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畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)
題 目:機(jī)車機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及有限元分析
學(xué)院:
專業(yè):
班級(jí):機(jī)設(shè)學(xué)號(hào):
學(xué)生姓名:
導(dǎo)師姓名:
完成日期:
誠(chéng) 信 聲 明
本人聲明:
1、本人所呈交的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)是在老師指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的研究
工作及取得的研究成果;
2、據(jù)查證,除了文中特別加以標(biāo)注和致謝的地方外,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
(論文)中不包含其他人已經(jīng)公開(kāi)發(fā)表過(guò)的研究成果,也不包含為獲
得其他教育機(jī)構(gòu)的學(xué)位而使用過(guò)的材料;
3、我承諾,本人提交的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)中的所有內(nèi)容均真實(shí)、
可信。
作者簽名: 日期: 年 月 日
1
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書
題目:
機(jī)車機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及有限元分析
姓名
學(xué)院 應(yīng)用技術(shù)學(xué)院
專業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 班級(jí) 學(xué)號(hào)
指導(dǎo)老師
職稱
教研室主任
一、基本任務(wù)及要求:
1. 查閱機(jī)車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及有限元文獻(xiàn) 15 篇以上,分析機(jī)車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)狀,并寫出文獻(xiàn)綜
述,開(kāi)題報(bào)告
2、分析制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)工作特點(diǎn)和方式
3、設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)并對(duì)主要零件進(jìn)行計(jì)算分析
4、建立制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)三維模型,裝配模型
5、建立制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)虛擬樣機(jī)
6、進(jìn)行制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)主要零件有限元分析,并進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化,分析失效形式和原因
7..撰寫畢業(yè)論文,字?jǐn)?shù) 15000 以上。
二、進(jìn)度安排及完成時(shí)間:
1. 查閱資料、撰寫文獻(xiàn)綜述、撰寫開(kāi)題報(bào)告(2.5 周);
2. 畢業(yè)調(diào)研及撰寫畢業(yè)調(diào)研報(bào)告(1.5 周);
3. 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(9 周),其中:總體方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算(1.5 周),設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)并對(duì)主要零件進(jìn)行計(jì)算分析(2 周),建立制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)三維模型,裝配模型(1 周),建立制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)虛擬樣機(jī)模型(0.5
周)進(jìn)行制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)主要零件有限元分析,并進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化,分析失效形式和原因(2 周)工程圖設(shè)計(jì)(2 周);
4. 撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書并將初稿交導(dǎo)師評(píng)閱(1.5 周);
5. 指導(dǎo)老師評(píng)閱、學(xué)生修改及打印說(shuō)明書(0.5 周);
6. 評(píng)閱老師評(píng)閱設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書、學(xué)生準(zhǔn)備答辯(0.5 周);
7. 畢業(yè)答辯(0.5 周)。
2
目錄
摘要···························································································································I
abstract·····················································································································II
第 1 章 緒 論······································································································· 1
1.1 引言············································································································· 1
1.2 機(jī)車制動(dòng)力的獲取方式················································································· 1
1.3 課題研究的目的和意義················································································· 2
1.4 課題研究的內(nèi)容與思路················································································· 3
1.4.1 課題研究的內(nèi)容·················································································· 3
1.4.2 課題研究的思路·················································································· 3
第 2 章 總體方案設(shè)計(jì)·····························································································5
2.1 機(jī)車的主要參數(shù)及制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)介····································································5
2.1.1 機(jī)車的主要參數(shù)·················································································· 5
2.1.2 機(jī)車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)介···············································································5
2.2 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的方案確定及工作原理····································································6
2.2.1 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的方案確定··········································································· 6
2.2.2 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的工作原理··········································································· 7
第 3 章 機(jī)車機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)································································· 8
3.1 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的制動(dòng)能力計(jì)算·············································································· 8
3.2 桿件結(jié)構(gòu)的受力分析與力學(xué)計(jì)算····································································9
3.2.1 桿件結(jié)構(gòu)的受力分析··········································································· 9
3.2.2 桿件結(jié)構(gòu)的力學(xué)計(jì)算··········································································10
3.3 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)主要零件的尺寸計(jì)算與確定··························································· 11
3.4 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件及外購(gòu)件的選用················································································ 17
第 4 章 三維建模與虛擬樣機(jī)·················································································20
4.1 UG NX10.0 軟件簡(jiǎn)介······················································································ 20
4.2 零件實(shí)體建模舉例·······················································································21
4.3 零件裝配·····································································································22
4.4 虛擬樣機(jī)·····································································································23
4.4.1 虛擬樣機(jī)技術(shù)···················································································· 23
4.4.2 虛擬樣機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展··········································································23
1
4.4.1 建立虛擬樣機(jī)···················································································· 24
5 章 有限元分析·······························································································25
5.1 有限元分析概述·························································································· 25
5.1.1 基本簡(jiǎn)介··························································································· 25
5.1.2 基本特點(diǎn)··························································································· 26
5.1.3 有限元分析常用軟件··········································································26
5.4 主要零件的有限元分析結(jié)果········································································· 27
5.4.1 閘瓦的分析結(jié)果·················································································28
5.4.2 閘瓦拖的分析結(jié)果············································································· 30
5.4.3 制動(dòng)桿的分析結(jié)果············································································· 32
5.4.4 連桿的分析結(jié)果·················································································34
第 6 章 零件的結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化························································································36
6.1 閘瓦托的結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化·······················································································36
6.2 制動(dòng)桿的結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化·······················································································38
第 7 章 閘瓦的失效與改善措施············································································· 39
7.1 閘瓦的失效形式·························································································· 39
7.2 閘瓦的失效原因·························································································· 39
7.2.1 閘瓦偏磨原因···················································································· 39
7.2.2 閘瓦斷裂的原因·················································································39
7.2.3 閘瓦磨粒磨損和粘著磨損的原因························································ 40
7.3 改善措施·····································································································40
總結(jié)·························································································································42
參考文獻(xiàn)··················································································································43
致謝·························································································································45
2
機(jī)車機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及有限元分析
摘要:本文主要對(duì) 8t 礦用電機(jī)車機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),利用力學(xué)分析,分析構(gòu)件的受力情況并對(duì)主要零件進(jìn)行受力計(jì)算;建立系統(tǒng)的三維模型及虛擬樣機(jī);對(duì)主要零件進(jìn)行有限元分析并結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化;分析閘瓦的失效形式、原因及改進(jìn)措施。
通過(guò)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),增大了制動(dòng)倍率和制動(dòng)力,減少了溜車現(xiàn)象,縮短了制動(dòng)距離,減小了閘瓦磨損,提高了制動(dòng)的可靠性。
關(guān)鍵詞:窄軌電機(jī)車,機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng),結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),有限元分析
I
The locomotive brake system mechanical structure design and finite element analysis
abstract: This paper mainly carries on the structural design of 8t locomotive brake system, By using the dynamic analysis, stress analysis component and stress calculation of main parts; The 3D model and virtual prototype system; Finite element analysis of the main parts and structure optimization; Improvement measures of failure modes, causes and analysis of brake shoe.
Through the structure design, Increasing the braking power and braking force, Reduce the slipping phenomenon, Shorten braking distance, Reduced brake wear, To improve the reliability of the brake.
keyword: Mine electric locomotive, mechanical braking sytem , configuration design , finite element analysis
II
第 1 章 緒 論
1.1 引言
受礦山巷道窄小空間環(huán)境的限制,需要這些礦山井下運(yùn)輸?shù)V石、物料、人員的電機(jī)車的軌距比干線機(jī)車 1435mm 軌距窄了許多,因此人們一般把這些電機(jī)車稱之為窄軌電機(jī)車。窄軌電機(jī)車是一個(gè)分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)多樣,門類繁多,規(guī)格復(fù)雜的機(jī)車。按產(chǎn)品軌距大小之分有 475mm、600mm、762mm、900mm,若按機(jī)車的粘著重量分有: 1.5t 、2.5t、3t、5t、6t、7t、8t、10t、12t、14t、15t、18t、20t。若按電機(jī)車的安全程度分有隔爆型、礦用一般型、增安型、防爆特殊型,若按電壓等級(jí)分有:100V、25V 、550V(架線式)
48V、88V、90V、110V、120V、132V、140V、144V、196V、256V 等電壓等級(jí)的電機(jī)車,若按駕駛室的方位和數(shù)量分,又可分為一端司機(jī)室或兩端司機(jī)室的電機(jī)車和司機(jī)室居中的電機(jī)車。但使用得最廣泛的是以下三種分類,即按粘著質(zhì)量的噸位大小分,按電機(jī)車得到的電源方式分為:蓄電池電機(jī)車和架線式電機(jī)車,按是否防爆分為普通型電機(jī)車和
防爆電機(jī)車。[1]
窄軌工礦電機(jī)車作為一種節(jié)能環(huán)保的牽引動(dòng)力,已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于煤礦礦山的生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。其制動(dòng)裝置是關(guān)鍵部件,機(jī)車制動(dòng)性能直接影響到工礦電機(jī)車的安全運(yùn)行。其基礎(chǔ)制動(dòng)裝置是從手輪施力到閘瓦動(dòng)作之間的一套杠桿機(jī)構(gòu),將手輪的轉(zhuǎn)矩轉(zhuǎn)化為閘瓦正壓力直接作用在車輪踏面上產(chǎn)生制動(dòng)力,使得運(yùn)行的列車減速或停止。基礎(chǔ)制動(dòng)裝置結(jié)構(gòu)
性能的優(yōu)劣直接決定著電機(jī)車的制動(dòng)效果。[2]
為了降低機(jī)車的速度,必須在車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的相反方向施加制動(dòng)力。眾所周知,閘瓦制動(dòng)所采用的制動(dòng)力是摩擦力。必須放大作用在手輪上的力,并且均勻地分布到閘瓦上。為達(dá)到目的,必須設(shè)有制動(dòng)桿。根據(jù)杠桿原理來(lái)放大制動(dòng)力。也就是說(shuō),在長(zhǎng)杠桿臂上作用著較小的力,必須在短臂上產(chǎn)生較大的力,制動(dòng)距離與制動(dòng)力成反比。
施加愈大的制動(dòng)力,其制動(dòng)的效果也愈強(qiáng)。對(duì)于一定結(jié)構(gòu)類型的制動(dòng)裝置,在對(duì)車輪施加制動(dòng)力時(shí),其制動(dòng)力是不能任提高的。制動(dòng)力的極限值受到輪/軌之間的粘著系數(shù)與粘重所限制。如果踏面上的作用力小于輪/軌間的粘著力,則車輪尚在滾動(dòng);如果作用力大于粘著力,則車輪將被抱死,車輪將在鋼軌上滑行。當(dāng)車輪剛好還處于滾動(dòng)狀態(tài)時(shí),就
達(dá)到最大的制動(dòng)效果。車輪剛發(fā)生一次滑行時(shí),則車輪與鋼軌之間的摩擦大大減小,因而制動(dòng)距離延長(zhǎng);同時(shí),車輪的踏面因擦傷而破損。[3]
1.2 機(jī)車制動(dòng)力的獲取方式
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礦用電機(jī)車機(jī)械制動(dòng)屬于粘著制動(dòng),在制動(dòng)方式中,閘瓦制動(dòng)、盤形制動(dòng)、再生制動(dòng)、電阻制動(dòng)和圓盤渦流制動(dòng)均屬于粘著制動(dòng)方式,本設(shè)計(jì)屬于閘瓦制動(dòng)。制動(dòng)時(shí),車輪與鋼軌之間有三種可能的狀態(tài)。
(1) 純滾動(dòng)狀態(tài)
車輪與鋼軌的接觸點(diǎn)無(wú)相對(duì)滑動(dòng),車輪在鋼軌上作純滾動(dòng)。這時(shí)車輪與鋼軌之間為靜摩擦,車輪與鋼軌之間可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的最大制動(dòng)力是輪軌之間的最大靜摩擦力。這是一種難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的理想狀態(tài)。
(2) 滑行狀態(tài)
車輪在鋼軌上滑行,這時(shí)車輪與鋼軌之間的制動(dòng)力為二者的動(dòng)摩擦力。由于動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)遠(yuǎn)小于靜摩擦系數(shù),因此一旦發(fā)生這種工況,制動(dòng)力將大大減小,制動(dòng)距離就會(huì)延長(zhǎng);同時(shí),車輪在鋼軌上長(zhǎng)距離滑行,將導(dǎo)致車輪踏面的擦傷,危及行車安全。這是一種必須避免的事故狀態(tài)。
(3)粘著狀態(tài)
列車制動(dòng)時(shí)車輪在鋼軌上滾動(dòng),由于車輛重力的作用,車輛與鋼軌的接觸處為一橢網(wǎng)形的小面積,此時(shí)輪軌接觸處既不是靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)也不是滑動(dòng)狀態(tài),在鐵路術(shù)語(yǔ)中稱這種狀態(tài)為粘著狀態(tài)。由于正壓力而保持動(dòng)輪與鋼軌接觸處相對(duì)靜止的現(xiàn)象稱為“粘著”。
粘著狀態(tài)下的靜摩力又稱為粘著力。依靠粘著滾動(dòng)的車輪與鋼軌粘著點(diǎn)之間的粘著力來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)車輛的制動(dòng),稱為粘著制動(dòng)。列車采用粘著制動(dòng)時(shí),能夠獲得的最大制動(dòng)力不會(huì)大于粘著力。
粘著制動(dòng)是目前主要的一種制動(dòng)方式。根據(jù)輪軌間的靜摩擦系數(shù)μ、粘著系數(shù)ψ、
動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)φ這三者中μ>ψ>φ的關(guān)系,在上述三種情況中:可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的制動(dòng)力的最大值以第一種狀態(tài)時(shí)為最大,但實(shí)際上這是達(dá)不到的;第二種最小,這不但會(huì)延長(zhǎng)制動(dòng)距離,而且會(huì)擦傷車輪;第三種介于這兩者之間,它隨氣候與速度等條件的不同可以有相當(dāng)?shù)淖兓K?,采用粘著制?dòng),必須對(duì)那些可以利用的粘著條件加以研究,以獲取可能的最大的制動(dòng)力。
粘著系數(shù)是表示列車車輪與軌道間粘著狀態(tài)的指標(biāo),具體說(shuō)就是粘著力與輪軌間垂直載荷的比值的最大值。粘著系數(shù)受列車運(yùn)行速度、氣候條件、輪軌表面狀態(tài)以及是否采取增粘措施等諸多因素的影響,是一個(gè)有很大離散性的參數(shù),所以目前尚未有粘著系
數(shù)的理論公式。[4]各國(guó)都分別采用大量的試驗(yàn)來(lái)得到經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)值,如湘潭電機(jī)廠制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)的粘著系數(shù)一般取 0.25。
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1.3 課題研究的目的和意義
本課題是針對(duì)礦運(yùn)列車機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及其關(guān)鍵部件的有限元分析。在科
技高速發(fā)展的今天,不管是客運(yùn)列車還是貨運(yùn)列車都有了很大的變化,高速、重載。機(jī)車車輛的技術(shù)裝備水平根據(jù)更好更高的要求 ,通過(guò)技貿(mào)合作 ,不斷采用高新技術(shù) ,快
速提高 ,促進(jìn)了鐵路運(yùn)輸能力的快速增長(zhǎng) ,適應(yīng)了國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要。正由于機(jī)車的高速、重載,使得制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)成了機(jī)車車輛最重要的系統(tǒng)之一,其直接涉及到列車的運(yùn)行性能和安全。制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的好壞,關(guān)系到列車運(yùn)行速度的提高,運(yùn)能的增長(zhǎng)。因此,課題的目的在于設(shè)計(jì)合理的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu),以滿足機(jī)車制動(dòng)距離及制動(dòng)時(shí)間的要求,并且分析其關(guān)鍵部件的應(yīng)力及應(yīng)變等,了解閘瓦磨損的原因。
課題研究的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、操作便捷、制動(dòng)安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)。通過(guò)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、零件的有限元分析,建立虛擬裝配模型。可以簡(jiǎn)化制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì),降低了成本,縮短了產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)周期。同時(shí),通過(guò)課題的設(shè)計(jì)培養(yǎng)了我們改善結(jié)構(gòu)、設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品的能力,使我們更熟練地運(yùn)用 UG 做三維建模及設(shè)計(jì)仿真。
1.4 課題研究的內(nèi)容與思路
1.4.1 課題研究的內(nèi)容
(1)機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的總體方案設(shè)計(jì)總體方案設(shè)計(jì)是本設(shè)計(jì)的主體,應(yīng)用理論力學(xué)的桿件結(jié)構(gòu),初步規(guī)劃其基本架構(gòu)。
結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)合理,符合基本功能要求。閘瓦與車輪之間有 2~3mm 的間隙,閘瓦裝在車輪水平中心線以下,使閘瓦壓力中心線同車輪水平線成約 8°~10°夾角。當(dāng)緩解時(shí),閘瓦能可靠地返回原位,這種制動(dòng)裝置結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單能產(chǎn)生足夠的制動(dòng)力。
(2)機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)主要零件設(shè)計(jì)根據(jù)桿件的受力情況,利用杠桿原理以及材料力學(xué)相關(guān)公式計(jì)算桿件的長(zhǎng)度及橫截
面積,根據(jù)具體情況取值,已得到較合理的構(gòu)件尺寸。(3)分析閘瓦的失效原因
由于閘瓦與車輪踏面的摩擦,導(dǎo)致閘瓦磨損;安裝不當(dāng),導(dǎo)致閘瓦偏磨;閘瓦表面點(diǎn)蝕、斷裂等。
(4)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化
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通過(guò)分析制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)存在的問(wèn)題,對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,使得設(shè)計(jì)的結(jié)構(gòu)更實(shí)用,更能滿足制動(dòng)的各方面要求。
1.4.2 課題研究的思路
(1)首先根據(jù)礦用機(jī)車的粘重 8t、單機(jī)制動(dòng)距離 12m、最大速度 17.5Km/h 和千分之五直線下坡道等已知條件,計(jì)算出閘瓦的制動(dòng)力;然后通過(guò)閘瓦與車輪踏面的摩擦系數(shù),計(jì)算出閘瓦受到的正壓力;再通過(guò)杠桿原理、合力矩和制動(dòng)倍率等計(jì)算桿件的長(zhǎng)度尺寸;通過(guò)應(yīng)力分析,計(jì)算桿件橫截面積,從而得到基本架構(gòu)。至于閘瓦,按照車輪滾動(dòng)圓直徑 680mm,選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件,扎瓦托根據(jù)閘瓦尺寸鑄造。
(2)通過(guò)對(duì)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)三維建模、虛擬樣機(jī)、有限元分析等分析閘瓦失效形式及原因,采取措施,進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化。
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第 2 章 總體方案設(shè)計(jì)
2.1 機(jī)車的主要參數(shù)及制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)介
2.1.1 機(jī)車的主要參數(shù)
本文研究的機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)來(lái)源于 8t 礦用窄軌電機(jī)車,其外形如圖 2.1 所示:
圖 2.1 8t 礦用窄軌電機(jī)車
其主要參數(shù)如下:
外形尺寸(長(zhǎng)×寬×高):4360×1050×1550
機(jī)車粘重:8t
軌距:600mm
固定軸距:1150mm
車輪滾動(dòng)圓直徑:680mm
最小轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑:7m
調(diào)速方式:斬波調(diào)速制動(dòng)方式:電氣、機(jī)械制動(dòng)
結(jié)構(gòu)速度(最大速度):17.5Km/h
2.1.2 機(jī)車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)介
機(jī)車制動(dòng)就是人為地制止機(jī)車的運(yùn)動(dòng),包括減速和駐車,駐車也就是平時(shí)說(shuō)的停車。機(jī)車解除或削弱其制動(dòng)作用的成為“緩解”。為施行制動(dòng)和緩解而在機(jī)車上安裝的整套設(shè)備稱為機(jī)車的“制動(dòng)裝置”。 “制動(dòng)”與“制動(dòng)裝置”均簡(jiǎn)稱為“閘”,施行制動(dòng)既
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可簡(jiǎn)稱為“上閘”亦可簡(jiǎn)稱為“下閘”,使制動(dòng)得到緩解則簡(jiǎn)稱為“松閘”。[4]
由制動(dòng)裝置產(chǎn)生的與列車運(yùn)行方向相反的外力,稱為“制動(dòng)力”。這是人為的阻力,
它比在列車運(yùn)行中由于各種原因自然產(chǎn)生的阻力一般要大得多。所以,盡管在制動(dòng)減速過(guò)程中,列車運(yùn)行阻力(自然阻力)也在起作用,但起主要作用的還是列車制動(dòng)力(人為阻力)。
從司機(jī)施行制動(dòng)(將手輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng))的瞬間起,到列車速度降為零的瞬間止,列車所駛過(guò)的距離,稱為列車“制動(dòng)距離”。這是綜合反映列車制動(dòng)裝置的性能和實(shí)際制動(dòng)效果的主要技術(shù)指標(biāo)。有的國(guó)家使用的是平均減速度作為其主要技術(shù)指標(biāo)。為了確保行車安全,
世界各國(guó)都要根據(jù)本國(guó)鐵路情況 (主要是列車速度、牽引重量、信號(hào)和制動(dòng)技術(shù)等)制
訂出自己的制動(dòng)距離(或減速度)標(biāo)準(zhǔn))緊急制動(dòng)距離最大允許值,又稱“計(jì)算制動(dòng)距離”。
[4]比如 8t 礦用電力機(jī)車的單機(jī)制動(dòng)距離≤12m。
目前,鐵路機(jī)車車輛采用的制動(dòng)方式最普遍的是閘瓦制動(dòng)。用鑄鐵或其他材料制成的瓦狀制動(dòng)塊,在制動(dòng)時(shí)抱緊車輪踏面,通過(guò)摩擦使車輪停止轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。在這一過(guò)程中,制動(dòng)裝置要將巨大的動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闊崮芟⒂诖髿庵?。而這種制動(dòng)效果的好壞,卻主要取決于摩擦熱能的消散能力。使用閘瓦制動(dòng)方式時(shí),閘瓦摩擦面積小,大部分熱負(fù)荷有車輪來(lái)承擔(dān)。機(jī)車的速度越高,制動(dòng)時(shí)車輪的熱負(fù)荷也越大。當(dāng)車輪踏面溫度增高到一定程
度時(shí),就會(huì)使踏面磨損、裂紋或剝離,既影響使用壽命也影響行車安全。[5]但由于礦用電機(jī)車最大速度只有 17.5Km/h,速度不高,采用中磷鑄鐵閘瓦,溫度可在 150℃以內(nèi),不至于使閘瓦熔化。
鐵路機(jī)車制動(dòng)機(jī)按制動(dòng)原動(dòng)力和操縱控制方式的不同,可分為手制動(dòng)機(jī)、空氣制動(dòng)機(jī)、電空制動(dòng)機(jī)、電磁制動(dòng)機(jī)和真空制動(dòng)機(jī)。
手制動(dòng)機(jī)是以人力為制動(dòng)原動(dòng)力,以手輪的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向和手力大小來(lái)操縱控制。構(gòu)造
簡(jiǎn)單,費(fèi)用低廉,是鐵路史上使用最久遠(yuǎn),生命力最頑強(qiáng)的制動(dòng)機(jī)。[5]本文中研究的是機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng),即為手制動(dòng)機(jī)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。
2.2 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的方案確定及工作原理
2.2.1 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的方案確定
本文的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)基本結(jié)構(gòu)屬于五桿的桿件結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)規(guī)定,在制動(dòng)過(guò)程中,對(duì)手輪施加的力不能大于 160N。鑒于此規(guī)定,制動(dòng)桿的動(dòng)力臂與阻力臂之比大約為 6:1,即制動(dòng)倍
6
率為 6 倍。雙司機(jī)室控制的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)便于往返時(shí)控制,手輪產(chǎn)生扭矩通過(guò)扭力桿和齒輪傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)現(xiàn)兩端司機(jī)室的控制。該制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)車輪成對(duì)制動(dòng),調(diào)節(jié)器作為二力桿,產(chǎn)生大小相等方向相反的作用力,使得制動(dòng)更可靠。輪對(duì)制動(dòng),減小了閘瓦正壓力,縮短了制動(dòng)距離。制動(dòng)裝置是保證電機(jī)車安全運(yùn)行、滿足運(yùn)輸要求的必備結(jié)構(gòu),其手動(dòng)機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)示意圖如下圖:
圖 2.2 機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)示意圖
1—手輪;2—橫臂總車;3—特殊螺母;4—制動(dòng)絲桿;5—制動(dòng)桿構(gòu)件;6—輪對(duì);7—調(diào)節(jié)器;8—閘瓦;9—圓錐滾子軸承;10—傳動(dòng)齒輪。
2.2.2 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的工作原理
進(jìn)行制動(dòng)操作時(shí)順時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)手輪,其絲桿螺母?jìng)鲃?dòng)副 3、4 帶動(dòng)橫臂 2 水平移動(dòng),與 2 相連的拉桿機(jī)構(gòu) 5 帶動(dòng)閘瓦 8 貼緊車輪 6 踏面,對(duì)車輪施加阻力距使電機(jī)車減速直至停止。調(diào)節(jié)器 7 是個(gè)二力桿,使得兩個(gè)閘瓦所受到的力大小基本相等,調(diào)節(jié)器還起到調(diào)節(jié)閘瓦與踏面間隙的作用。緩解時(shí),只要逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)手輪即可,裝置會(huì)使得閘瓦自動(dòng)復(fù)位。若是在右邊手輪控制時(shí),同樣是順時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)手輪制動(dòng),通過(guò)齒輪傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)和扭力桿傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)和扭矩,使得兩個(gè)手輪同步。由于該系統(tǒng)是由人力來(lái)操作的,因此要求杠桿機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)要使手輪操作力不大于 160N 力,否則要改用氣動(dòng)操作的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。
制動(dòng)時(shí),由于制動(dòng)桿 5 的力臂大約是阻力臂的 6 倍,所以手輪所承受的扭矩不會(huì)太大,因此作用在手輪上的力也不會(huì)很大。
7
第 3 章 機(jī)車機(jī)械制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
3.1 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的制動(dòng)能力計(jì)算
根據(jù)已經(jīng)條件:機(jī)車粘重 8t,最大速度 17.5Km/h,制動(dòng)距離不大于 12m,軌道坡度千分之五。根據(jù)《列車牽引計(jì)算規(guī)程》中的制動(dòng)理論[3-4],其制動(dòng)能力計(jì)算如下。
(1)制動(dòng)距離
制動(dòng)距離由兩部分組成,空走距離 Sm 和有效制動(dòng)距離 Sn 之和,即
S mn = S m + S n = v0tk + 4.17(v0 - v末) (m) 3.6 Fb + w0 + i j
式中,v0 為制動(dòng)時(shí)的速度;tk 為機(jī)車空走時(shí)間;v末 為制動(dòng)后的速度,即為 0;Fb 為單位制動(dòng)力;w0 為列車單位基本阻力;i j 為制動(dòng)地段的線路坡度千分?jǐn)?shù),上坡取正,下坡取負(fù),水平軌道取 0。
制動(dòng)初速度 v0 取機(jī)車的最大運(yùn)行速度,即 v0 =17.5Km/h,空走時(shí)間 tk 取 1.4s,即 tk =1.4s。則空走距離:
S m = v0tk = 17.5 ′1.4 =6.8(m) 3.6 3.6
由于 S mn ≤12m,所以 S n ≤S mn - S m =12-6.8=5.2(m),即
4.17(v
0
- v )
末
≤5.2
①
Fb + w0 + i j
F b =1000j jJ
②
式中,j j 為閘瓦的車輪踏面的摩擦系數(shù);J 為制動(dòng)率。
w0
¢
P
¢
w0
=
=w0
③
P
式中,w0¢ 為機(jī)車單位基本阻力;P 為機(jī)車粘著質(zhì)量。
w0¢=2.26+0.024v+0.00025 v2
機(jī)車在平直軌道上試驗(yàn)。i j =0 ④
由上述式子得:F b =1000j jJ ≥242.83 (N) ⑤
(2)制動(dòng)力
制動(dòng)力等于閘瓦總壓力與摩擦系數(shù)的乘積,而摩擦系數(shù)與制動(dòng)初速度 v0 和瞬時(shí)速
8
度 v 有關(guān)。故摩擦系數(shù)采用了以下簡(jiǎn)化公式(中磷鑄鐵閘瓦):
j j =0.356′
0.4v + 100
⑥
4v + 100
式中,v 為機(jī)車的運(yùn)行速度。閘瓦的摩擦系數(shù)隨著速度的增大而減小,故為了保證機(jī)車制動(dòng)的安全性,v 取機(jī)車最大運(yùn)行速度。V=17.5Km/h,故制動(dòng)力為:
F 制 = ?(Kj j ) ⑦
在(1)中,F(xiàn) b 取 245N,即 F b =1000j jJ =245N ⑧
由⑥、⑧式代入數(shù)據(jù)得:J =1.11
(3)制動(dòng)率
J =
? K
⑨
1000Pg
式中,? K 為閘瓦總壓力;g=9.81N/Kg。
由⑨式代入數(shù)據(jù)得:? K =87112.8 (N)
(4)制動(dòng)防抱死條件由⑦式代入數(shù)據(jù)得:F 制 =19164.82 (N)
由湘潭電機(jī)廠提供的粘著系數(shù)y = 0.25 可以求得車輪與軌道的粘著力,粘著力等于
粘重與粘著系數(shù)的乘積,即
B=1000Pgy =1000′ 8′ 9.81′ .025=19620 (N)
制動(dòng)力受到粘著條件的限制,最大制動(dòng)力必須不大于粘著力。如果制動(dòng)力超過(guò)最大制動(dòng)力,粘著條件被破壞,機(jī)車車輪被“抱死”,從而產(chǎn)生“打滑” 現(xiàn)象。而從上述的
計(jì)算來(lái)看,制動(dòng)力 F 制 ≤B,所以制動(dòng)時(shí)不會(huì)出現(xiàn)打滑現(xiàn)象。(5)制動(dòng)倍率閘瓦的傳動(dòng)率hz =0.85,所以每個(gè)閘瓦受到的反作用力為:
N=
? K
=
87112.8
=25621.41
(N)
0.85 ′ 4
0.85 ′ 4
傳動(dòng)倍率:g
z
=
N
FA
3.2 桿件結(jié)構(gòu)的受力分析與力學(xué)計(jì)算
3.2.1 桿件結(jié)構(gòu)的受力分析
9
制動(dòng)桿與拉桿銷釘連接,制動(dòng)時(shí)制動(dòng)桿受到水平方向的拉力;制動(dòng)桿與閘瓦托也是銷釘連接,制動(dòng)時(shí)此處受到閘瓦托的反作用力,大小等于閘瓦對(duì)車輪踏面的正壓力;制動(dòng)桿與調(diào)節(jié)器也是銷釘連接,受到調(diào)節(jié)器給它水平方向的推力。右邊連桿的受力與制動(dòng)桿差不多,這里不再贅述。機(jī)構(gòu)受力分析如下圖:
圖 3.1 機(jī)構(gòu)受力分析
3.2.2 桿件結(jié)構(gòu)的力學(xué)計(jì)算
如圖 3.1,現(xiàn)對(duì)前制動(dòng)裝置(左邊部分)進(jìn)行力學(xué)計(jì)算。閘瓦的安裝位置與水平線成10° 夾角,即 N1 與水平線成10° 夾角。由圖設(shè)計(jì)尺寸可得:L1 = 672mm ,L2 = 562mm ,
L3 = L1 - L2 = 110mm ,L4 = 112mm ,L5 = 9mm ,L6 = 305mm ,L7 = 406mm 。
豎直方向上合力為零,即
? Fy = 0 ,F(xiàn)C cos15° = N1 sin10° ⑴
10
B 點(diǎn)合力偶矩為零,即
? M B = 0 ,F(xiàn)A × L1 = N1 × L4 + FC × L5 ⑵
C 點(diǎn)合力偶矩為零,即
? M C = 0 ,F(xiàn)A × L2 = FB × L3 ⑶
由(1)式代入數(shù)據(jù)得:FC = 4490.35 (N)
由(2)式代入數(shù)據(jù)得:FA = 4330.37 (N)
由(3)式代入數(shù)據(jù)得:FB = 22124.25 (N)
絲桿受到的拉力:
Fa = 2FA = 2 ′ 4330.37 = 8660.74 (N)
手輪直徑:
取絲桿的公稱直徑為f36 mm,由圖 3.1 可知,拉桿需要沿水平方向運(yùn)動(dòng) 25.6mm,閘瓦才開(kāi)始接觸車輪踏面,根據(jù) GB5796.3—86,選用螺距 I=10mm,也即手輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)兩圈半閘瓦開(kāi)始對(duì)車輪施加壓力制動(dòng)。手輪轉(zhuǎn)矩為:
Ta =
Fa × I
2
′ 3.14 × n1
式中,n1 為進(jìn)給絲桿的效率,取n1 =0.94。代入數(shù)據(jù)得:Ta =14671.26 N·mm
因?yàn)?Ta = F × d F 為施加在手輪上的力,d 為手輪直徑。且 F≤160N
所以 d 3
Ta
=
14671.26
= 91.70 mm ,
取 d=300mm。
160
F
對(duì)后制動(dòng)裝置進(jìn)行力學(xué)計(jì)算。同理,閘瓦對(duì)車輪的正壓力方向與水平方向成10° 的
夾角,即 N2 與水平線成10° 夾角。
E 點(diǎn)合力偶矩為零,即
? M E = 0 , FG × L7 = N2 × L6 (4)
因?yàn)?BG 屬于二力桿,則有 FG = FB = 22124.25 (N),由(4)式代入數(shù)據(jù)得:
N2 = 29450.64 (N)
對(duì)連桿在豎直方向合力為零,即
? F
= 0 ,F(xiàn)
cos15 = N
sin10
(5)
y
F
2
由(5)式代入數(shù)據(jù)得:FF =5161.45 (N)
3.3 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)主要零件的尺寸計(jì)算與確定
11
以下涉及力學(xué)計(jì)算的公式均來(lái)自《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》表 1—64,桿件計(jì)算的基本公式[10]。
(1)制動(dòng)桿的尺寸計(jì)算與確定
在制動(dòng)過(guò)程中,制動(dòng)桿主要受到彎曲應(yīng)力,因此,現(xiàn)對(duì)制動(dòng)桿危險(xiǎn)截面進(jìn)行彎曲應(yīng)
力計(jì)算。制動(dòng)桿選用 Q235 材料,根據(jù) GB/T700,材料的彎曲許用應(yīng)力[s ] =158~235Mpa,
取[s ] =160Mpa,制動(dòng)桿的受力分析簡(jiǎn)圖如下圖:
圖 3.2 制動(dòng)桿受力分析
制動(dòng)桿的彎矩圖如下圖:
圖 3.3 制動(dòng)桿彎矩圖
由彎矩圖知,C 截面為危險(xiǎn)截面,設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)取制動(dòng)桿寬度為 20mm,即 b=20mm。則
s = M max
Wz
式中,M max 為危險(xiǎn)截面彎矩;Wz 為抗彎截面系數(shù)。
M
max
= F × L
,W
=
bh
2
。
B3
z
6
危險(xiǎn)截面彎曲應(yīng)力不能大于許用彎曲應(yīng)力,即s = M max ≤[s ]
Wz
由上述式子代入數(shù)據(jù)得:h≥67.55mm,取 h=97mm。
制動(dòng)桿零件圖如下圖:
12
圖 3.4 制動(dòng)桿零件圖
(2)銷釘?shù)募羟袘?yīng)力
銷釘選用 Q235 材料,其剪切許用應(yīng)力[t ] = 100MPa ,則
t = FAs ≤[t ],F(xiàn)s = N21 , A = p ( d2 )2
由上述式子代入數(shù)據(jù)得:d≥12.77mm。取 d=23.5mm。
其他銷釘?shù)挠?jì)算方法一樣,具體尺寸見(jiàn)總裝圖。
(3)拉桿的抗拉強(qiáng)度
拉桿選用 Q235 材料,由《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》2008,碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼的力學(xué)性能得,Q235
鋼的抗拉強(qiáng)度為[s ] =375~500Mpa,取[s ] =375Mpa。由《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》桿件計(jì)算的基
本公式[10]得,
s = PA ≤[s ] ,P 為拉桿承受的拉力,P=F A =4330.37 N;A 為拉桿橫截面積,A = a2 。
由此解得:a ≥3.4mm。由于制動(dòng)桿的厚度為 20mm,為了與之配合協(xié)調(diào),取a =20mm。
拉桿的長(zhǎng)度根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的需要以及在機(jī)車安裝的位置定,取長(zhǎng)度為 1090mm。拉桿零件圖如下圖:
圖 3.5 拉桿零件圖
(4)扭力桿在扭矩作用下的剪切應(yīng)力和最大扭轉(zhuǎn)角扭力桿選用 Q235 材料,其在扭矩作用下的許用剪切應(yīng)力為[t ] = 98MPa 。由《機(jī)械
設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》桿件計(jì)算的基本公式[10]得,
M
t max = W K ≤[t ]
K
式中,M K 為扭力桿所受扭矩;WK 為抗扭截面模數(shù)。
13
M K =14671.26 N·mm,WK = J K = pd 3 。由上述式子代入數(shù)據(jù)得: r 16
d≥9.14mm,取 d=38mm。
在扭矩作用下的最大扭轉(zhuǎn)角j :
j =
M K l
×
180
(°/m)
GJ K
p
式中,l 為桿長(zhǎng);G 為材料剪切彈性模數(shù); J K 為抗扭慣性矩。
G =
E
2(1 + m)
式中,E 為彈性模量,m 為泊松比。Q235 的剪切彈性模數(shù) G=79GPa。
J K = pd 4
32
材料的許用扭轉(zhuǎn)角[j] = 1.5 / m
由此解得:l ≤28819.59mm 。取l =2188mm。
扭力桿零件圖如下圖:
圖 3.6 扭力桿零件圖
(5)連桿的抗拉強(qiáng)度及彎曲應(yīng)力由圖 3.1 受力分析可知,后制動(dòng)裝置中連桿受到FF = 5161.45 (N)拉力,受到FG
和 N2 共同作用的彎矩。連桿的零件圖如下圖:
14
圖 3.7 連桿零件圖
對(duì)連桿受力分析如下圖:
圖 3.8 連桿受力分析
連桿的彎矩圖如下圖:
圖 3.9 連桿彎矩圖
15
將 FG 分解為水平和豎直兩個(gè)方向(相對(duì)于圖 3.8 )的力,其中
FGy = FG cos10 =21788.13 (N)。F 截面為最大彎矩截面處,則
M max =112×21788.13=2440270.56 (N·mm)
連桿選用 Q235 材料,根據(jù) GB/T700,材料的彎曲許用應(yīng)力[s ] =158~235Mpa。設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)取連桿厚度為 20mm,即 b=20mm,最大彎曲應(yīng)力截面處高度為 95mm,即 h=95mm。則此處的彎曲應(yīng)力為:
s = M max
Wz
bh2
式中,M max 為危險(xiǎn)截面彎矩;Wz 為抗彎截面系數(shù)。Wz = 6 。
由此解得:s =81.12 Mpa<[s ] ,因此所設(shè)計(jì)尺寸符合要求。
(6) 絲桿的抗拉強(qiáng)度及抗扭強(qiáng)度
在機(jī)車制動(dòng)過(guò)程中,絲桿受到軸向拉力及絲桿螺母副產(chǎn)生的扭矩。絲桿零件圖如下
圖:
圖 3.10 絲桿零件圖
絲桿選用 Q235 材料,由《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》2008,碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼的力學(xué)性能得,Q235
鋼的抗拉強(qiáng)度為[s ] =375~500Mpa,取[s ] =375Mpa。由《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》桿件計(jì)算的
基本公式[10]得,
s = PA ≤[s ]
式中,P 為拉桿承受的拉力,P= Fa =8660.74 N;A 為拉桿橫截面積, A = p ( d2 )2 。
由此解得:d≥5.42mm。
絲桿在扭矩作用下的許用剪切應(yīng)力為[t ] = 98MPa 。由《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》桿件計(jì)算
的基本公式[10]得,
M
t max = W K ≤[t ]
K
式中,M K 為扭力桿所受扭矩;WK 為抗扭截面模數(shù)。
16
M K =14671.26 N·mm,WK = J K = pd 3 。由上述式子代入數(shù)據(jù)得: r 16
d≥9.14mm,綜合拉力與剪切應(yīng)力計(jì)算的直徑,絲桿最小截面處直徑取 d=25mm。
絲桿在扭矩作用下的最大扭轉(zhuǎn)角j :
j =
M K l
×
180
(°/m)
GJ K
p
式中,l 為桿長(zhǎng);G 為材料剪切彈性模數(shù); J K 為抗扭慣性矩。
G =
E
2(1 + m)
式中,E 為彈性模量,m 為泊松比。Q235 的剪切彈性模數(shù) G=79GPa。
J K = pd 4
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材料的許用扭轉(zhuǎn)角[j] = 1.5 / m
由此可解得:l ≤4587.04mm,根據(jù)機(jī)構(gòu)的需要取l =458mm。
3.4 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件及外購(gòu)件的選用
(1)閘瓦的選用
根據(jù)窄軌工礦電機(jī)車用閘瓦 JB/T3267——1991 以及機(jī)車車輪滾動(dòng)圓直徑f680 mm,
選用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)閘瓦,閘瓦材料為中磷鑄鐵(HT150)。閘瓦零件圖如下圖:
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