraries and CNC numerical control system software development tools, system function is the core of the current study. Network numerical control equipment is well-known international machine tool fair the past two years, a new bright spot. NC network equipment will greatly satisfy the production lines, manufacturing systems, manufacturing information integration needs of enterprises, but also achieve new manufacturing model, such as agile manufacturing, virtual enterprises, global manufacturing the base unit. Some well-known at home and abroad, and CNC CNC machine tools manufacturing companies have introduced in recent years related to new concepts and prototype, as in EMO2001 exhibition, Japan Yamazaki Mazak (Mazak) that the company exhibits "CyberProduction Center" (intelligent production control center, referred to as CPC); Japan Okuma (Okuma) Machine Company exhibited "IT plaza" (Information Technology Square, referred to as IT Plaza); Germany's Siemens (Siemens) that the company exhibits Open Manufacturing Environment (open manufacturing environment, referred to as OME), etc. , reflecting the CNC machining direction of the network trend. 1.4 The emphasis on new technical standards, rules 1.4.1 The establishment of norms on the numerical control system design and development As mentioned earlier, open CNC system has better versatility, flexibility, adaptability, scalability, the United States, the European Community and Japan States have to implement the strategic development plan, and an open architecture CNC system specification (OMAC, OSACA, OSEC) research and development, the world's three largest economies in the short term were almost the same standard of scientific planning and development, foreshadowed a new CNC technology coming period of change. China also started in 2000, ONC CNC system in China's research and development of regulatory frameworks. NC on the NC Standard 1.4.2 standard is the development of manufacturing information of a trend. CNC technology 50 years after the birth of the exchange of information is based on ISO6983 standards, which adopts the G, M code describes how (how) processing, the essential characteristics of process-oriented, obviously, he can not meet modern CNC technology high-speed development.
開放式數(shù)控
開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)就是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)可以在統(tǒng)一的運行平臺上，面向機床廠家和最終用戶，通過改變、增加或剪裁結構對象（數(shù)控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地將用戶的特殊應用和技術訣竅集成到控制系統(tǒng)中，快速實現(xiàn)不同品種、不同檔次的開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，形成具有鮮明個性的名牌產品。目前開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的體系結構規(guī)范、通信規(guī)范、配置規(guī)范、運行平臺、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能庫以及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能軟件開發(fā)工具等是當前研究的核心。 網絡化數(shù)控裝備是近兩年國際著名機床博覽會的一個新亮點。數(shù)控裝備的網絡化將極大地滿足生產線、制造系統(tǒng)、制造企業(yè)對信息集成的需求，也是實現(xiàn)新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虛擬企業(yè)、全球制造的基礎單元。國內外一些著名數(shù)控機床和數(shù)控系統(tǒng)制造公司都在近兩年推出了相關的新概念和樣機，如在EMO2001展中，日本山崎馬扎克（Mazak)公司展出的“CyberProduction Center”（智能生產控制中心，簡稱CPC)；日本大隈（Okuma）機床公司展出“IT plaza”（信息技術廣場，簡稱IT廣場)；德國西門子(Siemens)公司展出的Open Manufacturing Environment（開放制造環(huán)境，簡稱OME）等，反映了數(shù)控機床加工向網絡化方向發(fā)展的趨勢。 1.4 重視新技術標準、規(guī)范的建立 1.4.1 關于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)設計開發(fā)規(guī)范 如前所述，開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)有更好的通用性、柔性、適應性、擴展性，美國、歐共體和日本等國紛紛實施戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展計劃，并進行開放式體系結構數(shù)控系統(tǒng)規(guī)范(OMAC、OSACA、OSEC)的研究和制定，世界3個最大的經濟體在短期內進行了幾乎相同的科學計劃和規(guī)范的制定，預示了數(shù)控技術的一個新的變革時期的來臨。我國在2000年也開始進行中國的ONC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的規(guī)范框架的研究和制定。 1.4.2 關于數(shù)控標準 數(shù)控標準是制造業(yè)信息化發(fā)展的一種趨勢。數(shù)控技術誕生后的50年間的信息交換都是基于ISO6983標準，即采用G，M代碼描述如何（how）加工，其本質特征是面向加工過程，顯然，他已越來越不能滿足現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術高速發(fā)展的需要。
To this end, the international research and development is a new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC), the aim is to provide a specific system does not rely on a neutral mechanism to describe the product life cycle of a unified data model in order to achieve the entire manufacturing process, various industrial fields as well as the standardization of product information. STEP-NC may be the emergence of a revolution in the field of numerical control technology, the development of numerical control technology for the manufacturing sector as a whole, will have far-reaching impact. First, STEP-NC manufacturing presents a new concept, the concept of traditional manufacturing, NC machining program are concentrated in a single computer. Under the new standard, NC programs can be distributed on the Internet, which is open numerical control technology and network development. Secondly, STEP-NC CNC system can also reduce processing drawings (about 75%), processing the time (about 35%) and processing time (about 50%). At present, Europe and the United States attaches great importance to the research STEP-NC, the European launch of the IMS STEP-NC program (1999.1.1 ~ 2001.12.31). To participate in this program are from Europe and Japan 20 CAD / CAM / CAPP / CNC users, vendors and academic institutions. U.S. STEP Tools is a global exchange of data within the software development industry, he has developed for the exchange of information of CNC machining super model (Super Model), whose goal is a unified specification describes all the process. Such new data exchange format has been equipped with SIEMENS, FIDIA and the European OSACA-NC NC system is verified on the prototype. 2 pairs of numerical control technology and industrial development of the basic estimates of numerical control technology started in 1958, nearly 50 years of development can be divided into three phases: the first from 1958 to 1979, that closed development stage. At this stage, due to blockade of foreign technology and our basic conditions, numerical control technology development is relatively slow. The second stage is in the state's "June", "July" and during the "Eighth Five-Year Period", the introduction of technology, digestion and absorption, the initial set up phase of the localization system. At this stage, the reform and opening-up and national attention, and research and development to improve the environment and the international environment, China's numerical control technology research, development and localization of products have made great progress. The third stage is in the state's "August" and the later "during the" that the implementation of industry research, market competition stage. At this stage, China's domestic numerical control equipment industry has made substantial progress. In the "Ninth Five," the end made CNC machine tools in the domestic market share of 50%, with domestic CNC system (popular) also reached 10%.
為此，國際上正在研究和制定一種新的CNC系統(tǒng)標準ISO14649（STEP－NC)，其目的是提供一種不依賴于具體系統(tǒng)的中性機制，能夠描述產品整個生命周期內的統(tǒng)一數(shù)據模型，從而實現(xiàn)整個制造過程，乃至各個工業(yè)領域產品信息的標準化。 STEP-NC的出現(xiàn)可能是數(shù)控技術領域的一次革命，對于數(shù)控技術的發(fā)展乃至整個制造業(yè)，將產生深遠的影響。首先，STEP-NC提出一種嶄新的制造理念，傳統(tǒng)的制造理念中，NC加工程序都集中在單個計算機上。而在新標準下，NC程序可以分散在互聯(lián)網上，這正是數(shù)控技術開放式、網絡化發(fā)展的方向。其次，STEP-NC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)還可大大減少加工圖紙（約75％）、加工程序編制時間（約35％）和加工時間（約50％）。 目前，歐美國家非常重視STEP-NC的研究，歐洲發(fā)起了STEP-NC的IMS計劃(1999.1.1～2001.12.31)。參加這項計劃的有來自歐洲和日本的20個CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC用戶、廠商和學術機構。美國的STEP Tools公司是全球范圍內制造業(yè)數(shù)據交換軟件的開發(fā)者，他已經開發(fā)了用作數(shù)控機床加工信息交換的超級模型(Super Model)，其目標是用統(tǒng)一的規(guī)范描述所有加工過程。目前這種新的數(shù)據交換格式已經在配備了SIEMENS、FIDIA以及歐洲OSACA-NC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的原型樣機上進行了驗證。 2 對我國數(shù)控技術及其產業(yè)發(fā)展的基本估計 我國數(shù)控技術起步于1958年，近50年的發(fā)展歷程大致可分為3個階段：第一階段從1958年到1979年，即封閉式發(fā)展階段。在此階段，由于國外的技術封鎖和我國的基礎條件的限制，數(shù)控技術的發(fā)展較為緩慢。第二階段是在國家的“六五”、“七五”期間以及“八五”的前期，即引進技術，消化吸收，初步建立起國產化體系階段。在此階段，由于改革開放和國家的重視，以及研究開發(fā)環(huán)境和國際環(huán)境的改善，我國數(shù)控技術的研究、開發(fā)以及在產品的國產化方面都取得了長足的進步。第三階段是在國家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期間，即實施產業(yè)化的研究，進入市場競爭階段。在此階段，我國國產數(shù)控裝備的產業(yè)化取得了實質性進步。在“九五”末期，國產數(shù)控機床的國內市場占有率達50％，配國產數(shù)控系統(tǒng)（普及型）也達到了10％。
Throughout the past 50 years of CNC technology development process, especially through four 5-year plan of research, on the whole achieved the following results. a. laid the foundation for the development of numerical control technology, the basic grasp of modern CNC technology. Our country is now basically understood from the NC system, servo drives, CNC host, plane and fittings based technology, which already has most of the technical basis for commercial development, part of the technology has been the commercialization and industrialization. b. formed a CNC industrial base. In the commercialization of research results and on the basis of some technology, such as the establishment of central NC, with a production capacity of aerospace CNC CNC system manufacturer. Lanzhou Electric Factory, NC Central and a number of servo systems and servo motor manufacturing plant and the Beijing First Machine Tool Plant, Jinan first machine tool factory hosts a number of CNC manufacturing facility. These plants basically formed a CNC industrial base. c. the establishment of a numerical research, development, management personnel of the basic team. Although the numerical control technology research and development and industrialization has made great progress, but we should also clearly understand that China's high-end research and development of numerical control technology, especially in the technology industry's situation and practical needs of China there is a large gap. Although the development of vertical fast in China, but the horizontal ratio (compared with foreign) not only the difference between the level of technology, the pace of development in some areas there are gaps, that some sophisticated CNC equipment, widening the gap between technical level. From an international point of view, on the level of numerical control technology and industrialization level is estimated as follows. a. the technical level, with foreign advanced level of about 10 to 15 years behind in technology is more sophisticated. b. industry level, market share is low, species coverage is small, there is no scale production; specialized features of lower production levels and complete; appearance quality is relatively poor; reliability is not high, lack of commercialization; CNC system made its own brand has not been established, the user's lack of confidence. c. the ability of sustainable development, to pre-competitive research and development of numerical control technology, engineering weak; efforts to expand the field of numerical control technology is not strong; relevant standards research, development lags behind. The gap of the main reasons there are the following.
縱觀我國數(shù)控技術近50年的發(fā)展歷程，特別是經過4個5年計劃的攻關，總體來看取得了以下成績。 a.奠定了數(shù)控技術發(fā)展的基礎，基本掌握了現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術。我國現(xiàn)在已基本掌握了從數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、伺服驅動、數(shù)控主機、專機及其配套件的基礎技術，其中大部分技術已具備進行商品化開發(fā)的基礎，部分技術已商品化、產業(yè)化。 b.初步形成了數(shù)控產業(yè)基地。在攻關成果和部分技術商品化的基礎上，建立了諸如華中數(shù)控、航天數(shù)控等具有批量生產能力的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)生產廠。蘭州電機廠、華中數(shù)控等一批伺服系統(tǒng)和伺服電機生產廠以及北京第一機床廠、濟南第一機床廠等若干數(shù)控主機生產廠。這些生產廠基本形成了我國的數(shù)控產業(yè)基地。 c.建立了一支數(shù)控研究、開發(fā)、管理人才的基本隊伍。雖然在數(shù)控技術的研究開發(fā)以及產業(yè)化方面取得了長足的進步，但我們也要清醒地認識到，我國高端數(shù)控技術的研究開發(fā)，尤其是在產業(yè)化方面的技術水平現(xiàn)狀與我國的現(xiàn)實需求還有較大的差距。雖然從縱向看我國的發(fā)展速度很快，但橫向比（與國外對比）不僅技術水平有差距，在某些方面發(fā)展速度也有差距，即一些高精尖的數(shù)控裝備的技術水平差距有擴大趨勢。從國際上來看，對我國數(shù)控技術水平和產業(yè)化水平估計大致如下。 a.技術水平上，與國外先進水平大約落后10～15年，在高精尖技術方面則更大。 b.產業(yè)化水平上，市場占有率低，品種覆蓋率小，還沒有形成規(guī)模生產；功能部件專業(yè)化生產水平及成套能力較低；外觀質量相對差；可靠性不高，商品化程度不足；國產數(shù)控系統(tǒng)尚未建立自己的品牌效應，用戶信心不足。 c.可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力上，對競爭前數(shù)控技術的研究開發(fā)、工程化能力較弱；數(shù)控技術應用領域拓展力度不強；相關標準規(guī)范的研究、制定滯后。 分析存在上述差距的主要原因有以下幾個方面。
a. awareness. NC Industrial process of domestic difficulty, complexity and characteristics of long-term lack of knowledge; on the market are not standardized, plus kill the blockade of foreign, institutional and other difficult to underestimate; on the level of application of CNC technology and capacity analysis is not enough. b. system aspects. From a technical point of concern when the issue of CNC multi-industry, from the systematic perspective of industry chain issues into account when the CNC industry less; not established a complete matching system of high-quality, comprehensive training, services, network support system . c. mechanisms. Bad causes the brain drain, but also restricts the line of technology and technology innovation, product innovation, and effective implementation of the planning constraints, are often the ideal planning, implementation difficulties. d. technology. Enterprises in technology innovation is not strong, the core technology, engineering capability is not strong. Standard machine behind the low level of numerical control system the new standard is not enough.
a.認識方面。對國產數(shù)控產業(yè)進程艱巨性、復雜性和長期性的特點認識不足；對市場的不規(guī)范、國外的封鎖加扼殺、體制等困難估計不足；對我國數(shù)控技術應用水平及能力分析不夠。 b.體系方面。從技術的角度關注數(shù)控產業(yè)化問題的時候多，從系統(tǒng)的、產業(yè)鏈的角度綜合考慮數(shù)控產業(yè)化問題的時候少；沒有建立完整的高質量的配套體系、完善的培訓、服務網絡等支撐體系。 c.機制方面。不良機制造成人才流失，又制約了技術及技術路線創(chuàng)新、產品創(chuàng)新，且制約了規(guī)劃的有效實施，往往規(guī)劃理想，實施困難。 d.技術方面。企業(yè)在技術方面自主創(chuàng)新能力不強，核心技術的工程化能力不強。機床標準落后，水平較低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)新標準研究不夠。
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