J11-5單柱固定臺曲柄壓力機設計含4張CAD圖

J11-5單柱固定臺曲柄壓力機設計含4張CAD圖,j11,固定,曲柄,壓力機,設計,cad 外文資料 Introduction to Mechanical Design Mechanical design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs. It is a vast field of engineering technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use of the product. People who perform the various functions of mechanical design are typically called designers, or design engineers. Mechanical design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials engineering, strength of materials and manufacturing processes. As stated previously, the purpose of mechanical design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed. Mechanical design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the system and then make sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of engineering rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design. On the other hand, any calculation made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, a otherwise acceptable design may mot function. Good designs require trying mew ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk, knowing that if the mew idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated. New designs generally have “bugs” or unforeseen which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change. During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate then in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, Innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise. Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is essentially the responsibility of the engineer to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum. Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they ate to be incorporated. Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions, and creative works have been lost to mankind simply because the originators were unable or unable or unwilling to explain their accomplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, or supervisory persons, is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this solution is a better one. Unless this can be done successfully, the time and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted. Basically, there ate only three means of communication available to us. These are the written, the oral, and the graphical forms. Therefore the successful engineer will be technically competent and versatile in all three forms of communication. A technically competent person who lacks ability in any one of these forms is severely handicapped. If ability in all three forms is lacking, no one will ever know how competent that person is! The competent engineer should not be afraid of the possibility of not succeeding in a presentation. In fact, occasional failure should be expected because failure or criticism seems to accompany every really creative idea. There is a great deal to learn from a failure, and the greatest gains ate obtained by those wiling to risk defeat. In the final analysis, the real failure would lie in decoding not to make the presentation at all. To communicate effectively, the following questions must be answered: 1、Does the design really serve a human need? 2、Will it be competitive with existing products of rival companies? 3、It is economical to profit? 4、Can it be readily maintained? 5、Will it sell and make a profit? Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with initial affirmative answers. The design engineer also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings. Quite often, a problem will occur during the manufacturing cycle. It may be that a exchange is required in the dimensioning or tolerancing of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This falls in the category of engineering changes which must be approved by the design engineer so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. Engineering design is a systematic process by which solutions to the needs of humankind are obtained. The process is applied to problems (needs) of varying complexity. For example, mechanical engineers will use the design process to find an effective, efficient method to convert reciprocating motion to circular motion for the drive train in an internal combustion engine; electrical engineers will use the process to design electrical generating systems using falling water as the power source; and materials engineers use the process to design ablative materials which enable astronauts to safely the earth’s atmosphere. The vast majority of complex problems in today’s high technology society depend for solution not on a single engineering discipline, but on teams of engineers, scientists, environmentalists, economists, sociologists, and legal personnel. Solutions are not only dependent upon the appropriate applications of technology but also upon public sentiment, government regulations and political influence. As engineers we are empowered with the technical expertise to develop new and improved products and systems, but at the same time we must be increasingly aware of the impact of our actions on society and the environment in general and work conscientiously toward the best solution in view of all relevant factors. 中文翻譯 機械設計簡介 機械設計是為了滿足人類需要而制定出的新產品或者改進舊產品時對科學與技術的應用。 它是工程技術的一個巨大領域,這個領域不僅關注原先這種產品的尺寸，形狀以及構造方式， 而且考慮涉及這種產品的制造，銷售和使用的其它各方面的因素。 進行機械設計的各種各功能的人們被通常叫為設計者或者設計工程師。 機械設計基本上是一次創(chuàng)造活動。 然而， 除富有創(chuàng)新精神之外， 一位設計工程師也必須在機械制圖，運動學，力學，材料工程，材料強度和制造工藝有一定的背景知識。 精確的說，機械設計的目的就是為了滿足人們的需求。 發(fā)明，創(chuàng)造和科學知識它們自己可能不能讓人獲益； 但是只要他們合并在一起并設計產品，其益處就會被得到。因此，在一種特別的產品被設計之前，人的需求必須被鑒定，這一點應該被認識到。 機械設計應被視為一個機會，利用創(chuàng)新人才的設想設計一個產品，分析系統(tǒng)，然后就如何制造產品作出正確的判斷。對工程基礎的理解而不是僅僅記住事實和方程式，這一點是很重要的。 沒有哪個事實或方程式能單獨提供要求生產一種好設計的全部的正確的決定。 另一方面，任何計算必須得最大限度小心和精密。 例如，一個小數(shù)點放錯，就有可能得不到所要設計得到的結果。 好的設計應該需要嘗試新的方法并且愿意承擔一定的風險，知道如果新想法不起作用，這種現(xiàn)有的方法可能被重新使用。由于為了成功所付出的時間以及努力是不能保證的，因此一個設計者必須要有耐心。創(chuàng)造一個完全新的設計一般要求很多舊的以及被建立起來的方法來推動。這并不容易因為很多人堅持舊的想法，技術和態(tài)度。設計工程師要不斷尋找方法，以改善現(xiàn)有的產品，并且決定哪些舊的、已被證明的概念須要采納，哪些新的、未曾嘗試的想法應該被包刮進來。 在那些新設計的優(yōu)勢特性可以被享有之前,新設計一般有"缺陷"或者一些未預見的缺點。因此，有機會，提供優(yōu)異的產品，但只有在較高的風險下。應該強調指出，如果一個設計并不需要激進的新方法，這種方法不應適用而僅僅是為了改變。 在設計的開始階段，創(chuàng)造性應該被提倡而沒有許多限制條件。 即使很多不實用的想法可能出現(xiàn)，在穩(wěn)定的細節(jié)生產被要求之前，這些在設計早期通常是容易消除的。以這種方法，富創(chuàng)新精神的想法不被抑制。 經常，不止一種設計被提出，甚至到他們可能對彼此被進行比較的方面。 這是完全可能的：最終被接受的設計將可能使用被拒絕的設計之中的一個想法。 心理學家經常談論努力使他們操作的那些機器適合人。努力使機器適應人基本上是工程師的責任。這不是一項容易的任務,因為真的沒有人能夠把某一個生產尺寸加工到最優(yōu)化的程度。 另一個要點是：一位設計工程師必須能把想法傳達給其他人，當他們的想法可以被采納時。 把設計思想傳達給其它人是最后環(huán)節(jié)，也是在設計過程里的至關重要的步驟。無疑很多重要的設計，發(fā)明和有創(chuàng)造性的作品被人們所不認同，僅僅是因為那些創(chuàng)始人不能或者不愿意對其它人解釋他們的成就。 贈送是一個出售的工作。 當提出一個新的解決方案，管理或者監(jiān)督的人的方法時，工程師， 正試圖出售或者向他們證明這個解決辦法是更好的。 除非這能被成功操作，否則關于獲得這個解決辦法所花費的時間和努力基本上是浪費的。 基本上，那里只有我們可用的3個通信手段。 它們是寫，口頭，以及圖表的形式。 因此成功的工程師將精通這3 種交際方式的能力。缺乏其中任何一個交際能力的一個技術人員就相當于嚴重殘疾。如果全部3個交際能力都缺乏的話，沒有人知道此人是多么有能力！ 有能力的工程師不應該害怕推薦自己不成功的可能性。實際上，偶然的失敗應該被期望，因為失敗或者批評好像伴隨每個真的有創(chuàng)造性的想法。 有許多都是從失敗中獲悉，巨大收獲都是從那些冒險獲得的。歸根到底，真正的失敗將在于根本不會做推薦自己。 為了有效地交流，下列問題必須被回答： (1)這設計真的能服務人需要嗎？ (2)它將與現(xiàn)有的競爭公司的產品競爭嗎？ (3)獲益是實惠的嗎？ (4)它能被比較容易的保持嗎？ (5)它將能被出售并且贏利嗎？ 只有時間能提供上述問題的正確的答案，但是產品應該被設計，只用最初肯定的答案生產并且銷售。設計工程師也必須通過使用細節(jié)和裝配圖多溝通定稿設計到生產。 經常，一個問題將在生產的循環(huán)期間產生。這可能是在一個部分的定尺寸或者加工過程中所要求一次交換，以便它能夠被更容易生產。這在被設計工程師批準的工程變化的種類方面下降，以便產品功能將不被相反影響。 在其他情況里，在設計過程中的一種缺陷可能在裝運之前的裝配或檢測測試期間出現(xiàn)。 工程設計是一個系統(tǒng)的過程，其中的解決方案是為了滿足人類需要而得到的。進程是不同的復雜性的問題（需求）的應用。例如，機械工程師，將利用設計過程中，以找到一個有效率的方式轉換成往復運動，在一個內部內燃機以圓周運動來驅動列車;電氣工程師在使用過程中，以設計電動發(fā)電機系統(tǒng)使用，水位下降為能源;材料工程師使用過程中，以設計燒蝕材料，使宇航員平安返回地球的大氣層。 在今天的高科技社會,絕大多數(shù)的復雜問題賴以解決的方案不僅僅取決于單一的工程學科，而且還取決于團隊的工程師，科學家，環(huán)境學家，經濟學家，社會學家，法律人員。解決方案不僅取決于適當技術的應用而且還取決于公眾情緒，政府規(guī)章和政治影響力。作為工程師，我們有權與技術專家發(fā)展和改進新的產品和系統(tǒng)，但同時我們必須意識到我們行動的影響：對社會和環(huán)境的總體工作，認真對待最好的解決辦法，鑒于對所有的相關因素。