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鞍山科技大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文） 第1頁
THE SELF-GRINDING MECHANISM AND AFFECTING FACTORS OF BULK MATERIAL IN FLUID MOTION
Abstract: The fluidity and classfication of bulk material (loose body) were introduced, the self-grinding mechanism and the affecting factors bulk materials in various forms of phase, state and motion were investigated. A rotational-flow-state centrifugal autogenous grinder was developed on the basis of applying self-grinding mechanism of bulk material, the result tested by the autogenous grinder was compared with extremely high specific area were obtained. The feasibility lf the developed new-type artogenous grinder in the view of fluid motion of bulk material was proved.
Key words: motion of bulk material; self-grinding mechanism; new developed mill
1 Introduction
Comminution except coarse grinding in most commintors or crushing machines is performed in the course of motion of bulk materials. Only in a few comminting equipments such as rollermill and extruding milll, the vomminuted materials are stationary or fluid motion was provided through grasping the characteristic of fluid motion in the course of comminuting.
2 Fluid Motion of Bulk Materials
2.1Fluidity of bulk materials
In unconsolidated media mechanics, bulk material is also named loose body, it is the aggregate of interrelated solid particles, where a single particle presents the characteristic of solid and is the skeleton of the loose body. However, in macroscopic view, it also presents fluidity and some characteristics of liquid: (a) being the same with liquid, bulk material can not keep a certain shape; (b) both bulk material and liquid can not bear a tension force but bear a pressure force. The difference between bulk material and liquid is that there exists an inner friction (inner friction angle) in the bulk material. This is to say, if an external condition is exerted on bulk material to alleviate or eliminate the inner friction angle, the bulk material will be fluidized. For example, adding some media such as water and colloid materials to bulk material or exerting special external forces (resonant force etc.) on bulk material, the bulk material can be fluidized.
2.2 Affecting facters of bulk material motion
As stated above, the most predominant factor affecting the motion of bulk material is the existence of inner friction angle. The smaller the inner friction angle is, the easier the motion of bulk material becomes. In the conctrte, the factors can be: (a) the lumpiness of single particle in bulk material, the lumpier the particle is, the more difficult the motion of bulk material will be;(b) the unit weight of bulk material, the beavier the rnit weight is, the more difficult the motion will be;(c) the looseness (porosity) of bulk material, the looser the bulk material is, the easier the motion will be;(d) the humidity of bulk material, bulk material starts to flow when the humidity exceeds a critical, whereas, for some bulk materials, the increment in humidity conversely brings about the increment of inner friction angle and leads it difficult to flow;(e) the morphology and surface roughness of single particle, the inner friction angle is colsely related to the morphology and roughness of particle of bulk material;(f) it is more difficult for momideal bulk material to flow than for ideal bulk material to.
2.3 Classification of fluid motion of bulk material
The fluid motion of bulk material can be classified according to whether there is energy-carrier medium or not:
(Ⅰ) Single-phase flow. When there is not energy-carrier medium in the bulk material, or there are media, for example, air and water, but the media do not play the role of energy-carrying, the flow is all regarded as single-phase flow.
(Ⅱ) Biphase flow, when there are quantities of energy-carrier media in the bulk material, the particles of bulk material are suspending or near to suspending, the flow is biphase flow.
The flow velocity of bulk material is an impoetant parameter for self-grinding. According to the velocity, the fluid motion can be classified:(ⅰ) ultimate low velocity (ν<9m/s); (ⅱ) low velocity (9<ν<100m/s);(ⅲ) medium velocity (20<ν<100m/s);(ⅳ)high velocity (100<ν<200m/s); (ⅴ) ultrahigh velocity (250<ν<1000m/s). The efficiency of self-grinding is very low when the flow velocity is in the ultimate low velocity range, the velocity is hardly chosen as a parameter in autogenous grinder. The low velocity is often chosen as a parameter in horizontal cylindrical autogenous grinders. The medium velocity is usually chosen as a parameter in vertial shaft centrifugal comminutors, and high velocity and ultrahigh velocity are adopted in ultrafine comminution.
3 Analysis of Fluid Motion Mechanisn
3.1 Classification of self-grinding modes
The self-grinding modes of fluid motion can be classified into:(a) impact self-grinding. In this mode, particles collide each other and reduction takes place;(b) delaminating self-grinding. Particles impact and shear each other, the particles are delaminated and reduction take place;(c) fatigue rupture self-grinding. Materials are fatigued to rupture under the condition of high-frequency altenating pulse stresses. The fatigue rupture self-grinding can make tough mateials to be comminuted in the way in which brittle materials are comminuted.
3.2 Analysis of self-grinding mechanism
The flowing forms of every kinds of bulk materials are composed of two basic flowing forms:linear flow and rotational flow. In practice, an independent flowing form is usually present in grinding machine, in a very few case, two flowing forms are compositely present in centrfugal autogenous grinder. Hence, respectively studying the self-grinding mechanism of the two basic flowing forms is the basis for investigating the self-grinding mechanism of bulk material. Moreover, difference in phase and state of flowing bulk material must also be considered.
3.2.1 linear flow
(a) Single-phase linear flow. The forms of self-grinding are impacting and delaminating of particles. For example, he principle of vertical shaft impact comminutor is that a strong centrifugal force field caused by a high-speed rotating centrifugal disk brings about a high-speed linear jet of bulk material, the jet collides and impacts the particles remained the wall of cylinder. Meantime, the difference in velocity of jet particles caused by different sizes and morphologies also brings about impacting and delaminating of particles, but the degree of wearing and delaminaing is limited.
(b) Biphase linear flow. Similar to flow of liquid, the biphase linear flow also includes laminar flow and turbulent cuttent. The flow is stable when it is in the district of laminar flow, the velocity of particles in a layer is same but that in various layers is different. The friction of particles between different layers takes place. However, as well-known, the flow velocity in laminar flow district is very low, so the degree of self-grinding caused by laminar flow is limited.
The comminution mainly takes place in the district of turbulent vurrent due to higher or very high velocity of current and occurrence of violent turbulence in the district. Violent collision between particles exists in the trubulence, and impact comminution is formed. If several jets intersect each other, the intersected particles will violently collide and impact. The higher the velocity is, the more efficient the self-grinding will be. For example, air-current comminutor works in gas-solid biphase self-grinding.
3.2.2 Rotational flow
Rotational flow is formed by an external force such as in an anular pipe and cylindrical container. The centrifugal force field caused by rotating flow radially acts on the particles, the particle jet pressures the walls of pipe or container and particles remained on the walls, thus lesds to friction and shear force between the particles. The peculiar shear force in rotational flow is a predominant factor contributing self-grinding.
(a) Single-phase rotational flow. The state and velocity of each particle of bulk material are different owing to the difference in size and morphology of each particle. Consequently, the fricting shear force between particles caused centrifugal pressure is a kind of alternating and pulse stress, the higher the flowing velocity is, the higher the altermating frequency and intension wil be. The high-frequency alternating and pulse shear stress make particles fatigue ruptured, the fatigur rupture which is expressed as brittle fatigue comminution is also a predominant form of self-grinding in rotational flow.
(b) Biphase rotational flow. The self-grinding foem stated in single-phase flow above obviously is present in biphase flow. However, the self-grinding form is relatively weak owing to the fact that the viscid effect of energy-carrier medium hinders the flow of particles. Similar to those of biphase linear flow, the occurrence of violent turbulence ta high rotational velocity brings about the collision of particles and impact comminution is formed. The self-grinding form also occupies a place in biphase rotational flow.
4 Factors Affecting Self-grinding
On the basis of analyses of comminution mechanism stated above, the factors affecting self-grinding can be summarized as following:
(a) The instinctive structure and physical properties of bulk material such as fragility, hardness, brittleness, toughness, joint, cleavage and natural defects. All these factors are of importance to every comminution form. (b) The state of flowing. Linear flow and biphase rotational flow are applicable to brittle material, and single-phase rotational flow is applicable to tough material, the reason is that the high-frequency pulse shear effect renders tough material brittle failute. (c) The velocity of flowing. Whether in linear flow state or in rotation flow state, the velocity of flowing is one of the most important factors affecting the efficiency of self-giending. The higher the velocity is, the more efficient the self-grind will be, and the finer the obtained particles will be.(d) The concentration (for biphase flow) or the looseness(for single-phase flow). On the basis of probability theory, the increment in concentration raises the probability of collision between particles, thus improves the efficiency of comminution. Comsequently, increment in comcentration fo bulk material in biphase flow state and decrement in loosemess of bulk material in single-phase state are effective ways to improve the effectiveness of self-grinding.
5 Practical Application
A new-type rotational-flow-state centrifugal autogenous grinder has successfully developed by applying self-grinding machanism of bulk material in Wuhan University of Technology. The schematic diagram of principal machine is shown in Fig.1. The evident difference betweeen the developed autogenous grinder and other vertical shaft centrifugal comminutor is that the working pan of the developed autogenous grinder is in conical shape. When the conical working pan rotates at a high speed, the resolutes of centrifugal force field acting on material including horizontal force and vertical force, thus the material in the ore-grinding cylinder cyclically and spirally flows upwards, and the material can be fully comminuted in the rotational flow. The horizontal flow and radial flow are shown in Fig.2 and Fig.3 respectively.
The results of comminution efficency by the developed autogenous grinder were compared with those(listed in Table 1).
The results in Table 1 show that such indexes as the granularity and fineness of product, throughput, enery-consumption and noise by the centrifugal autogenous grinder are all superior to those by 4R Raymond mill. This reveals that the new type autogenous grinder which is develop on the basis of the viewpoint of fluid motion is feasible.
鞍山科技大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文） 第IV頁
2100標(biāo)準(zhǔn)型圓錐破碎機(jī)設(shè)計
摘 要
隨著社會的前進(jìn)，原材料消耗不斷增加，導(dǎo)致富礦資源日益枯竭，礦石品位日趨貧化。以我國冶金礦山為例，鐵礦石平均品位31%,錳礦石品位22%。絕大多數(shù)的原礦需要破磨和選礦處理后才能成為爐料。圓錐破碎機(jī)生產(chǎn)效率高，排料粒度小而均勻，可將礦巖從350mm破碎到l0mm以下的不同級別顆粒，可以滿足入磨粒度需要，成為金屬礦山選礦廠的主要破碎設(shè)備。
20世紀(jì)50年代初期，國內(nèi)在仿原蘇聯(lián)的彈簧破碎機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上，開發(fā)了國內(nèi)自己的破碎機(jī)。這種破碎機(jī)的設(shè)計思想最基本點是靠排料口大小控制產(chǎn)品粒度，破碎物料的方法是靠動錐單向擠壓和彎曲研磨作用破碎物料，物料之間相互作用很弱，破碎過程幾乎沒有選擇性。
近來國內(nèi)外開發(fā)的新型高效圓錐破碎機(jī)破碎物料應(yīng)用的范圍不斷擴(kuò)大，破碎產(chǎn)品粒度小，破碎效果顯著。目前圓錐破碎機(jī)正向著大型、高效、可靠、節(jié)能、降耗和自動化方向發(fā)展。
關(guān)鍵詞：礦山，破碎，圓錐破碎機(jī)
Abstract
As society advances, the increasing consumption of raw materials, leading to the depletion of high-grade ore resources growing, increasingly depleted ore grade. China Metallurgical to mine, for example, the average grade of 31% of iron ore, manganese ore 22%. The vast majority of undressed ore broken grinding and milling needs to be dealt with after the furnace charge. Circular cone Breakers production efficiency, small size and homogeneous Pai expected to be broken mine rock from 350mm to the different levels of particles lOmm, meet the skills needs of granularity,so Circular cone Breakers became the major equipment of Metal mines plants.
20th century the early 1950s, on the basis of the spring-loaded Breakers of former Soviet Union,developed its own domestic Breakers.The most basic design concepts of this Breakers is control products’ granularity by the size of the mouth. Broken material way is by moving cone winding equipment and one-way squeeze role broken materials, weak interaction between materials, Broken process virtually no selectivity.
And the recent development of new highly efficient circular cone Breakers broken expanding the scope of application of materials, broken products granularity small, broken remarkable results. Currently circular cone Breakers is toward large, efficient, reliable, energy conservation, consumption and automation direction.
Key words: mine,break,cone breakers
目錄
1 緒論…………………………………………………………………………………………1
1.1引言……………………………………………………………………………………1
1.2歷史發(fā)展………………………………………………………………………………1
1.3應(yīng)用效果………………………………………………………………………………2
2 總體設(shè)計方案………………………………………………………………………………4
2.1圓錐破碎機(jī)的類型……………………………………………………………………4
2.2圓錐破碎機(jī)的工作原理………………………………………………………………4
2.3簡述各部分結(jié)構(gòu)及功用………………………………………………………………5
3 圓錐破碎機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)和工作參數(shù)的選擇與計算………………………………………9
3.1結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)………………………………………………………………………………9
3.1.1給礦口寬度與排礦口寬度…………………………………………………………9
3.1.2嚙角α…………………………………………………………………………………9
3.1.3破碎機(jī)的擺動行程…………………………………………………………………10
3.1.4平行碎礦區(qū)l………………………………………………………………………11
3.2工作參數(shù)………………………………………………………………………………11
3.2.1破碎錐的擺動次數(shù)…………………………………………………………………11
3.2.2生產(chǎn)率………………………………………………………………………………12
3.2.3電動機(jī)功率…………………………………………………………………………13
3.3圓錐破碎機(jī)的運動學(xué)…………………………………………………………………14
3.4圓錐破碎機(jī)的動力學(xué)…………………………………………………………………17
3.5偏心部分的運動狀態(tài)…………………………………………………………………24
4電動機(jī)的選擇及軸的計算…………………………………………………………………27
4.1主電動機(jī)的選擇及傳動比的分配……………………………………………………27
4.1.1電動機(jī)的選擇………………………………………………………………………27
4.1.2傳動比的分配………………………………………………………………………27
4.2傳動裝置的運動和動力參數(shù)的選擇和計算…………………………………………27
4.3傳動零件的設(shè)計計算…………………………………………………………………28
4.3.1齒輪的計算…………………………………………………………………………28
4.3.2齒輪的校核…………………………………………………………………………30
4.3.3傳動軸的設(shè)計計算…………………………………………………………………32
4.3.4滾動軸承的選擇和壽命驗算………………………………………………………38
小結(jié)…………………………………………………………………………………………39
致謝…………………………………………………………………………………………40
參考文獻(xiàn)……………………………………………………………………………………41
附錄1 自動磨碎機(jī)以及散裝流體材料對其的影響……………………………………42
附錄2 THE SELF-GRINDING MECHANISM AND AFFECTING FACTORS OF BULK MATERIAL IN FLUID MOTION…………………………………………………………47
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