2018-2019學(xué)年高中英語 Unit 23 Conflict Section Ⅳ課時(shí)語法精講 北師大版選修8

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1、 Unit 23 Conflict Section Ⅳ 課時(shí)語法精講 KESHIYUFAJINGJIANG [語法·預(yù)備役] 用括號(hào)里動(dòng)詞的正確形式完成下面的句子 1．Why ____________ (have) you ____________ (be) in touch? 答案：haven't；been 2．You ____________ (have) my e-mail for ages! 答案：have had 3．At least by the time I get back I ____________ (read) that awfully boring

2、book that my history teacher has made me read over the holidays. 答案：will have read 4．If I ____________ (realise) it was that dangerous I ____________ never ____________ (stand) so close! 答案：had realised；would；have stood 5．I suppose they ____________ (know) me since I was a baby. 答案：must have kn

3、own 6．I ____________ (be) out helping my grandfather with his fence. 答案：should have been [語法·講座] 表達(dá)完成的動(dòng)詞形式 1．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have/has＋過去分詞”構(gòu)成，主要有兩個(gè)含義： ①表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響，有時(shí)無時(shí)間狀語，有時(shí)和一些所指時(shí)間不具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，如：just, yet, already, before, recently, lately等。 ②表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并還可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作，用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，且句中常

4、帶有表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語，如：since, for等。 (2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)都能表示過去發(fā)生過的動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，并且表示這一動(dòng)作已完成或還可能繼續(xù)下去；一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在的情況沒有聯(lián)系，僅表示過去的動(dòng)作，且這一動(dòng)作到說話時(shí)已終止。因此現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能與明確地表示過去時(shí)間的狀語如when I was five years old, in 1949, yesterday, last week等連用，并且用when或where對(duì)這些時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)狀語提問時(shí)，一般只用一般過去時(shí)。 (3)在“It is the first/second...time that...”

5、或在“It/This/That is the ＋最高級(jí)＋名詞＋that...”結(jié)構(gòu)中，that從句中的動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；由since引導(dǎo)的從句一般用過去時(shí)，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 2．過去完成時(shí) (1)過去完成時(shí)適用的場(chǎng)合 ①過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作。這個(gè)過去的時(shí)間常用by，before等構(gòu)成的介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語表示出來，也可以暗含在上下文中。如： I had finished my homework before supper. 我在晚飯前就把作業(yè)做完了。 The play had already started when we got to th

6、e theatre. 我們到劇場(chǎng)時(shí)戲已經(jīng)開始了。 By the end of June they had treated over 10,000 patients. 到六月底他們已經(jīng)治療了一萬多個(gè)病人。 ②過去完成時(shí)還可表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個(gè)時(shí)間。如： He had served in the army for ten years before he retired last year. 他在部隊(duì)干了十年，去年退伍了。 He told me that he had known her since he was a child. 他告訴我他從小就認(rèn)識(shí)她

7、。 He had learned English for eight years before he went to England for further study. 他在去英國深造前，已學(xué)了八年英語。 ③在一段情景連貫的文字中，先發(fā)生的事放在后面敘述時(shí)，要用過去完成時(shí)。如： Tom flew home, but his father had already died. 湯姆乘飛機(jī)回家，但他的父親卻已經(jīng)去世了。 ④過去完成時(shí)也用于had＋just/barely/scarcely/hardly＋done...when...，no sooner...than..., It was

8、the first time ＋that等一些固定句型中。如： He had no sooner left the room than they began to talk about him. 他剛離開房間，他們就議論起他來。 We had hardly begun when we were told to stop. 我們剛開始就被叫停。 It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tone. 這是他第一次用這樣的語氣跟我講話。 (2)過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的比較 ①當(dāng)一個(gè)由before，aft

9、er，as soon as等連詞引導(dǎo)的從句所表示的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生時(shí)，可用一般過去時(shí)來表示。如： We had breakfast after we did morning exercises. 做完早操后，我們吃早飯。 The train started to move just before he reached the platform. 他還沒到月臺(tái)，火車就開走了。 They started ploughing as soon as they got to the fields. 他們一到地里就開始耕地。 ②按時(shí)間順序敘述兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，用一般過

10、去時(shí)。如： He entered the room, turned on the light and sat down at the table. 他走進(jìn)屋子，打開燈，坐在桌子旁。 ③在表示某人未曾完成的愿望，僅限于expect, hope，plan，think等動(dòng)詞，常用過去完成時(shí)。如： I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn't catch the train. 我本來希望昨晚回來的，但沒趕上火車。 We had thought to return early but they wouldn't let us go. 我們本

11、想早回來的，但他們不讓我們走。 ④在表示過去的句子中出現(xiàn)常與完成時(shí)態(tài)連用的詞，如：already，yet，since，for，ever，never及表示次數(shù)的名詞等時(shí)，常用過去完成時(shí)來表示。如： When we got there the basketball match had already started. 我們到那里時(shí)，籃球賽已經(jīng)開始了。 The old man said that he wanted to go where he had never been. 老人說他想到他從未去過的地方去。 ⑤如果句中出現(xiàn)了表示具體的過去時(shí)間的狀語，句子的內(nèi)容為過去的實(shí)際情況或句子的內(nèi)

12、容為歷史事實(shí)時(shí)，常用一般過去時(shí)。如： The teacher said that it was Columbus who first discovered the American continent. 老師說是哥倫布最早發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲大陸。 ⑥表述說話人始料未及的事情時(shí)，常用一般過去時(shí)。由于受漢語表述習(xí)慣的影響，常會(huì)用錯(cuò)時(shí)態(tài)。如： Jack, you are also here! I didn't see you. 杰克，你也在這里??！我沒有看見你。 3．將來完成時(shí) (1)將來完成時(shí)由“shall/will＋have＋動(dòng)詞過去分詞”構(gòu)成，用來表示在將來某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成或一直持續(xù)

13、的動(dòng)作。經(jīng)常與“before＋將來時(shí)間”或“by＋將來時(shí)間”連用，也可與before或by the time引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句連用。如： They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時(shí)，他們將已經(jīng)結(jié)婚20年了。 You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 到明天的這個(gè)時(shí)候，你將已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了。 (2)將來完成時(shí)的用法 ①表示在將來某一時(shí)間之前已完成的動(dòng)作，并往往對(duì)將來產(chǎn)生影響。如： We shall have learned 12 units by the

14、end of this term. 到這個(gè)學(xué)期末，我們將學(xué)完12個(gè)單元。 By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 你到家之前我將把房子徹底打掃完一遍了。 ②表示某種狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到說話人所提及的時(shí)間。如： We will have been married for a year by June 25th. 到6月25日我們結(jié)婚就滿一年了。 4．“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have done”結(jié)構(gòu) (1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/could，may/might，must與have done連用，表示

15、對(duì)過去事情作出的猜測(cè)。如： The room is empty. Where can he have gone? 房間里沒有人，他能到哪里去了呢？ (2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could，should，might，would，need與have done連用，表示說話人主觀臆想存在而實(shí)際上并不存在的事。如： You should have finished the work much better since the working conditions have improved a lot. 由于工作條件大大改善了，你本來應(yīng)該把工作做得更好些。 5．現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式having done

16、 (1)現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式的基本用法 從動(dòng)作關(guān)系上看，現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式主要表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前的動(dòng)作；從用法上看，現(xiàn)在分詞完成式主要用作狀語，表示時(shí)間或原因等。 ①表示時(shí)間　如： Having noted down our names and addresses, the policeman dismissed us. 那個(gè)警察把我們的姓名和地址記下之后就讓我們走了。 Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner. 在找好旅館之后，我們就去找吃飯的地方了。 ②表示原因　如： Having been

17、there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去過那兒一次，她對(duì)那地方很熟悉。 Having invited him here to speak, we'd better go to his lecture. 既然我們已經(jīng)邀請(qǐng)他來這兒演講了，我們最好去聽聽。 (2)現(xiàn)在分詞完成形式的否定式 將not置于整個(gè)分詞之前構(gòu)成其否定形式。如： Not having done it right, I tried again. 我由于沒有做對(duì)，所以又試了試。 Not having finished his work, he could not l

18、eave the office. 由于工作沒干完，所以他不能離開辦公室。 Not having received an answer, she decided to write him another letter. 由于沒收到他的回信，所以她決定再給他寫一封信。 (3)現(xiàn)在分詞一般式與完成式的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于謂語的動(dòng)作，但兩者有區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞一般式所表示的動(dòng)作雖然可以先于謂語動(dòng)作，但兩者之間沒有時(shí)間間隔，而現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式所表示的先于謂語的動(dòng)作則與謂語動(dòng)作有一定的時(shí)間間隔。如： Locking the door, she went out. 她

19、鎖上門出去了。 Having lost his job, he began to interest himself in local voluntary work. 他失業(yè)后便開始關(guān)注地方的志愿工作了。 注意：當(dāng)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作之間有一段時(shí)間間隔時(shí)，必須用分詞的完成式。如： Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 已經(jīng)失敗了兩次，他不想再試了。 當(dāng)?shù)谝粋€(gè)動(dòng)作持續(xù)一段時(shí)間時(shí)，必須用分詞的完成式。如： Having been his own boss for such a long time, he found it hard to

20、 accept orders from another. 自己當(dāng)老板已經(jīng)這么久了，他覺得難以聽從別人的差遣。 ⊙強(qiáng)化印證 完成句子 1．Prices ____________ sharply over the past six months. 在過去的六個(gè)月里價(jià)格急劇下降。 答案：have fallen 2．She walked to the station only to find that the train ____________. 她走進(jìn)車站發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)離開了。 答案：had already left 3．The city is said ____________

21、 into a modern art center. 據(jù)說這個(gè)城市發(fā)展成了一個(gè)現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)中心。 答案：to have developed 4．____________ by the teacher, Wang Ming gave up smoking. 受到老師批評(píng)后，王明戒煙了。 答案：Having been criticized 5．This novel is said ____________ into English. 據(jù)說這部小說已經(jīng)被譯成了英語。 答案：to have been translated 6．It ____________ last night for

22、the road is quite muddy. 昨天晚上一定下雨了，因?yàn)榈缆泛苣酀簟? 答案：must have rained [考點(diǎn)·研討] 1． I found the lecture hard to follow because it ____________ (start) when I arrived. 答案研討：had started　句意：我發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)演講很難理解，因?yàn)楫?dāng)我到達(dá)時(shí)，它已經(jīng)開始了。arrive這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，而start又發(fā)生在arrive之前，表示過去的過去。故應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)。對(duì)于過去完成時(shí)一般情況下表示過去的過去，或有by、before等時(shí)間短語標(biāo)志

23、。 2.—How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing? —Well, the media ____________ (cover) it in a variety of forms. 答案研討：have covered　句意：——你對(duì)在南京舉辦的青奧會(huì)了解很多嗎？——哦，媒體以各種形式報(bào)道了這件事?？疾闀r(shí)態(tài)。句中沒有明顯的時(shí)間狀語，這時(shí)要根據(jù)對(duì)話語境來判斷時(shí)態(tài)。由對(duì)話可知報(bào)道一事發(fā)生在過去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響是“回答人知道了此事，”故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 3. The engine just

24、won't start. Something seems ____________ (go) wrong with it. 答案研討：to have gone　考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)無法啟動(dòng)?？雌饋硭隽诵﹩栴}。sb./sth.seems加不定式，為固定句式，常指“似乎發(fā)生了什么”。而此處故障已經(jīng)發(fā)生了，故使用seem to have done，明確兩個(gè)句子之間的時(shí)間對(duì)比是解題關(guān)鍵。 4. I got to the office earlier that day, ____________ (catch) the 7∶30 train from Paddington. 答案研討：h

25、aving caught　考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：因?yàn)橼s上了來自Paddington的7∶30的火車，所以那天我較早到達(dá)了辦公室。根據(jù)句意可知，catch這一動(dòng)作和主語I之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前，所以用having done的形式。明確狀語與主句之間的時(shí)間先后是本題的解題關(guān)鍵。 5. Since the time human kind started gardening, we ____________ (try) to make our environment more beautiful. 答案研討：have been trying　考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意：自從人類開始園藝以來，我們

26、一直努力使我們的環(huán)境更美。由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語，可知用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，又由句意可知try動(dòng)作還會(huì)持續(xù)下去，故用進(jìn)行時(shí)，綜合一下應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。時(shí)間狀語since是完成時(shí)態(tài)的標(biāo)志性時(shí)間，是本題的解題關(guān)鍵。 [達(dá)標(biāo)·演練] Ⅰ.完成句子 1．He ____________ Let the Bullets Fly twice. 他已經(jīng)看了兩遍電影《讓子彈飛》。 答案：has seen the film 2．How many English films ____________ by the end of last month? 到上個(gè)月底，你看了多少部英文電影？ 答案：had

27、you seen 3．At last they got the letter they ____________. 最后他們收到了他們一直期待的信。 答案：had been expecting 4．____________ a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner. 在找好旅館之后，我們就去找吃飯的地方了。 答案：Having found 5．____________ twice, he didn't want to try again. 失敗了兩次，他不想再試了。 答案：Having failed 6．These ye

28、ars we ____________ some poor countries. 這些年，我們一直幫助貧窮國家。 答案：have been helping 7．The manager is said ____________ from Paris where he had met some European business partners. 據(jù)說經(jīng)理已從巴黎回來，在那他與歐洲的一些生意伙伴見面了。 答案：to have arrived/come back 8．On her next birthday, Ann ____________ for twenty years. 到她

29、下一個(gè)生日的時(shí)候，Ann就結(jié)婚二十年了。 答案：will have been married 9．They ____________ at lunchtime but their flight was delayed. 他們本應(yīng)該在午飯時(shí)到達(dá)，但他們的航班延遲了。 答案：should have arrived 10．We ____________ the house, but we can't take possession of it before July. 我們買下了這所房子，但要到七月份才算實(shí)際擁有。 答案：have bought Ⅱ.單句語法填空(不多于3個(gè)單詞)

30、1． Sofia looked around at all the faces; she had the impression that she ____________ (see) most of the guests before. 答案：had seen　句意：Sofia環(huán)顧所有的面孔，她記得以前她見過大部分客人。look發(fā)生在過去，see動(dòng)作指look之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，故用過去完成時(shí)。 2．—Tony, why are your eyes red? —I ____________ (cut) up peppers for the last five minutes. 答案：ha

31、ve been cutting　句意：—Tony，為什么你的眼睛紅了？——在過去的五分鐘，我一直在剁辣椒。由時(shí)間狀語for the last five minutes可知用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，且動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去，故用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 3． Lionel Messi, ____________ (set) the record for the most goals in a calendar year, is considered the most talented football player in Europe. 答案：having set　句意：Lionel Messi創(chuàng)下了年度進(jìn)球最多的紀(jì)

32、錄，被認(rèn)為是歐洲最有天賦的足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員。本題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)首先判斷要用非謂語動(dòng)詞，set和主語Lionel Messi之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，而且該動(dòng)作先于is considered發(fā)生，所以用having done形式。 4．－Tony, why are your eyes red? －I________ (cut) up peppers for the last five minutes. 答案：have been cutting'句意：——托尼，為什么你的眼睛紅了？——過去的五分鐘里我一直都在剁辣椒。根據(jù)本題中的for the last five minutes可以判斷

33、動(dòng)作從過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且可能現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行，故用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 5． Since I last wrote to you, a lot ____________ (happen) to me. 答案：have happened　句意：自從我上次給你寫信，發(fā)生了好多事情。含有since時(shí)間狀語從句的復(fù)合句中，主句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 6．—Why didn't you ring me up? —Sorry, I forget your phone number. Otherwise, I ____________ (ring) you up long before. 答案：woul

34、d have rung　句意：——你為什么不給我打電話呢？——抱歉，我把你的電話號(hào)碼忘了。否則我早就給你打電話了。由句意可知是對(duì)過去事實(shí)的一種虛擬。故用would have rung。 7．The storm left, ____________ (cause) a lot of damage to this area. 答案：having caused　該題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞形式和時(shí)態(tài)。cause與left都是the storm所做的，該題用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式，having caused表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在the storm left之前。 8．—Is Bob still performing?

35、 —I'm afraid not. He is said ____________ (leave) the stage already as he has become an official. 答案：to have left　該題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞形式和時(shí)態(tài)。動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式表示過去發(fā)生的事或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。I'm afraid not.表示Bob不再演出，已經(jīng)離開了舞臺(tái)。 9． Little Tom admitted ____________ (steal) in the shop, promising that he wouldn't do that in future. 答案：ha

36、ving stolen/stealing　本題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：小湯姆承認(rèn)在商店里偷過東西，保證今后不會(huì)再做那事了。admit doing sth.或admit having done sth.“承認(rèn)做過某事”。 10．—Has he finished his report yet? —I'm not sure. He ____________ (write) the report these days. 答案：has been writing　句意：——他完成報(bào)告了嗎？——我不確定。這些日子他一直在寫這份報(bào)告。these days通常與完成時(shí)態(tài)連用，又由I'm not sure可知他可能還沒完成，現(xiàn)在正在寫，故用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 9