專用臥式銑床液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)-含答辯PPT（全套含CAD圖紙）
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專用臥式銑床液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)專用臥式銑床液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）者姓名：賈光裕者姓名：賈光裕 指導(dǎo)老師：李剛指導(dǎo)老師：李剛 講師講師 2007年年6作月作月16日日摘 要 隨著機(jī)械制造工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，制造裝備的改進(jìn)顯得尤為重要，尤其是金屬切削設(shè)備的改造是提高生產(chǎn)力一項(xiàng)重要因素。因?yàn)橐簤合到y(tǒng)在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中具有降低成本、工作可靠平穩(wěn)，易于實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)載保護(hù)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，所以本文主要介紹的是液壓系統(tǒng)在機(jī)械生產(chǎn)加工方面的應(yīng)用。主要內(nèi)容 o1、緒論o2、負(fù)載與運(yùn)動(dòng)分析o3、確定液壓系統(tǒng)主要參數(shù)o4、擬定液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖o5、計(jì)算和選擇液壓件o6、驗(yàn)算液壓系統(tǒng)性能o7、液壓系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)1 緒論o設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容及要求 在臥式銑床上設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)夾緊進(jìn)給液壓系統(tǒng)，完成工件的先夾緊后、后進(jìn)給任務(wù)。夾緊缸快進(jìn)速度：0.05m/s夾緊缸慢進(jìn)速度：0.008mm/s最大夾緊力：40KN 進(jìn)給油缸快進(jìn)速度：0.18m/s進(jìn)給油缸慢進(jìn)速度：0.018m/s最大切削力：120KN進(jìn)給工作部件總質(zhì)量：m=250Kg 夾緊缸行程：用行程開關(guān)調(diào)節(jié)（最大250mm）進(jìn)給缸行程：用行程開關(guān)調(diào)節(jié)（最大1000mm）2、負(fù)載與運(yùn)動(dòng)分析o運(yùn)動(dòng)分析o負(fù)載分析3、確定液壓系統(tǒng)主要參數(shù)o1 1 初選液壓缸工作壓力初選液壓缸工作壓力o2 2 計(jì)算液壓缸主要尺寸計(jì)算液壓缸主要尺寸3.13.1初選液壓缸工作壓力初選液壓缸工作壓力 因?yàn)楣みM(jìn)時(shí)的負(fù)載最大，在其它工況負(fù)載很小，所以參考機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)初選夾緊缸的工作壓力p1=4MPa。初選進(jìn)給缸的工作壓力p1=8MPa。3.23.2計(jì)算液壓缸主要尺寸計(jì)算液壓缸主要尺寸 由公式A=F/p計(jì)算選取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)值 夾緊缸D1=125mm d1=90mm 進(jìn)給缸D1=150mm d1=105mm查看產(chǎn)品樣本選擇HSG型工程液壓缸根據(jù)計(jì)算出的液壓缸的尺寸，可估算出液壓缸在工作循環(huán)中各階段的壓力、流量和功率，繪制出工況圖 4、擬定液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖o1 1選擇基本回路選擇基本回路o2組成液壓系統(tǒng)4 41 1選擇基本回路選擇基本回路o1 選擇調(diào)速回路選擇調(diào)速回路 o2選擇油源形式選擇油源形式 o3選擇快速運(yùn)動(dòng)和換向回路選擇快速運(yùn)動(dòng)和換向回路o4選擇速度換接回路選擇速度換接回路 o5選擇進(jìn)油調(diào)壓回路選擇進(jìn)油調(diào)壓回路 42組成液壓系統(tǒng) 將上面選出的液壓基本回路組合在一起，并經(jīng)修改和完善，就可得到完整的液壓系統(tǒng)，為了讓機(jī)床夾緊工作停止后，夾緊油缸回路中繼續(xù)保持夾緊力，圖中在夾緊缸旁添置了蓄能器。查看產(chǎn)品樣本選擇NXQ型囊式蓄能器。液壓原理圖返回5、計(jì)算和選擇液壓件o5 51 1 確定液壓泵的規(guī)格確定液壓泵的規(guī)格o5.2 5.2 確定電動(dòng)機(jī)功率確定電動(dòng)機(jī)功率o5 53 3 確定其它元件及輔件確定其它元件及輔件各元件規(guī)格型號(hào)o計(jì)算液壓泵的最大工作壓力和流量來(lái)確定選用PV2R葉片泵o計(jì)算電動(dòng)機(jī)的功率來(lái)確定選用Y225M-6型o計(jì)算油箱容量選取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)V=1000Lo計(jì)算得出夾緊缸油管D=14mm厚1.6mm 進(jìn)給缸油管D=34mm厚3mm閥類元件及輔件o三位四通換向閥選用4WE型o調(diào)速閥選用AXQF3和AQF3型o益流閥選用DB型o單向閥選用CRT型o壓力繼電器選用HED型o濾油器選用ZQU型o蓄能器選用NXQ型6、驗(yàn)算液壓系統(tǒng)性能o6 61 1驗(yàn)算系統(tǒng)壓力損失驗(yàn)算系統(tǒng)壓力損失 根據(jù)公式計(jì)算出總壓力損失且數(shù)值不大，再參考相關(guān)根據(jù)公式計(jì)算出總壓力損失且數(shù)值不大，再參考相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，則不會(huì)太影響提供液壓缸所需壓力和速度數(shù)據(jù)，則不會(huì)太影響提供液壓缸所需壓力和速度 o6 62 2驗(yàn)算系統(tǒng)發(fā)熱與溫升驗(yàn)算系統(tǒng)發(fā)熱與溫升由公式計(jì)算出油液溫升，油溫在允許范圍內(nèi)，則油箱散由公式計(jì)算出油液溫升，油溫在允許范圍內(nèi)，則油箱散熱面積符合要求，不必設(shè)置冷卻器。熱面積符合要求，不必設(shè)置冷卻器。7、液壓系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 考慮到安裝與維修方便，并且節(jié)省空間。采用集中配置型結(jié)構(gòu)，設(shè)計(jì)液壓裝置為液壓站。控制形式為板式液壓控制。動(dòng)力源為臥式上置結(jié)構(gòu)，泵組用支架鐘形罩臥式安裝。最后畫出相應(yīng)零件圖及裝配圖。感謝指導(dǎo)老師李剛講師的悉心指導(dǎo)！感謝指導(dǎo)老師李剛講師的悉心指導(dǎo)！感謝各位專家感謝各位專家 老師的批評(píng)指正！老師的批評(píng)指正！感謝各位同學(xué)的幫助和關(guān)心！感謝各位同學(xué)的幫助和關(guān)心！結(jié)束致謝1 選擇調(diào)速回路選擇調(diào)速回路 由速度、負(fù)載分析可知，這臺(tái)機(jī)床運(yùn)動(dòng)速度先后變化，工作負(fù)載為阻力負(fù)載且工作中變化小，故可選用進(jìn)口節(jié)流調(diào)速回路。2選擇油源形式選擇油源形式 根據(jù)機(jī)床工作原理，確定系統(tǒng)兩個(gè)油缸可公用一個(gè)泵，最后選用雙作用葉片泵方案。3選擇快速運(yùn)動(dòng)和換向回路選擇快速運(yùn)動(dòng)和換向回路 考慮系統(tǒng)流量較大，系統(tǒng)中選用電液換向閥換向回路，控制進(jìn)油方向選用三位四通電液換向閥，控制液壓缸選用三位四通電液換向閥 4選擇速度換接回路選擇速度換接回路 系統(tǒng)由快進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)為工進(jìn)時(shí)，為減少速度換接時(shí)的液壓沖擊，選用行程閥控制的換接回路。為了給進(jìn)給缸發(fā)出信號(hào)，在夾緊缸旁設(shè)置一個(gè)壓力繼電器。由于最大行程可以隨時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)，則需要設(shè)置一個(gè)行程開關(guān)。為了使動(dòng)作完成后系統(tǒng)能自動(dòng)為夾緊缸發(fā)出快退信息，在進(jìn)給缸旁設(shè)置一個(gè)壓力繼電器。5選擇進(jìn)油調(diào)壓回路選擇進(jìn)油調(diào)壓回路 因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)缸利用一個(gè)雙作用葉片泵供油，根據(jù)本機(jī)床工作原理和工作參數(shù)可知兩個(gè)油缸不是同時(shí)進(jìn)行工作的，而且兩個(gè)油缸所需要的供油壓力也不同。所以需要設(shè)置簡(jiǎn)單的調(diào)壓，即在進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)和夾緊系統(tǒng)中各設(shè)置一個(gè)溢流閥調(diào)節(jié)壓力。
大連水產(chǎn)學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書
2009屆 機(jī)電工程系 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化專業(yè)
題目： 專用臥式銑床液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
子題：
學(xué)生姓名： 班級(jí)： 機(jī)自07-1班
指導(dǎo)教師(簽章)： 職稱（學(xué)位）：
所在教研室： 數(shù)控技術(shù)教研室 教研室主任：
專業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)人(簽章)：
下達(dá)日期：2009 年 3月12日 完成日期：2009 年 6月24日
課題名稱
專用臥式銑床液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
題目性質(zhì)
真實(shí)
題目類型
設(shè)計(jì)
題目來(lái)源
生產(chǎn)
一．課題簡(jiǎn)介:
本課題的思想主要是通過(guò)對(duì)現(xiàn)有的臥式銑床進(jìn)行分析和計(jì)算，設(shè)計(jì)出專用于自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)的專用機(jī)床，根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)要求將其改良，使之達(dá)到較理想的方案。
結(jié)果表現(xiàn)形式為全部設(shè)計(jì)圖紙及設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書。其中說(shuō)明書及50%以上的圖紙必須形成文檔。
二．報(bào)告內(nèi)容:
（調(diào)研資料的準(zhǔn)備，論文或設(shè)計(jì)目的、要求、思路與預(yù)期成果；任務(wù)完成的階段內(nèi)容及時(shí)間安排；完成論文或設(shè)計(jì)所具備的條件因素等。）
任務(wù)、內(nèi)容及要求（包括設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算、實(shí)驗(yàn)分析、繪圖質(zhì)量各類圖紙張數(shù)、外文翻譯及撰寫外文摘要等）
題目：在臥式銑床上設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)夾緊進(jìn)給液壓系統(tǒng)，完成工件的先夾緊后、后進(jìn)給任務(wù)。
工作原理如下：
夾緊油缸：快進(jìn) → 慢進(jìn) → 達(dá)到夾緊力后啟動(dòng)進(jìn)給油缸工作
進(jìn)給油缸：快進(jìn) → 慢進(jìn) →工進(jìn)→ 快速退回 夾緊油缸快速退回
夾緊缸快進(jìn)速度：0.05m/s夾緊缸慢進(jìn)速度：0.008mm/s
最大夾緊力：40KN 進(jìn)給油缸快進(jìn)速度：0.18m/s進(jìn)給油缸慢進(jìn)速度：0.018m/s
最大切削力：120KN進(jìn)給工作部件總質(zhì)量：m=250Kg
夾緊缸行程：用行程開關(guān)調(diào)節(jié)（最大250mm）
進(jìn)給缸行程：用行程開關(guān)調(diào)節(jié)（最大1000mm）
主要內(nèi)容：
1 設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容及要求
2 負(fù)載與運(yùn)動(dòng)分析
3 確定液壓系統(tǒng)主要參數(shù)
4 擬定液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖
5 計(jì)算和選擇液壓件
6 驗(yàn)算液壓系統(tǒng)性能
7 液壓系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
8 繪制工作圖和編制技術(shù)文件（設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書、液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖、集成油路裝配圖、泵站裝配圖、非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件零件圖、管路裝配圖、電氣線路圖等。）
要求：
1． 繪圖量：折成A0號(hào)圖紙4張其中50%以上的圖紙形成文檔。
2． 設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算及說(shuō)明書字?jǐn)?shù)不少于10000字，并形成電子文檔。
3． 完成3000字以上的外文參考文獻(xiàn)翻譯，完成1500字以上的文獻(xiàn)綜述撰寫等工作。
指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 年 月 日
大連水產(chǎn)學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） 外文資料
外文文獻(xiàn)資料：
Centrifugal pump improvement measures of energy saving technology work
Energy is to develop the national economy and improve the level of human life. With the rapid development of economy in China and the global energy saving energy and reducing has increasingly become the focus of attention. Pump products belong to fluid machinery, domestic demand is very big, 20% of the year - 25% of all electricity consumption in pump products. Centrifugal pump for pump products demand for Chinese economy is 50%, the construction of the mechanical equipment, therefore essential for the energy-saving centrifugal pump is very important and urgent.
1. the centrifugal pump energy conservation technology analysis
In the past 10 years, along with the rapid development of science and technology, a lot of advanced scientific research and a high level of mechanical processing equipment, the products of pump energy is mainly embodied in the following respects.
1.1 The development of design technology
The rapid development of computer technology for centrifugal pump design research has brought the ideal method of CAD CFD technology. The centrifugal pump design work in the application of centrifugal pump, and raise the level of design is very important meaning for centrifugal pump, the energy conservation work brought good prospects.
1.2 The development of advanced manufacturing technology
With the rapid development of CAM in pump products production, application of centrifugal pump efficiency improving technical index is very beneficial. Currently part of enterprise in pump industry has the technique is applied to hydraulic model, mould making, parts and components manufacturing process, greatly improve the accuracy of the size of hydraulic flow and surface or port surface roughness precision, improve efficiency index.
1.3 corresponding technical development
And the relevant supporting technology centrifugal pump recently got bigger development, such as motor design and manufacturing, automatic control, automatic control, automatic alarm, transmission system, seal design manufacture technology, new materials, testing technology, etc. The all-round development of technology, the centrifugal pump system reliability and efficiency index, and the other performance index, promote energy conservation.
2 energy-saving technical measures
For decades in technical design method was no big breakthrough, technical level is relatively backward. So far, the centrifugal pump design method using similar conversion method and main speed coefficient method. A reliable data and rich practical experience is the key design, design personnel should according to the actual needs of technical development, improve design level.
2.1 CAD/CFD technology application
Along with the rapid development of computer technology, CAD/CFD technology, to explore the birth of centrifugal pump, and improve the internal flow pattern in the advancement of centrifugal pump design method.
Modern centrifugal pump design method must be combined with advanced computer technology and CAD/CFD technology. The advanced computer technology can solve centrifugal pump complex internal flow field of the calculation problem. Application of CAD/CFD technology, we can further understanding and mastering the centrifugal pump flow to the objective laws of optimization design of centrifugal pump. CAD/CFD technology to improve the features and advantages of the centrifugal pump design method of the technical level is very important.
Modern centrifugal pump design method without centrifugal pump test means. Test is an important means of science and technology research, has reliable features. CAD/CFD is limited to approach the information system of the information system of real infinite. Due to the calculation of the mathematical model, the discretization process, format and grid generation and boundary conditions worsen produced artificially error handling, thus from actual conditions. The application of CAD/CFD success needs to be verified test.
Thus, the modern centrifugal pump design method should be the traditional design method, CAD/CFD technology, test means all combination of a design method are indispensable.
2.2 Traditional design method of improvement
2.2.1 The properties of high steam ammeters hydraulic model library alone
Centrifugal pump cavitation performance is very important in the performance of a technical indicators of quality, it mainly by water-obsorbing room and imported hydraulic impeller size to decide. In similar conversion method, because of different sizes, the impeller imports of pump impeller speed, the import size is accomplished very hard geometric similar, dynamic similar to mention movement and similar. So the cavitation performance of the large deviation is similar conversion. Previously established hydraulic model library mainly efficiency index for selection for design, high cavitation performance of the pump, it is difficult to meet the requirements by model, a method of conversion high cavitation performance of hydraulic model.
2.2.2 comprehensive reasonable hydraulic model base established
Traditional hydraulic model choice model reference library, the standard of the pump efficiency index is mainly, and many other factors need to be taken into consideration, such as pump performance curve, the performance parameters of the pump matching, pump structure factors.
2.2.3 The method to improve speed coefficient and improvement
According to the theory of centrifugal pump head equation and design experience, analysis of test, the influence of factors besides velocity coefficients than speed pump, there are other important factors. One, the main export circumferential velocity coefficients are pump structure, blade outlet Angle, leaf number, etc. Influence factors of inlet velocity coefficients of pump structure, leaves are imported attack Angle, leaf number, etc. Statistical analysis of these factors should be the influence degree, and summarizes the change rule, influence factors determine the standard rate of these factors coefficient curve of size values. According to the extent of the law, will significantly improve the accuracy of speed coefficient method.
2.3 CAM technology application in manufacturing process pump
In the production process, the CAM computer aided manufacturing is the relatively advanced technology, CAM technology in manufacturing process of centrifugal pump application, will give the energy-saving centrifugal pump working to bring very ideal effect. Currently in pump industry backbone enterprises, some have been carried out in this aspect of the production practice.
2.3.1 centrifugal pump hydraulic model molds
Centrifugal pump hydraulic model is decided hydraulic properties and technology products, the most important component. Due to internal flow model of hydraulic parts and complex shape of mechanical manufacturing, most companies have adopted casting parts. During casting process, should first before FanSha casting. The traditional mould manufacture is basically adopts handmade, its deficiency is too big, can accurate error to guarantee the type line flow of hydraulic model, the efficiency is low, the shape of hydraulic properties to guarantee. CAM technology application, will overcome them.
2.3.2 centrifugal pump hydraulic model components manufacturing
Centrifugal pump parts including hydraulic model of pump body, impeller, diffuser, etc. These parts of the traditional processing manufacturing methods, is formed by casting billet, then it will be through mechanical equipment manufacture size shape forming finished parts. After the completion of the casting parts surface machining operations will no longer. Because some of the model FanSha operation, it will cause a big size of surface roughness, and less error of hydraulic performance and efficiency of head, not guarantee flow. Therefore, the deficiency in pump industry, formulate the relevant standards of casting, but can't completely meet the requirements. Application of CAM technology, using CNC machining equipment, can directly on pump body, impeller, etc. According to the requirement of design of hydraulic parts manufacturing, size directly with a high quality guarantee the accuracy of the type line flow, precision, surface roughness, improve the capacity and head guaranteed, so as to increase the efficiency.
2.3.3 In other parts of the manufacture
To improve the machining precision components, reduce rotor and stator parts processing, improve the accumulative error of centrifugal pump assembly quality, improve the centrifugal pump hydraulic properties of the machine.
2.4 To improve casting technology level.
The main products of the centrifugal pump are casting parts, components, such as pump body, impeller, pump cover, bearings, base, etc. Casting technology level directly influence the quality of casting parts, hydraulic model of hydraulic size directly influence the performance parameters of the pump, casting parts inside surface roughness and pump efficiency index is directly related to the pump, casting technology has an important influence on performance. In a few points below the foundry technology improvement measures:
2.4.1 Is against centrifugal pump hydraulic model to improve quality of mould manufacturing
Centrifugal pump hydraulic model of mould manufacturing, directly affects the quality of the casting billet hydraulic model of casting quality. The traditional mould adopts hydraulic model of handmade, large size deviation, the influence of the hydraulic characteristics of technical indexes. At present more advanced manufacturing method is adopted CAM technology, manufacturing equipment used numerical control machine tool manufacture, to improve the efficiency of centrifugal pump, the effect is very good.
2.4.2 To improve the centrifugal pump hydraulic model mould material level
Centrifugal pump is a kind of consumption, application of general machinery products, specifications, the pump industry pump performance specifications of, so need to make a large hydraulic model of mould. But every specification product batch and not many, many enterprises to reduce the cost of manufacture and material on pump body is often USES wooden mold, the impeller is metal model, or the pump body, impeller is wooden mold and die, flat is woodiness impeller blades are metal mould. Wooden mold size deviation, yi deformation, casting billet roughness of the thing, compared with the metal mould various aspects of the performance will vary a lot. In order to further improve the quality of the blank piece of hydraulic model, guarantee the technical indexes of hydraulic properties, should raise centrifugal pump hydraulic model, make the material level mould adopts metal materials all mold, but deficiency is to increase the production cost.
2.4.3 adopts the advanced precision casting method
The traditional casting method is adopted, casting sand casting of ordinary blank piece of quality is poorer, the thickness of the castings, waste materials, large size increases cost, it is big, easy assurance error size and the hydraulic characteristics of hydraulic, blank piece of roughness, increase the hydraulic losses. The advanced precision casting method can overcome the above shortcomings, such as, improve the quality of the welding, sand casting method, etc.
2.5 Adjust speed of energy-saving
Adjust the speed of the method has good energy saving effect, and it has been proved by many domestic production practice. In many applications, sometimes the pump to the performance parameters of the pump is constant, sometimes need to pump performance parameters according to the conditions of use, adjusting speed can achieve this goal, at the same time, improve efficiency, due to pipe device efficiency obviously improved. Speed way are mainly in the following aspects: (1) the belt transmission speed, 2 use the speed gearbox, gear, 3 the speed by hydraulic coupling, 4 the engine speed, 5 the motor speed.
2.6 To improve the centrifugal pump selection of design level
Due to various reasons, the selection of design in pump exist many unreasonable phenomenon, resulting in energy conservation, waste to bring much influence.
2.6.1 centrifugal pump selection should follow the following principles
(1) the use of pump unit reasonably determine necessary working conditions and parameters of the performance, 2 should be reasonably determine the pump design department, the type, the parameters of the rational use of conditions, 3 the highest efficiency, fully consider its scope of pump, the actual use efficiency index, 4 for technical and economic comparison, select the advanced technology, reasonable scheme.
2.6.2 Present to improve the efficiency of the centrifugal pump system
The energy-saving centrifugal pump work should not be limited to research the centrifugal pump itself, should be more efficiency of the system is widely studied all aspects of the efficiency index, the whole system of high efficiency and energy saving, the potential is bigger.
3 energy-efficient restricting factors
Centrifugal pump energy efficient work in practical implementation process, there are many factors, we should correctly understand the problem, in order to take corresponding measures.
3.1 Lack of awareness of energy saving, corresponding policy guidance
Due to the government on the energy conservation work seriously enough, lack of publicity, cause people to work for energy saving. On the other hand, because of the country has not yet for energy conservation policy and preferential measures, the use of centrifugal pump units in the procurement process of centrifugal pump products, pay no attention, but just consider saving factors of product use conditions. And because the energy-saving centrifugal pump product price is on the high side, use the unit cost of production. To reduce cost, use the unit generally don't consider energy-saving index, and choose cheaper centrifugal pump products.
3.2 traditional energy-saving concepts is not correct
The traditional concept of energy-saving centrifugal pump is to improve the efficiency index, that's actually energy-saving concepts are not accurate. The scientific concept of energy efficiency index should not only, also should consider to many other content, also is in the centrifugal pump products in life, reduce cost of centrifugal pump, such as design, manufacture and maintenance costs.
3.3 Use of centrifugal pump the complexity of the condition
The use of centrifugal pump is complex, requiring a comparison with various centrifugal pump performance, such as pump hydraulic performance technology index, pumps, pump seal material performance, reliability, performance, pumps pumps, pump, the overall structure of high temperature resistant performance, etc., some properties of the laboratory testing is not easy, and testing costs are particularly expensive. But these properties and energy-saving centrifugal pump system is the important link, therefore this complexity seriously affected the further development of energy-saving centrifugal pump energy, this is not used by units of work.
4 conclusion
To sum up, the centrifugal pump for energy conservation and technically view is completely feasible and has the technology strength, but from other factors, energy conservation of the resistance is larger. To be truly develop energy-saving centrifugal pump, to work, to take some coercive measures, preferential policies, the establishment of special competent energy conservation work on the functional departments, the whole range of the extensive publicity, eliminate restricted centrifugal pump energy work, can the unfavorable factors can work into ambassadors virtuous circle.
外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯：
離心泵節(jié)能技術(shù)工作的改進(jìn)措施
能源是發(fā)展國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)、改善人類生活水平的重要物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展和全球能源的日益減少，節(jié)約能源已成為人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。泵類產(chǎn)品屬于流體機(jī)械，國(guó)內(nèi)的需求量非常大，每年發(fā)電量的20%——25%都消耗在泵類產(chǎn)品上。離心泵需求量占泵類產(chǎn)品50%左右，為我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中必不可少的機(jī)械設(shè)備，因此針對(duì)離心泵開展的節(jié)能工作是非常重要和刻不容緩的。
? ? 1 離心泵節(jié)能工作的技術(shù)分析
? ? 近10年來(lái)，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展，產(chǎn)生了很多先進(jìn)的科研成果和高水平的機(jī)械加工設(shè)備，對(duì)泵類產(chǎn)品的節(jié)能工作是非常有利的，主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面。
? ? 1.1 設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)的發(fā)展
? ? 計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展為離心泵設(shè)計(jì)研究帶來(lái)了理想的手段.CAD,CFD技術(shù)在離心泵設(shè)計(jì)工作中的應(yīng)用，對(duì)離心泵設(shè)計(jì)水平的提高有著非常重要的意義，為離心泵的節(jié)能工作帶來(lái)了良好的前景。
? ? 1.2 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展
? ? CAM技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展及其在泵類產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用，對(duì)離心泵效率技術(shù)指標(biāo)的提高是非常有利的。目前泵行業(yè)中的部分企業(yè)已將該技術(shù)應(yīng)用于水力模型模具的制作、零部件的制造加工，極大地提高水力尺寸的準(zhǔn)確性和過(guò)流表面或流道表面的粗糙度精度，提高了效率指標(biāo)。
? ? 1.3 相應(yīng)配套技術(shù)的發(fā)展
? ? 與離心泵有關(guān)的配套技術(shù)最近得到了較大的發(fā)展，如電動(dòng)機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)與制造、自動(dòng)調(diào)速、自動(dòng)控制、自動(dòng)報(bào)警、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、密封設(shè)計(jì)制造技術(shù)、新材料、試驗(yàn)測(cè)試技術(shù)等等。這些技術(shù)的全面發(fā)展，有利于離心泵系統(tǒng)的效率指標(biāo)、可靠性指標(biāo)及其他性能指標(biāo)的提高，促進(jìn)了節(jié)能工作的開展。
? ? 2 高效節(jié)能的技術(shù)措施
? ? 幾十年來(lái)在技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)方法上沒有大的突破，技術(shù)水平比較落后。到目前為止，離心泵的設(shè)計(jì)方法主要采用相似換算法和速度系數(shù)法。大量可靠的資料和豐富的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)是設(shè)計(jì)成敗的關(guān)鍵，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際技術(shù)發(fā)展的需求，不斷提高設(shè)計(jì)水平。
? ? 2.1 CAD/CFD技術(shù)的應(yīng)用
? ? 隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，CAD/CFD技術(shù)的誕生，有利于探索離心泵內(nèi)部流動(dòng)規(guī)律，并提高了離心泵設(shè)計(jì)方法的先進(jìn)性。
現(xiàn)代的離心泵設(shè)計(jì)方法必須要結(jié)合先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和CAD/CFD技術(shù)。先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)可以解決離心泵復(fù)雜的內(nèi)部流動(dòng)場(chǎng)的計(jì)算問題。應(yīng)用CAD/CFD技術(shù)，我們可以進(jìn)一步了解和掌握離心泵內(nèi)部流動(dòng)的客觀規(guī)律，以便進(jìn)行離心泵的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)。CAD/CFD技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)對(duì)提高離心泵設(shè)計(jì)方法的技術(shù)水平是非常重要的。
? ? 現(xiàn)代的離心泵設(shè)計(jì)方法離不開離心泵的試驗(yàn)手段。試驗(yàn)是科學(xué)技術(shù)研究的重要手段，具有真實(shí)可靠的特點(diǎn)。CAD/CFD是以有限的信息系統(tǒng)來(lái)趨近真實(shí)的無(wú)限的信息系統(tǒng)。由于計(jì)算的數(shù)學(xué)模型、離散化過(guò)程、格式、網(wǎng)格生成和邊界條件處理等會(huì)產(chǎn)生人工誤差，從而偏離實(shí)際情況。CAD/CFD應(yīng)用的成功與否需要得到試驗(yàn)的驗(yàn)證。
? ? 由此可見,現(xiàn)代的離心泵設(shè)計(jì)方法應(yīng)該是傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方法、CAD/CFD技術(shù)、試驗(yàn)手段三者相結(jié)合的一種設(shè)計(jì)方法，三者缺一不可。
? ? 2.2 傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方法的提高和改進(jìn)
? ? 2.2.1 高汽獨(dú)性能的水力模型庫(kù)設(shè)計(jì)
? ? 汽蝕性能是離心泵性能中非常重要的一個(gè)技術(shù)指標(biāo)，它的好壞主要由吸水室和葉輪進(jìn)口的水力尺寸來(lái)決定。在相似換算法中，由于葉輪的進(jìn)口尺寸不同、泵的轉(zhuǎn)速不同，葉輪的進(jìn)口尺寸很難做到幾何相似，更談不上運(yùn)動(dòng)相似和動(dòng)力相似.因此汽蝕性能的相似換算結(jié)果偏差比較大。以往建立的水力模型庫(kù)主要以效率指標(biāo)為選擇條件，對(duì)于設(shè)計(jì)高汽蝕性能的泵，很難通過(guò)模型換算法滿足要求，應(yīng)建立高汽蝕性能的水力模型庫(kù)。
? ? 2.2.2 全面合理的水力模型庫(kù)的建立
? ? 傳統(tǒng)水力模型庫(kù)選擇模型時(shí)，參考的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要是泵的效率指標(biāo)，以及其他許多因素需要考慮進(jìn)去，如泵性能曲線、泵的性能參數(shù)的匹配性、泵結(jié)構(gòu)因素等。
? ? 2.2.3 速度系數(shù)法的提高與改進(jìn)
? ? 根據(jù)離心泵的理論揚(yáng)程方程以及設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行分析，影響速度系數(shù)的因素除了泵的比轉(zhuǎn)速以外，還有其他一些重要因素。其中，影響出口圓周速度系數(shù)的主要因素有泵的結(jié)構(gòu)、葉片出口安放角、葉片數(shù)等;影響進(jìn)口速度系數(shù)的主要因素有泵的結(jié)構(gòu)、葉片進(jìn)口沖角、葉片數(shù)等。應(yīng)分析統(tǒng)計(jì)這些因素的影響程度，并總結(jié)出影響因素的變化規(guī)律，確定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)速度系數(shù)曲線對(duì)這些因素的大小取值范圍。根據(jù)影響程度的規(guī)律進(jìn)行修正，這樣將顯著地提高速度系數(shù)法的準(zhǔn)確度。
? ? 2.3 CAM技術(shù)在泵制造過(guò)程中的應(yīng)用
? ? 在產(chǎn)品的制造過(guò)程中，CAM計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造是目前比較先進(jìn)的一門技術(shù)，CAM技術(shù)在離心泵制造過(guò)程中的應(yīng)用，將給離心泵的節(jié)能工作帶來(lái)非常理想的效果。目前在泵行業(yè)的一些骨干企業(yè)中，已陸續(xù)開展了這方面的生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐。
? ? 2.3.1 離心泵水力模型模具制作
? ? 離心泵的水力模型是決定產(chǎn)品的水力性能和技術(shù)水平高低的重要部件。水力模型零件由于內(nèi)部流道形狀復(fù)雜，不易進(jìn)行機(jī)械加工制造，大多數(shù)企業(yè)都采用鑄造零部件。在進(jìn)行鑄造加工之前，首先要進(jìn)行翻砂鑄造。傳統(tǒng)的模具制作基本上是采用手工制作，其不足之處就是誤差太大，不能準(zhǔn)確地保證水力模型流動(dòng)型線的形狀，效率偏低，水力性能不易保證。CAM技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，將克服這些不足。
? ? 2.3.2 離心泵水力模型零部件加工制造
? ? 離心泵的水力模型零部件主要包括葉輪、泵體、導(dǎo)葉等。這些零部件的傳統(tǒng)加工制造方法，是通過(guò)鑄造形成毛坯件，再通過(guò)機(jī)械設(shè)備將毛坯件外形尺寸進(jìn)行加工制造形成成品件。零部件的表面鑄造完成后就不再進(jìn)行機(jī)械加工。由于模型的翻砂操作中的一些原因，表面尺寸會(huì)產(chǎn)生很大的誤差，同時(shí)粗糙度較差，對(duì)水力性能和效率帶來(lái)較大的影響，流量揚(yáng)程不易保證。為此，泵行業(yè)針對(duì)此項(xiàng)不足，制定了相關(guān)的鑄造標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但不能完全滿足要求。應(yīng)用CAM技術(shù)，采用數(shù)控機(jī)械加工設(shè)備，可以直接將葉輪、泵體等零部件按設(shè)計(jì)要求的水力尺寸直接加工制造，高質(zhì)量地保證流動(dòng)型線的準(zhǔn)確性，尺寸精度提高，表面粗糙度提高，流量、揚(yáng)程得到保證，從而提高了效率。
? ? 2.3.3 其他零部件的加工制造
? ? 提高零部件的加工精度，減少轉(zhuǎn)子部件、定子部件的累計(jì)加工誤差，有利于提高離心泵整機(jī)的裝配質(zhì)量，提高離心泵整機(jī)的水力性能。
? ? 2.4 提高鑄造技術(shù)水平
? ? 離心泵產(chǎn)品的主要零部件均為鑄造零部件，如，泵體、葉輪、泵蓋、軸承體、底座等。鑄造技術(shù)水平的高低直接影響零部件質(zhì)量的好壞，鑄造水力模型的水力尺寸直接影響泵的性能參數(shù)，鑄造零部件內(nèi)表面粗糙度的好壞與泵的效率指標(biāo)有直接的關(guān)系，鑄造技術(shù)對(duì)泵的性能指標(biāo)有著重要的影響。下面分幾個(gè)方面介紹鑄造技術(shù)水平提高的措施:
? ? 2.4.1 提高離心泵水力模型模具制造質(zhì)量
? ? 離心泵水力模型模具制造質(zhì)量的好壞，直接影響水力模型鑄造毛坯件的鑄造質(zhì)量。傳統(tǒng)的水力模型模具均采用手工制作，制造的尺寸偏差較大，影響水力性能的技術(shù)指標(biāo)。目前比較先進(jìn)的制造方法是采用CAM技術(shù)，應(yīng)用數(shù)控機(jī)械加工制造設(shè)備進(jìn)行模具的加工制造，有利于提高離心泵的效率指標(biāo)，效果非常好。
? ? 2.4.2 提高離心泵水力模型模具的材料等級(jí)
? ? 離心泵是一種消耗量大、應(yīng)用面廣的通用機(jī)械產(chǎn)品，產(chǎn)品規(guī)格特別多，整個(gè)泵行業(yè)的泵性能規(guī)格達(dá)到上萬(wàn)種，這樣就需要制作大量的水力模型模具。但每種規(guī)格的產(chǎn)品批量又不是很多，很多企業(yè)為了減少制造成本，材料上往往采用泵體是木質(zhì)模具，葉輪是金屬模型，或者泵體是木質(zhì)模具，葉輪的前后蓋板也是木質(zhì)模具，葉輪葉片是金屬模具的方法。木質(zhì)模具的尺寸偏差大，易產(chǎn)生變形，鑄造毛坯件的粗糙度也不好，與金屬模具相比各方面的性能都要相差很多。為了進(jìn)一步提高水力模型的毛坯件質(zhì)量，保證各項(xiàng)水力性能的技術(shù)指標(biāo)，應(yīng)大力提高離心泵水力模型模具的材料等級(jí)，使所有模具均采用金屬材料，但不足之處是增加制造成本。
? ? 2.4.3 采用先進(jìn)的精密鑄造方法
? ? 傳統(tǒng)的鑄造方法是采用普通的砂型鑄造，鑄造毛坯件的質(zhì)量比較差，鑄件的厚度偏大，浪費(fèi)材料，增大成本，毛坯件尺寸誤差比較大，不易保證水力尺寸和水力性能，毛坯件的粗糙度不好，增加水力損失。先進(jìn)的精密鑄造方法可以很好地克服以上的不足之處，如，提高砂子的質(zhì)量，采用熔模鑄造的方法等等。
? ? 2.5 調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)速的節(jié)能方法
? ? 調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)速的方法具有良好的節(jié)能效果，這已被許多國(guó)內(nèi)外生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐所證明。在許多泵的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合，有時(shí)需要泵的性能參數(shù)恒定不變，有時(shí)需要泵的性能參數(shù)根據(jù)使用條件進(jìn)行變化，調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)速可以達(dá)到這一目的，同時(shí)由于提高了管路效率，使裝置效率明顯提高。調(diào)速方式主要有以下幾個(gè)方面:①皮帶傳送的調(diào)速;②利用齒輪變速箱的調(diào)速;③利用液力聯(lián)軸器的調(diào)速;④柴油機(jī)的調(diào)速;⑤電動(dòng)機(jī)的調(diào)速。
? ? 2.6 提高離心泵選型的設(shè)計(jì)水平
? ? 由于各種原因，在泵的選型設(shè)計(jì)方面存在著許多不合理的現(xiàn)象，從而造成能源浪費(fèi)，給節(jié)能工作帶來(lái)了很大的影響。
? ? 2.6.1 離心泵選型應(yīng)遵循以下原則
? ? ①使用單位合理確
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