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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)學(xué)生姓名：學(xué)生姓名：指導(dǎo)老師：指導(dǎo)老師：答辯時(shí)間：答辯時(shí)間：1 12 23 34 4課題研究的目的及意義課題研究的目的及意義課題研究的主要內(nèi)容課題研究的主要內(nèi)容關(guān)鍵部件的設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)鍵部件的設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)新與改進(jìn)創(chuàng)新與改進(jìn)v1 1 課題研究的目的課題研究的目的v 馬鈴薯的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值非常高，市場(chǎng)潛力巨大。在國(guó)外，大約占40%的馬鈴薯加工成食品后進(jìn)入消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)。市場(chǎng)上的馬鈴薯收獲裝置挖掘效率低，費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力。因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的馬鈴薯收獲設(shè)備不能高效的進(jìn)行挖掘收獲，需要大量人力進(jìn)行收獲，而且工作后的土地成塊狀沒(méi)有完全破碎，馬鈴薯的揀拾還需要二次破碎土壤進(jìn)行收獲。因此根據(jù)這一情況，研制一種小型家用振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)，不僅可以提高工作效率，而且還可以節(jié)約勞動(dòng)力。v2 2 課題研究的主要內(nèi)容課題研究的主要內(nèi)容 1.查閱研究國(guó)內(nèi)外馬鈴薯的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀的相關(guān)資料。2.設(shè)計(jì)選擇振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的主要?jiǎng)恿斎胙b置、傳動(dòng)裝置、挖掘裝置、振動(dòng)裝置組成。3.根據(jù)要求制作機(jī)器三維模型，及分析主要零件受力情況。4.對(duì)相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算，選擇合適材料。最終設(shè)計(jì)出能滿足工作要求的機(jī)械。2 2.1.1工作原理工作原理 振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)通過(guò)家用小型拖拉機(jī)的三點(diǎn)懸掛方式進(jìn)行馬鈴薯挖掘作業(yè)，挖掘鏟和分離篩的振動(dòng)動(dòng)力由拖拉機(jī)動(dòng)力輸出軸提供，通過(guò)萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸經(jīng)偏心輪一端輸入，偏心輪與另一端通過(guò)鉸接臂與振動(dòng)架的約束將動(dòng)力傳遞給振動(dòng)架，振動(dòng)架的上下運(yùn)動(dòng)通過(guò)連接板帶動(dòng)挖掘鏟和振動(dòng)分離篩產(chǎn)生在機(jī)架內(nèi)的上下往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)挖掘鏟與分離篩同時(shí)的振動(dòng)，完成馬鈴薯挖掘和分離。機(jī)器鋪放于地面工作，從而完成馬鈴薯的分段收獲作業(yè)。2.2.2 2振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的整體機(jī)構(gòu)振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的整體機(jī)構(gòu) 1.軸承 2.正牽引架3.萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸 4.機(jī)架 5.振動(dòng)篩 6.地輪 7.振動(dòng)架 8.偏心輪機(jī)構(gòu) 9.挖掘鏟2.2.3 3振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的主要零件2 2.4 4 動(dòng)力傳輸?shù)牧鞒虅?dòng)力傳輸?shù)牧鞒?拖拉機(jī)牽引萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸三點(diǎn)懸掛換向器偏心輪傳動(dòng)鉸臂振動(dòng)架振動(dòng)板振動(dòng)篩挖掘鏟v3 3 關(guān)鍵部件的設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)鍵部件的設(shè)計(jì)3.13.1牽引架設(shè)計(jì)牽引架設(shè)計(jì) 馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)不能正對(duì)壟進(jìn)行挖掘作業(yè)，可以選擇三點(diǎn)懸掛的牽引方式。這種牽引 方式的設(shè)計(jì)使該機(jī)器有更好的通用性可以 滿足多地區(qū)小地塊的馬鈴薯挖掘作業(yè)。1.上懸掛 2.下懸掛 3.萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸3.23.2振動(dòng)分離篩設(shè)計(jì)振動(dòng)分離篩設(shè)計(jì) 振動(dòng)分離篩主要完成土薯分離工作，不同長(zhǎng)度的桿條焊接在 U 型支架上，桿條間距 40 mm，振動(dòng)分離篩通過(guò)彎板支架與搖臂相連接，在振動(dòng)架的驅(qū)動(dòng)下振動(dòng)，篩面對(duì)挖掘的土薯混合物有拋起的作用，有較強(qiáng)的整機(jī)關(guān)鍵部件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析。如圖所示。4 創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)v為了滿足實(shí)際工作需要，挖掘鏟和地面要有一定的傾角，根據(jù)不同的地形，土質(zhì)情況，傾角要適當(dāng)?shù)卣{(diào)整，如圖所示，零件1是一個(gè)可拆裝的表面光滑的金屬桿，兩端有固定支架，它可以隨意的插入振動(dòng)篩任意兩桿條之間，從而調(diào)整振動(dòng)篩和挖掘鏟與地面的傾角，同時(shí)還可以撞擊比較大的土塊，使沒(méi)有與土完全分離的果實(shí)裸露出地表，使機(jī)器適用性更強(qiáng)。v設(shè)計(jì)圖紙1謝謝大家！謝謝大家！誠(chéng)請(qǐng)各位老師指正！誠(chéng)請(qǐng)各位老師指正！ XX大學(xué) 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）綜合成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定表 學(xué)生姓名 班級(jí) 論文（設(shè)計(jì)）題目 振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì) 評(píng)定項(xiàng)目 指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)分 （20%） 評(píng)閱教師評(píng)分 （20%） 答辯小組評(píng)分 （60%） 原始得分 （百分制） 按評(píng)分比例 折合得分 總分 等級(jí) 評(píng)定 根據(jù)指導(dǎo)教師、評(píng)閱教師、答辯專家組評(píng)審意見(jiàn)，經(jīng)綜合評(píng)定，該生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的等級(jí)為： 學(xué)院答辯委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)人（簽字）： 年 月 日 16 屆畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名 學(xué) 號(hào) 所屬學(xué)院 機(jī)械電氣化工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè) 農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化及其自動(dòng)化 班 級(jí) 指導(dǎo)老師 日 期 機(jī)械電氣化工程學(xué)院制 前 言 馬鈴薯的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值非常高，市場(chǎng)潛力巨大。在國(guó)外，大約占40%的馬鈴薯加工成食品后進(jìn)入消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)。在國(guó)內(nèi)，一向被國(guó)人視為不能登大雅之堂的馬鈴薯產(chǎn)品也突然間在市場(chǎng)上風(fēng)靡起來(lái)。在北京、上海、廣州及西安等全國(guó)大中城市，以馬鈴薯?xiàng)l、馬鈴薯泥為基本原料的麥當(dāng)勞、肯德基食品已占據(jù)我國(guó)快餐市場(chǎng)的半壁江山，而從各種渠道進(jìn)口的其它油炸薯片或膨化食品等也滾滾而來(lái)。中國(guó)農(nóng)科院副院長(zhǎng)屈東玉博士在日前召開(kāi)的中國(guó)馬鈴薯學(xué)術(shù)年會(huì)上指出：“馬鈴薯是一種產(chǎn)量高、適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)、經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值大的作物，應(yīng)把馬鈴薯主產(chǎn)區(qū)列入國(guó)家糧食商品糧基地，享受與水稻、小麥等商品糧基地同樣的財(cái)稅待遇，這將是保證我國(guó)糧食安全的有效手段馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)是當(dāng)代馬鈴薯收獲不可或缺的設(shè)備。在進(jìn)行田間馬鈴薯收獲時(shí)，必須將土層里的馬鈴薯翻出再進(jìn)行揀拾。 市場(chǎng)上的馬鈴薯收獲裝置挖掘效率低，費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力。因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的馬鈴薯收獲設(shè)備不能高效的進(jìn)行挖掘收獲，需要大量人力進(jìn)行收獲，而且工作后的土地成塊狀，馬鈴薯的揀拾還需要破碎土壤進(jìn)行收獲。因此根據(jù)這一情況，研制出了一種小型家用振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)。該振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)因其體積小、重量輕、結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，所以制造成本低，而且馬鈴薯挖掘效率高，只需要小型拖拉機(jī)進(jìn)行牽引帶動(dòng)，就可以很好地進(jìn)行馬鈴薯挖掘收獲。 本文設(shè)計(jì)的振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)是一種常用機(jī)械設(shè)備，能夠高效的進(jìn)行馬鈴薯的挖掘工作。本次設(shè)計(jì)能夠大大的提高收獲效率；可以減少人力物力，同時(shí)也節(jié)省時(shí)間。本課題設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容是振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)。主要通過(guò)對(duì)原始數(shù)據(jù)的分析、方案的論證比較與選擇，完成了收獲機(jī)的總體設(shè)計(jì)，振動(dòng)原理的設(shè)計(jì)，分離裝置的設(shè)計(jì)以及傳動(dòng)方案的選擇等內(nèi)容。在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)機(jī)體的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸、傳動(dòng)比等進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的計(jì)算和說(shuō)明。 關(guān)鍵詞：振動(dòng)式；挖掘；馬鈴薯 目 錄 1.緒論 1 1.1課題研究的意義 1 1.2國(guó)內(nèi)外葵花籽去殼機(jī)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r 1 1.3國(guó)內(nèi)外馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)存在的問(wèn)題 3 1.4研究的內(nèi)容和方法 3 1.5預(yù)期目標(biāo) 4 1.6重點(diǎn)研究的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題及解決思路 4 1.7工作條件及解決方法 4 2.振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)總體設(shè)計(jì) 4 2.1收獲機(jī)的典型方法和方案選擇 4 2.2振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的振動(dòng)工作原理 5 2.3整機(jī)主要的技術(shù)參數(shù) 6 3.整機(jī)關(guān)鍵部件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析 6 3.1牽引架設(shè)計(jì) 6 3.3挖掘鏟的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 8 4.整機(jī)關(guān)鍵部件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析 8 4.1挖掘鏟、振動(dòng)分離篩機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析 8 5.動(dòng)力裝置的設(shè)計(jì)與選用 12 5.1傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的確定 12 5.2軸的校核 12 總 結(jié) 14 致 謝 15 參考文獻(xiàn) 16 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 1緒論 1.1課題研究的意義 馬鈴薯的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值非常高，市場(chǎng)潛力巨大。在國(guó)外，大約占40%的馬鈴薯加工成食品后進(jìn)入消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)。在國(guó)內(nèi)，一向被國(guó)人視為不能登大雅之堂的馬鈴薯產(chǎn)品也突然間在市場(chǎng)上風(fēng)靡起來(lái)。在北京、上海、廣州及西安等全國(guó)大中城市，以馬鈴薯?xiàng)l、馬鈴薯泥為基本原料的麥當(dāng)勞、肯德基食品已占據(jù)我國(guó)快餐市場(chǎng)的半壁江山，而從各種渠道進(jìn)口的其它油炸薯片或膨化食品等也滾滾而來(lái)[ ]。中國(guó)農(nóng)科院副院長(zhǎng)屈東玉博士在日前召開(kāi)的中國(guó)馬鈴薯學(xué)術(shù)年會(huì)上指出：“馬鈴薯是一種產(chǎn)量高、適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)、經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值大的作物，應(yīng)把馬鈴薯主產(chǎn)區(qū)列入國(guó)家糧食商品糧基地，享受與水稻、小麥等商品糧基地同樣的財(cái)稅待遇，這將是保證我國(guó)糧食安全的有效手段馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)是當(dāng)代馬鈴薯收獲不可或缺的設(shè)備。在進(jìn)行田間馬鈴薯收獲時(shí)，必須將土層里的馬鈴薯翻出再進(jìn)行揀拾[ ]。 市場(chǎng)上的馬鈴薯收獲裝置挖掘效率低，費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力。因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的馬鈴薯收獲設(shè)備不能高效的進(jìn)行挖掘收獲，需要大量人力進(jìn)行收獲，而且工作后的土地成塊狀，馬鈴薯的揀拾還需要破碎土壤進(jìn)行收獲。因此根據(jù)這一情況，研制出了一種小型家用振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)。該振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)因其體積小、重量輕、結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，所以制造成本低，而且馬鈴薯挖掘效率高，只需要小型拖拉機(jī)進(jìn)行牽引帶動(dòng)，就可以很好地進(jìn)行馬鈴薯挖掘收獲[ ]。 本文設(shè)計(jì)的振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)是一種常用機(jī)械設(shè)備，能夠高效的進(jìn)行馬鈴薯的挖掘工作。本次設(shè)計(jì)能夠大大的提高收獲效率；可以減少人力物力，同時(shí)也節(jié)省時(shí)間。本課題設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容是振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)。主要通過(guò)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的分析、方案的論證比較與選擇，完成了收獲機(jī)的總體設(shè)計(jì)，振動(dòng)原理的設(shè)計(jì)，分離裝置的設(shè)計(jì)以及傳動(dòng)方案的選擇等內(nèi)容[ ]。在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)機(jī)體的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸、傳動(dòng)比等進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的計(jì)算和說(shuō)明。 1.2國(guó)內(nèi)外葵花籽去殼機(jī)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r 1.2.1國(guó)外馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 國(guó)外很早就研制馬鈴薯收獲裝置了，從農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展過(guò)程來(lái)看，馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)發(fā)展較遲緩，只是近50年才發(fā)展到較高水平。國(guó)外馬鈴薯機(jī)械化收獲起步早、發(fā)展快、技術(shù)水平高。在20世紀(jì)40年代初前蘇聯(lián)、美國(guó)就開(kāi)始研制推廣應(yīng)用馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)了，50年代末期全面實(shí)現(xiàn)了生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化。70～80年代，德、英、法、意大利、瑞士、波蘭、匈牙利、日本和韓國(guó)亦相繼實(shí)現(xiàn)了馬鈴薯生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化。國(guó)外馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)械的技術(shù)水平相當(dāng)高，不但生產(chǎn)率高而且高新技術(shù)已融于機(jī)具之中。如采用振動(dòng)、液壓技術(shù)進(jìn)行挖掘；采用傳感技術(shù)控制土壤喂人量、馬鈴薯傳運(yùn)量以及分級(jí)裝載；采用氣壓、氣流、光電技術(shù)進(jìn)行碎土和分離及利用微機(jī)進(jìn)行監(jiān)控操作等[ ]。 原蘇聯(lián)是生產(chǎn)收獲機(jī)最早的國(guó)家。1960年，馬鈴薯聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)保有量是3萬(wàn)臺(tái)，1976年，保有量是6萬(wàn)臺(tái)，1979年，馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)械工業(yè)化程度達(dá)到77%(其中國(guó)營(yíng)農(nóng)場(chǎng)為84%，集體農(nóng)莊為73%)；到20世紀(jì)90年代除，馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)共有16種機(jī)型，其中10種是聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)，其中勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率比其他2行收獲機(jī)提高1-2倍。 美國(guó)在1948年以前用收獲機(jī)來(lái)收獲馬鈴薯，然后人工撿拾。直到1967年，開(kāi)始使用聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)，勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率達(dá)到100kg/(h·人)。20世紀(jì)80年代初期，聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)和分段收獲的面積占馬鈴薯種植面積的85%，其中聯(lián)合收獲已經(jīng)達(dá)到50%以上、20世紀(jì)到90年代，美國(guó)已經(jīng)基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)械化[ ]。 德國(guó)20世紀(jì)在40年代主要生產(chǎn)和使用拋擲式收獲機(jī)；50年代主要生產(chǎn)和使用升運(yùn)鏈?zhǔn)绞斋@機(jī)和撿拾裝載機(jī)，進(jìn)行分段收獲；到1970年保有量達(dá)到6205臺(tái)；70年代開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)，機(jī)型有20多種，均是原聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)的變型，其保有量達(dá)到6萬(wàn)臺(tái)；90年代開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)收獲-撿拾裝載機(jī)和具有自動(dòng)分選裝置的聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)。日本在1955年以前使用畜力挖掘機(jī)，1955年到1965年生產(chǎn)懸掛式的拋擲式和升運(yùn)鏈?zhǔn)绞斋@機(jī)。70年代開(kāi)始引進(jìn)英國(guó)、美國(guó)等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)，并研制適合日本國(guó)情的聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)[ ]。目前，國(guó)外馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)械大多采用升運(yùn)鏈條式聯(lián)合作業(yè)，技術(shù)上已達(dá)到相當(dāng)高的水平。由于國(guó)外馬鈴薯采用機(jī)械化壟作種植形式，適應(yīng)這種特點(diǎn)而設(shè)計(jì)的收獲機(jī)械在中國(guó)難以適應(yīng)平作收獲[ ]。以內(nèi)蒙百事食品(中國(guó))有限公司種薯基地進(jìn)口機(jī)為例，其全部實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化作業(yè)，種植方式采用壟作，行距為900mm，收獲機(jī)械為牽引式雙行聯(lián)合作業(yè)，多級(jí)鏈輸送，配套動(dòng)力在59.7kW以上，一次完成挖掘，土、石、薯、秧分離，并可實(shí)現(xiàn)薯塊大小自動(dòng)分撿、自行裝車等功能該機(jī)為全液壓操縱，各機(jī)構(gòu)可實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)折疊運(yùn)輸，傷薯率極低。機(jī)體與薯塊可能接觸部位均用橡膠件保護(hù)。又如，芬蘭康克公司生產(chǎn)的雙行馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)為牽引式，配套動(dòng)力為33.6kW以上，在拖拉機(jī)右側(cè)實(shí)現(xiàn)挖掘，土、薯、莖葉分離，薯塊直接裝袋裝箱。同時(shí)，該機(jī)可作為撿拾機(jī)使用，后部工作臺(tái)為液壓升降式，薯塊或石頭可直接運(yùn)至田地頭。日本生產(chǎn)的主要為單行履帶自走式聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)，行走與輸送鏈HST無(wú)級(jí)變速，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)為水冷4沖程3缸柴油機(jī)[ ]。 1.2.2國(guó)內(nèi)馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 新中國(guó)成立初期, 我國(guó)收獲馬鈴薯采用人工刨或舊犁挖掘的落后方式。直到20世紀(jì)60年代中期,馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)具的研制工作才逐步發(fā)展起來(lái)。研究人員在研究原西德、原蘇聯(lián)、日本、瑞士等國(guó)外機(jī)具的基礎(chǔ)上，研制成功了升運(yùn)鏈?zhǔn)今R鈴薯收獲機(jī)，但是由于受當(dāng)時(shí)歷史條件的限制，沒(méi)能實(shí)現(xiàn)大面積推廣和使用。20世紀(jì)70年代中期，由于手扶拖拉機(jī)的大量推廣應(yīng)用, 國(guó)內(nèi)又掀起了為手扶拖拉機(jī)配套的馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的研制高潮, 成功研制了鼠籠式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī), 但受當(dāng)時(shí)的配套動(dòng)力限制, 未能生產(chǎn)和推廣。1979年，12國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)展覽會(huì)后，國(guó)家將全部馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)樣機(jī)都投放在黑龍江省農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械工程科學(xué)研究院，從而為馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的研究工作創(chuàng)造了良好的條件[ ]。 到20世紀(jì)90年代中期, 由于國(guó)產(chǎn)小四輪拖拉機(jī)的大量推廣和應(yīng)用, 研制馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)已被列入重要日程。而此后, 其市場(chǎng)需求旺盛, 先后有小型升運(yùn)鏈?zhǔn)今R鈴薯收獲機(jī)和振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)投放市場(chǎng),并占據(jù)了很大的市場(chǎng)份額[ ]。 1.3國(guó)內(nèi)外馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)存在的問(wèn)題 我國(guó)研究馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)起步較晚發(fā)展緩慢，和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比只能望其項(xiàng)背，目前市場(chǎng)上流行的一些機(jī)具中，存在如下問(wèn)題，因此，難以大范圍推廣應(yīng)用。 (1)挖掘效率低。有些田間作業(yè)時(shí)，馬鈴薯挖掘不完全，有許多果實(shí)還在土層里，機(jī)器入土較淺。所以挖掘效率低是推廣使用馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)機(jī)具的最大障礙。 (2)損失率高。因?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)時(shí)參數(shù)選擇不合理，造成挖掘不完全現(xiàn)象比較嚴(yán)重，果實(shí)在許多大的土塊里，不能直接呈現(xiàn)在人們眼前，需要二次收獲。 (3)果仁完整性差。有些廠家設(shè)計(jì)的收獲機(jī)具，為了改善漏剝或田間挖掘不完全現(xiàn)象，一味追求挖掘率的提高，造成很多果實(shí)破碎，從而降低了產(chǎn)品的商品價(jià)值。 (4)機(jī)具性能不穩(wěn)定，適應(yīng)性不高。當(dāng)土壤的含水率、硬度，果實(shí)形狀、大小、品種等因素發(fā)生變化時(shí)，專門為某類馬鈴薯研究開(kāi)發(fā)的專用機(jī)型馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)性能也會(huì)變的不理想。 從而國(guó)內(nèi)能夠完成挖掘、振動(dòng)分離的馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)設(shè)備由于實(shí)用性，技術(shù)性等原因，還未在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)大規(guī)模使用[ ]。 國(guó)外馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的發(fā)展歷史已經(jīng)有上百年了，其特點(diǎn)主要是能夠根據(jù)用戶的不同需求，在收獲機(jī)上配備多種工作裝置。國(guó)外馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的使用比較廣范，且以簡(jiǎn)單、高效的振動(dòng)式收獲機(jī)為主的馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)搶占著全球很大市場(chǎng)[ ]。 1.4研究的內(nèi)容和方法 根據(jù)我國(guó)馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和存在問(wèn)題以及未來(lái)馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的發(fā)展要求，我選擇的是振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)。家用振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)主要由動(dòng)力輸入裝置、傳動(dòng)裝置、挖掘裝置、振動(dòng)裝置組成。其中，動(dòng)力裝置是通過(guò)人操作小型拖拉機(jī)進(jìn)行牽引收獲機(jī)提供動(dòng)力，只需把馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)通過(guò)三點(diǎn)懸掛連接在拖拉機(jī)上進(jìn)行田間作業(yè)。 先確定我國(guó)已有馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的類型，根據(jù)已有馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的原理及結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)，使收獲效率能滿足家庭及小型企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的要求，也就是馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)要能工作穩(wěn)定，操作簡(jiǎn)便，成本低，保證挖掘率高，馬鈴薯完整率高，果實(shí)和土壤分離效果好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 1.5預(yù)期目標(biāo) （1）收獲機(jī)操作方便，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，通用性好，成本低，使用壽命長(zhǎng)。 （2）馬鈴薯完整率高、馬鈴薯和土壤分離效果好。 （3）可以在各種田間作業(yè)，安裝靈活，挖掘效率高，人工勞動(dòng)量少，同時(shí)動(dòng)力上要消耗少。 （4）制造價(jià)格便宜，容易普及，能滿足家庭使用的要求。 1.6重點(diǎn)研究的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題及解決思路 該機(jī)動(dòng)力源于拖拉機(jī)提供牽引動(dòng)力和動(dòng)力輸出的回轉(zhuǎn)力實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)力的傳輸，再經(jīng)偏心輪把回轉(zhuǎn)力變化成上下振動(dòng)，該振動(dòng)為挖掘的碎土和果實(shí)進(jìn)行振動(dòng)分離。 （1）選擇合適動(dòng)力傳遞方式，設(shè)計(jì)工作裝置和傳動(dòng)裝置。 （2）運(yùn)用Auto CAD軟件，繪制二維零件圖和裝配圖。 （3）利用Solidworks進(jìn)行虛擬樣機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)，完成整機(jī)各零部件的三維建模。 1.7工作條件及解決方法 塔里木大學(xué)位于南疆中心位置，校內(nèi)有實(shí)習(xí)工廠、微機(jī)室、土槽實(shí)驗(yàn)室、農(nóng)業(yè)工程重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室等，設(shè)計(jì)條件良好，為項(xiàng)目開(kāi)展提供了場(chǎng)地和基本條件。校內(nèi)擁有優(yōu)良的硬件環(huán)境，機(jī)械電氣化工程學(xué)院擁有先進(jìn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備和機(jī)械加工制造設(shè)備，并且?guī)熧Y力量雄厚，可以滿足對(duì)振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的工作條件。 2振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)總體設(shè)計(jì) 2.1收獲機(jī)的典型方法和方案選擇 振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)主要由機(jī)架、正牽引 架、偏牽引架、振動(dòng)篩 、振動(dòng)挖掘鏟、萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸、地輪、振動(dòng)篩傾角調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)等組成，挖掘機(jī)整體結(jié)構(gòu)如圖 2-1 所示 1.軸承 2.正牽引架 3.萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸 4.機(jī)架 5.振動(dòng)篩 6.地輪 7.振動(dòng)架 8.偏心輪 9.挖掘鏟 圖2-1 振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)主視側(cè)視的整體結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖 2.2振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的振動(dòng)工作原理 挖掘機(jī)通過(guò)家用小型拖拉機(jī)的三點(diǎn)懸掛方式進(jìn)行馬鈴薯挖掘作業(yè)，挖掘鏟和分離篩的振動(dòng)動(dòng)力由拖拉機(jī)動(dòng)力輸出軸提供動(dòng)力輸出，通過(guò)萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸3經(jīng)偏心輪8一端輸入，偏心輪與另一端通過(guò)鉸接臂與振動(dòng)架的約束將動(dòng)力傳遞給振動(dòng)架7，振動(dòng)架7的上下運(yùn)動(dòng)通過(guò)連接板帶動(dòng)挖掘鏟9和振動(dòng)分離篩5產(chǎn)生在機(jī)架內(nèi)的上下往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)挖掘鏟與分離篩同時(shí)的振動(dòng)，完成馬鈴薯挖掘和分離，鋪放于地面工作，從而完成馬鈴薯的分段收獲作業(yè)。 2.3整機(jī)主要的技術(shù)參數(shù) 馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)主要應(yīng)用于西南山區(qū)，小地塊、坡度大、多石塊等條件地塊，其設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)符合西南地區(qū)、小地塊區(qū)域、小區(qū)育種等馬鈴薯種植的農(nóng)藝要求， 該機(jī)采用偏牽引結(jié)構(gòu)，以適應(yīng)小壟馬鈴薯挖掘作業(yè)，避免拖拉機(jī)作業(yè)時(shí)壓壟或挖掘機(jī)不能正對(duì)壟挖掘等問(wèn)題的出現(xiàn)，提高馬鈴薯收獲的效率和收獲質(zhì)量。該機(jī)主要技術(shù)參數(shù)如下表所示。 表2-3 整機(jī)主要的技術(shù)參數(shù) 項(xiàng)目 參數(shù) 整機(jī)外形 15508661050（mm） 動(dòng)力 18-21（KW） 整機(jī)質(zhì)量 110左右（kg） 作業(yè)行數(shù) 1 作業(yè)幅寬 460左右（mm） 挖掘深度 100-200（mm） 挖掘鏟與地面傾角 20°左右 適應(yīng)行距 700-900（mm） 3整機(jī)關(guān)鍵部件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析 3.1牽引架設(shè)計(jì) 馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)不能正對(duì)壟進(jìn)行挖掘作業(yè)，可以選擇三點(diǎn)懸掛的牽引方式。這種牽引方式的設(shè)計(jì)使該機(jī)器有更好的通用性，可以滿足多地區(qū)小地塊的馬鈴薯挖掘作業(yè)。牽引架結(jié)構(gòu)如圖所示。 A B 1.上懸掛 2.下懸掛 3.萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸 圖3-1 牽引架 3.2振動(dòng)分離篩設(shè)計(jì) 振動(dòng)分離篩主要完成土薯分離工作，不同長(zhǎng)度的桿條焊接在 U 型支架上，桿條間距 40 mm，振動(dòng)分離篩通過(guò)彎板支架與搖臂相連接，在振動(dòng)架的驅(qū)動(dòng)下振動(dòng)，篩面對(duì)挖掘的土薯混合物有拋起的作用，有較強(qiáng)的整機(jī)關(guān)鍵部件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析。如下圖所示 圖3-3 振動(dòng)篩 3.3挖掘鏟的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 挖掘鏟主要完成土薯挖掘工作，挖掘機(jī)振動(dòng)架帶動(dòng)挖掘鏟斜拉桿使挖掘鏟前后擺動(dòng)，挖掘鏟尾部焊接桿條，桿條的主要作用是分離土薯、避免挖掘鏟與振動(dòng)分離篩之間由于間隙過(guò)大使薯塊掉落。采用一體式挖掘鏟，切土效果更好，挖掘鏟平滑鋒利，可以避免薯塊從挖掘鏟的兩側(cè)漏出被機(jī)器擠壓和被土壤覆蓋。 4.整機(jī)關(guān)鍵部件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析 4.1挖掘鏟、振動(dòng)分離篩機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析 圖4-1 挖掘鏟、振動(dòng)分離篩機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)分析 為構(gòu)件 i 鉸鏈點(diǎn)連線在平面內(nèi)與 x 軸的角度;為構(gòu)件3質(zhì)心到鉸鏈點(diǎn)C連線與兩鉸鏈點(diǎn)連線的角度（逆時(shí)針為正）；為構(gòu)件4質(zhì)心到鉸鏈點(diǎn)D連線與兩鉸鏈點(diǎn)連線的角度（逆時(shí)針為正； 為 O、D 兩點(diǎn)連線在平面內(nèi)與 x 軸的角度（逆時(shí)針為正）；ω為OA 桿轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的角速度，rad·s-1。 根據(jù)挖掘鏟、振動(dòng)分離篩的三維模型，設(shè)置相應(yīng)的材料屬性，確定各自質(zhì)心坐標(biāo)，進(jìn)而確定質(zhì)心位置，由于挖掘鏟與振動(dòng)分離篩有質(zhì)量對(duì)稱平面，且平行于此平面運(yùn)動(dòng)，可將挖掘鏟與振動(dòng)分離篩機(jī)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)稱平面上的平面連桿機(jī)構(gòu)。挖掘鏟、振動(dòng)分離篩機(jī)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)圖如圖4-1所示。以O(shè)為原點(diǎn)建立直角坐標(biāo)系，作封閉矢量多邊型，建立矢量方程如下 OA+AB=OC+CB (4-1) OD+DE=OF+FE (4-2) 由矢量方程建立位移方程有： 式中：，為構(gòu)件上某點(diǎn) j(鉸鏈點(diǎn)或任意點(diǎn) A、B、C…) 的坐標(biāo)；Li為構(gòu)件i (1、2、3…)的兩鉸鏈點(diǎn)間的距離；為構(gòu)件i鉸鏈點(diǎn)6連線在平面內(nèi)與 x 軸的角度（逆 時(shí)針?lè)较驗(yàn)檎? 對(duì)于整機(jī)連桿機(jī)構(gòu)本文只對(duì)挖掘鏟、振動(dòng)分離篩機(jī) 構(gòu)進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析，目的是分析 2 個(gè)構(gòu)件工作時(shí)質(zhì)心加速度的變化規(guī)律，進(jìn)而分析2個(gè)構(gòu)件慣性力的抵消情況。如圖3c所示，起始位置OAD 逆時(shí)針擺動(dòng)，角位移為φ，角速度為ω，角加速度為α。(參數(shù)為與時(shí)間 t 有關(guān)的變量) 將方程組(3)中的第一式對(duì)時(shí)間求導(dǎo)，得： （4-5） 式中：LOA 為構(gòu)件上點(diǎn)A（鉸鏈點(diǎn)或任一點(diǎn)）與O的距離，mm；為i構(gòu)件的角速度，rad/s。 將坐標(biāo)系繞O點(diǎn)逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)α3，由式（4-5）得： 將坐標(biāo)系繞O點(diǎn)逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)α2，由式（4-5）得： 將式(5)對(duì)時(shí)間求導(dǎo)，得： (4-6) 式中：為i構(gòu)件的角加速度，rad/s2。 將坐標(biāo)系繞O點(diǎn)逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)α2，由式（4-6）得: 將方程組(4-4)中的第一式對(duì)時(shí)間求導(dǎo)，得： （4-7) 式中： 為 O、D 兩點(diǎn)連線在平面內(nèi)與 x 軸的角度（逆 時(shí)針?lè)较驗(yàn)檎?°)；LOD 構(gòu)件上點(diǎn) D（鉸鏈點(diǎn)或任一 點(diǎn)）與O的距離，mm。將坐標(biāo)系繞O點(diǎn)逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)α5，由式（4-7）得： 將坐標(biāo)系繞O點(diǎn)逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)α4，由式（4-7）得： 將式(4-7)對(duì)時(shí)間求導(dǎo)，得： (4-8) 將坐標(biāo)系繞O點(diǎn)逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)，由式（4-8）得： D點(diǎn)的位移方程： （4-9） 挖掘鏟BC位移方程： （4-10） 式中：為質(zhì)心到鉸鏈點(diǎn) C 連線與梁鉸鏈點(diǎn)連線的角度 (逆時(shí)針?lè)较驗(yàn)檎?，(°)；為構(gòu)件 3 質(zhì)心與鉸鏈點(diǎn) C 的 距離，mm。振動(dòng)分離篩 DE 質(zhì)心位移方程為： (4-11) D點(diǎn)的加速度方程為： (4-12) 式中： ， 為 D 點(diǎn)在 x，y 方向上的加速度，mm/s2。 挖掘鏟BC質(zhì)心加速度方程為： (4-13) 式中：xi， 為i構(gòu)件質(zhì)心在 x，y方向上的加速度，mm/s2。振動(dòng)分離篩DE質(zhì)心加速度為： (4-14) 式中：L4D為構(gòu)件 4質(zhì)心與鉸鏈點(diǎn) D 的距離，mm。以圖3c 所示OA 所在位置開(kāi)始逆時(shí)針擺動(dòng)時(shí)的振動(dòng)位置為起點(diǎn)，分析挖掘鏟、振動(dòng)分離篩質(zhì)心加速度變化規(guī)律。根據(jù)桿件設(shè)計(jì)尺寸及極限狀態(tài)位置可知： L3C=166 mm，L4D=461 mm，LOD=330 mm，在整個(gè)周期內(nèi) 角度變化范圍為：171.5°<α3+α3C<175.5°，20.5°<α4+α4D< 23°，α3C=113.5°，α4D=14°（角度以逆時(shí)針?lè)较驗(yàn)檎鶕?jù)構(gòu)件在兩個(gè)極限位置的各個(gè)參數(shù)值及運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)方程分析挖掘鏟 BC 和振動(dòng)分離篩 DE 質(zhì)心在 x，y 方向的加速度變化規(guī)律。 挖掘鏟BC質(zhì)心加速度在整個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)行程的兩個(gè)極限-位置變化規(guī)律為：初始位置逐漸減?。▁ 正向），到達(dá)極限位置之前逐漸增加（x 負(fù)方向），回程運(yùn)動(dòng)逐漸減小（x 負(fù)方向），到達(dá)初始極限位置之前逐漸增大（x 正方向）。 振動(dòng)分離篩 DE 質(zhì)心加速度在整個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)行程的 2 個(gè)極限位置變化規(guī)律為：初始位置逐漸減小（x 負(fù)方向），到達(dá)極限位置之前逐漸增加（x 正方向），回程運(yùn)動(dòng)逐漸減?。▁ 正方向），到達(dá)初始極限位置之前逐漸增加（x 負(fù)方向）。挖掘鏟 BC 質(zhì)心加速度在整個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)行程的 2 個(gè)極限位置變化規(guī)律為：初始位置逐漸減小（y 正方向），到達(dá)極限位置之前逐漸增大（y 負(fù)方向），回程運(yùn)動(dòng)逐漸減?。▂ 負(fù)方向），到達(dá)極限位置之前逐漸增大（y 正方向）。振動(dòng)分離篩 DE 質(zhì)心加速度在整個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)行程的兩個(gè)極限位置變化規(guī)律為：初始位置逐漸減小（y 正方向），到達(dá)極限位置之前逐漸增加（y 負(fù)方向），回程運(yùn)動(dòng)逐漸減?。▂ 負(fù)方向），到達(dá)初始極限位置之前逐漸增加（y 正方向）， 直到回到初始極限位置。理論分析得出一個(gè)行程周期內(nèi)，挖掘鏟、振動(dòng)分離 篩 x 方向質(zhì)心加速度在 2 個(gè)極限位置附近時(shí)方向相反，y 方 向質(zhì)心加速度在 2 個(gè)極限位置附近時(shí)加速度方向相同。 5動(dòng)力裝置的設(shè)計(jì)與選用 5.1傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的確定 本機(jī)械所適用的作業(yè)田的壟長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)度大于200m，壟距為800mm，壟高250mm，結(jié)薯深度為150～200 mm。馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)可配套動(dòng)力為約翰迪爾280型拖拉機(jī)，功率為20.6kW,動(dòng)力輸出軸的轉(zhuǎn)速為540r/min。拖拉機(jī)提供牽引，如圖5-1.2所示萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸機(jī)構(gòu)，通過(guò)萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸對(duì)機(jī)器進(jìn)行動(dòng)力傳輸，經(jīng)過(guò)萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸傳給振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)振動(dòng)所需的力。該機(jī)器前進(jìn)的動(dòng)力是由拖拉機(jī)三點(diǎn)懸掛所提供的牽引力，使其在田間作業(yè)[ ]。 圖5-1.2 萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)軸 5.2軸的校核 在機(jī)器工作過(guò)程中，軸的工作需要克服機(jī)架施加的摩擦和撞擊，要計(jì)算其可靠性。所以可以先計(jì)算出軸的最小直徑。經(jīng)過(guò)查閱機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)第五版可得知計(jì)算軸的最小直徑的公式。軸的最小直徑為： （7-1） 式中： ——滾軸最小直徑（mm）； ——軸的許用扭切應(yīng)力（）； P——傳遞到軸上的功率（）； ——軸的轉(zhuǎn)速（）； C——軸的材料和承載情況確定的常數(shù)。 根據(jù)上面算出來(lái)的已知數(shù)據(jù)可知： 軸的轉(zhuǎn)速: n=540r/min 軸的輸入功率: P=20.6kw 軸的扭矩: 由于此軸是用來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)果秧分離工作的，因此是比較重要的軸，選取軸的材料為45鋼，調(diào)質(zhì)處理,抗拉強(qiáng)度,屈服強(qiáng)度。 因此經(jīng)過(guò)計(jì)算和查閱相關(guān)資料可得： P=0.23 n=290r/min 將數(shù)據(jù)代入式7-1得： 因此此軸滿足受力要求，可以滿足工作需要。 總 結(jié) 此次設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)過(guò)了一年左右的時(shí)間，大致經(jīng)過(guò)了以下階段 1.查閱研究國(guó)內(nèi)外馬鈴薯的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀的相關(guān)資料。 2.設(shè)計(jì)選擇振動(dòng)式馬鈴薯收獲機(jī)的主要?jiǎng)恿斎胙b置、傳動(dòng)裝置、挖掘裝置、振動(dòng)裝置組成。 3.根據(jù)要求制作機(jī)器三維模型，及分析主要零件受力情況。 4.對(duì)相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算，選擇合適材料。最終設(shè)計(jì)出能滿足工作要求的機(jī)械。 最終設(shè)計(jì)完成的模型，我在市場(chǎng)上原有的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)，在振動(dòng)篩后面加了一個(gè)可以調(diào)節(jié)刀具和地面夾角的軸，使他的適用性更強(qiáng)。 致 謝 經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)學(xué)期的辛勤與忙碌，本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)接近尾聲，由于經(jīng)驗(yàn)的匱乏，在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中難免有許多問(wèn)題會(huì)考慮不周，如果沒(méi)有吳明清老師的悉心指導(dǎo)與督促，以及設(shè)計(jì)小組的同學(xué)們的幫助與支持，也許畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)不會(huì)這么順利的完成。 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中，吳明清老師耐心的指導(dǎo)使我們受益匪淺，他扎實(shí)的理論知識(shí)與豐富的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)給我留下了深刻的印象，也正是老師認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)的教學(xué)態(tài)度使我們從畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中真正的學(xué)會(huì)了學(xué)以致用，將課本知識(shí)與實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)中所遇到的問(wèn)題相聯(lián)系，整合了自己在校所學(xué)的專業(yè)知識(shí)，同時(shí)提高了我們發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題的能力。從機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)始到最后的設(shè)計(jì)完成，吳老師對(duì)于專業(yè)知識(shí)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膶W(xué)習(xí)精神以及對(duì)于設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程嚴(yán)格的要求態(tài)度成為我們?cè)诮窈髮W(xué)習(xí)以及工作中良好的榜樣，在此謹(jǐn)向?yàn)槲覀儺厴I(yè)設(shè)計(jì)小組辛苦了一學(xué)期的老師致以最真誠(chéng)的謝意。 回望這一學(xué)期，似乎忙碌與緊張充滿了整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程，但是因?yàn)橛辛诵〗M成員們的關(guān)懷與幫助，使得設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程也充滿了歡樂(lè)。我們共同研究，相互討論，遇到問(wèn)題一起解決，畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)不僅是對(duì)我們學(xué)習(xí)的檢驗(yàn)，同時(shí)也是鍛煉我們與他人協(xié)同工作的好機(jī)會(huì)。 在最后我要感謝學(xué)校、學(xué)院對(duì)我們的培養(yǎng)，為我們的學(xué)習(xí)以及畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)造良好環(huán)境、提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的學(xué)習(xí)研究條件。伴隨著畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的結(jié)束，我們也將離開(kāi)校園，有過(guò)少耕耘就有多少收獲，相信我們走出校園后能將自己的價(jià)值體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，回報(bào)父母、回報(bào)學(xué)校，為社會(huì)做自己力所能及的貢獻(xiàn)。再一次感謝在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中給予我?guī)椭睦蠋熀屯瑢W(xué)們，感謝母校給我的一切學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)，最后祝大家在今后的工作和生活中一切順利！ 參考文獻(xiàn) [1] 王公仆，蔣金琳，田艷清，等.馬鈴薯機(jī)械收獲技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢(shì)[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)化學(xué)報(bào). 2014.01:11-15. 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[13] 呂金慶，田忠恩，楊穎，等.4U2A型雙行馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)與試驗(yàn)[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2015,06 ：17-24. [14] 楊莉.馬鈴薯挖掘機(jī)擺動(dòng)分離篩的仿真與參數(shù)優(yōu)化[D]. 呼和浩特:內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2009. [15] 李寶筏. 農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)[M]. 北京:中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)出版社,2003:199-201. 17 卷卷內(nèi)內(nèi)資資料料一一覽覽表表序序 號(hào)號(hào)題題 名名頁(yè)頁(yè) 碼碼備備注注1畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）定稿2畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）任務(wù)書(shū)3畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）開(kāi)題報(bào)告4中期檢查記錄表5指導(dǎo)教師（評(píng)閱）打分表6答辯情況記錄表7綜合成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定表2950 Niles Road, StJosepli _ 49085-9659, USA 269.429-0300 fax 26S.4293SS2 hc|#asabe.org www.asabe.org An ASABE Meeting Presentation Paper Number: 084469 7760 Cotton Picker Jason D. Wattonville John Deere Des Moines Works, Ankeny, Iowa, USA Written for presentation at the 2008 ASABE Annual International Meeting Sponsored by ASABE Rhode Island Convention Center Providence, Rhode Island June 29 - July 2，2008 Abstract. The John Deere 7760 Cotton Picker, with on-board module building technology, offers customers the next revolution to cotton harvesting machinery. The 7760 breaks through the productivity barrier by way of virtual non-stop harvest. The 7760 can harvest non-stop or continuously pick while forming, wrapping, ejecting and carrying a round module. Building round modules on-board the machine eliminates most field support equipment and the additional labor and costs associated with it. Wrapping the round modules in waterproof plastic wrap provides better protection to preserve cotton fiber and cotton seed quality while containing the cotton in the module so minimal cotton is lost during handling and transport. Some other key features of the 7760 include a Tier III emissions compliant 13.5L engine (500 hp), Pro Drive? powershift transmission, CAN BUS electronics, updated operator station, and improved serviceability and diagnostics. Keywords. Agricultural Equipment, Cotton, Cotton Harvesters, Farm Machinery, Harvesting Machinery The authors are solely responsible for the content of this technical presentation. The technical presentation does not necessarily reflect the official position of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), and its printing and distribution does not constitute an endorsement of views which may be expressed. Technical presentations are not subject to the formal peer review process by ASABE editorial committees; therefore, they are not to be presented as refereed publications. Citation of this work should state that it is ftorn an ASABE meeting paper. EXAMPLE: Author's Last Name, Initials. 2008. Title of Presentation. ASABE Paper No. 08-—. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. For information about securing permission to reprint or reproduce a technical presentation, please contact ASABE at iutter@asabe.org or 269-429-0300 (2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659 USA). 7760 Cotton Picker Introduction Feedback from a worldwide customer base, representing all segments of the cotton industry, expressed the need to enhance and improve the entire cotton production chain — a chain that includes harvesting, handling, transporting and ginning seed cotton. The overall customer request was to "help us- reduce our labor, reduce our assets, increase our flexibility and help us preserve fiber quality." To provide a solution of increased efficiency and profitability, we needed a systematic paradigm shift (see Figure 1) which involved 3 groups of constituents: farmers, transporters and ginners. Input from those constituents helped define the requirements for a new generation cotton harvester, the John Deere 7760 Cotton Picker. Equipped with built-in module-building technology, the 7760 is a revolutionary cotton-harvesting machine which streamlines the stages of cotton production, from the initial picking of the plant to the completion of the lint bale. Figure 1, 7760 Harvesting System Approach  project Description FigCire 2. Current Basket Picker Harvesting Process Typically, every 6 row cotton picker requires four pieces of support equipment along with labor to operate that equipment (see Figure 2). The labor, cost and management challenges associated with supporting cotton harvest is one of the primary drivers and inspiration for the 7760 and producing round modules on-board the harvester. Development of producing modules on-board cotton pickers began as far back at the 80’s. John Deere began experimenting with various packaging techniques to determine optimum size and shape for building cotton modules on-board the cotton harvester. Since the industry had standardized on conventional modules, early experiments involved partitioning a conventional module builder to evaluate partial size modules. The major issues to be addressed with this concept were: 1) the lack of module integrity; 2) the low package (module) density; 3) the requirement of the vehicle to stop for module unloading. These issues would have contributed to higher transportation costs, lower ginning efficiency and unimproved or reduced harvesting productivity. Additionally, the smaller “mini” modules did not offer improvements in handling, transportation or improvements to fiber preservation. Since these issues resulted in not meeting the requirements that our customers were asking for, the focus was turned to an alternate package type, the round module (bale). The first advantage we saw in the round shape was that it sheds water naturally and lends itself to being covered automatically. A waterproof protective covering completely around the circumference of the round module helps preserve the fiber and reduce seed cotton losses incurred by handling and/or transportation. Additionally, the round module enables the 7760 to harvest non-stop resulting in a dramatic machine productivity increase of 20% or more. The 7760 eliminates the time spent unloading, waiting for boll buggies, or driving back and forth to a module builder as round modules can be wrapped, ejected, carried and dropped at the turn row without ever needing to stop themachine. The non-stop harvesting function of the 7760 Picker trims approximately five days off of the typical four-week harvest. The vision for this program is as follows: ? Reduce labor requirements ? Improve asset utilization ? Increase productivity ? Lower harvesting costs ? Preserve cotton fiber and reduce losses ? Increase handling and transportation option The performance requirements for this vehicle are outlined in Table 1. In many cases, our requirements were based against the current 9996 cotton picker since it has and continues to be the market leader in the 6 row class of cotton pickers. Table 1: 7760 Performance Requirements Model 7760 Productivity increase over 9996 20% Ability to non-stop harvest (up to 4 bale/acre yields at 4.2 mph) Yes Fluid capacity 12 hrs Continuous Improved shift-ability Yes Locked wheel during powered brake turn Yes Field transport height Equivalent to 9996 Shipping height Equivalent to 9996 Flotation Equal or greater than 9996 Tractive efficiency Equal or greater than 9996 Tractive effort Equal or greater than 9996 Standard front dual drive tires Yes Option single front drive tires No Improved maneuverability over 9996 Yes Tier III emissions compliant ? Yes  Accumulator Round Module Builder j Wrap Mechanism Figure 3. Machine Cut-Away Theory of Operation 'i he following section describes the theory of operation of the round module building process on-board the 7760. Please refer to Figure 3 in this section. Accumulator Accumulator technology and monitoring provides an 8.5 mA3 (300 ftA3) chamber or buffer that temporarily stores 1000-1200 lb seed cotton during the wrap and eject process. This buffer is what allows the machine to harvest non-stop. The accumulator working in conjunction with a double reverse flighted auger ensures an even and uniform flow of cotton is delivered to the round module builder resulting in consistent cylindrical formed round modules in all conditions. Mounted to the top of the accumulator is the lid extension and hood. It contains perforated screens and fingergrates that provide a means to separate trash from the cotton and also provides self-raising and lowering of the ducts. Sensors monitor the level of cotton within the accumulator to start and stop the feeding process f「om the accumulator into the round module builder. Feed rolls convey cotton from the accumulator to the feeder belt. The feed roll metering system is patented technology. Feeder Cotton received from the accumulator feed rolls is transported via a rubber belt and compressed between this belt and a laydown roller resulting in a uniform ribbon (or mat) of cotton presented to the entrance or throat of the round module builder. The feeder is also patented technology developed jointly between John Deere and PA Consulting. Round Module Builder The round module builder has the capability to automatically build, wrap, eject (on demand), and drop uniform and consistent modules without stopping the machine. The round module builder is powered by an electronic controlled hydrostatic system that operates in conjunction with the feeder system. The round modules can be variable in size up to the target diameter of 2439 mm (90，’）and a width of 2388mm (94，，）and will weigh approximately 5000 lbs depending on moisture content of the cotton. This size of module will allow unloading on one end of the field in all but extreme operating conditions (high yields and long rows). Portioned Wrap & Wrap System The round module covering consists of an industry first portioned wrap (eliminates a cutting mechanism) made of a non-contaminating LLDPE material. LLDPE, is the same material used for lint bale covers today and is recyclable. The wrap will provide package integrity, puncture resistance, and full surface coverage with an edge-wrap feature (CoverEdge?) to provide weather resistant protection for the seed cotton package. Wrap will be provided in rolls that weigh 100 kg (220 lbs) and contain 22 portions. The wrap mechanism will have the capability to separate the portioned wrap as it is applied to the round module during the wrapping process. Fully loaded, the machine can carry 110 wraps (five rolls). One roll is positioned in the wrap mechanism with four .additional rolls in the magazine. This provides more than enough wraps to complete a 12 hour harvest day. Handler The handler carries a round module to the desired field staging location. It also provides a means to lower the round module builder down to an acceptable shipping and field transport height. The rear gate of the round module builder rests in slots located on the handler which guides the builder into this configuration. Figure 4 shows the machine in field transport configuration. Figure 4. Field transport position ltAuto" Mode Module Building "Auto" mode enables the machine via electronics, hydraulics, software and sensors to automatically control the building of each round module. “Auto” mode is engaged by pushing one button on the hydro handle alleviating the complexity of module making. During the automated round module building process, the comerpost and armrest displays provide clear and concise feedback to the operator indicating exactly where the machine is at in executing the process. The round module builder or baler does not run continuous, but rather cycles on and off as needed. The cycle is controlled by 2 sets of infrared through-beam sensors. The upper sensors sense when the accumulator is full, initiating the module building cycle to start. The cycle continues until the lower set of sensors are activated stopping the cycle. This repeats itself until the round module reaches its maximum diameter of 90，，. When it reaches 90”，the cotton flowing from the accumulator is stopped and the wrap cycle is automatically initiated wrapping the round module. After the round module is wrapped, the operator interface asks the operator to eject. Confirmation is required to eject the round module out onto the handler. Cotton continues to pour into the accumulator during the wrap and eject cycle. After the round module has been ejected and the gate closes, the system is ready to repeat itself. Key Features Non-Stop Harvest “Auto" mode, described in the previous section, enables the machine to automatically control the building of each round module allowing the picker to harvest continuously while forming, wrapping, ejecting and unloading round modules from the machine. Eliminating stops, for any reason, keeps the picker harvesting cotton. Operator Station The 7760 features a newly designed cab for a much improved operator's environment. New operator interfaces have been added that include a CommandCenter display mounted to the revised and updated armrest (see Figures 5 and 6). The cab layout has been revised to provide for an LCD based Cornerpost Display, updated armrest control locations, Harvest Doc Cotton ready, and overhead console revisions. With the addition of the CommandCenter display, information such as internal alarms, diagnostic trouble codes, diagnostic addresses, calibrations, mode management setup screens, set point adjust, and text displayed messages are available to the operator. The addition of the LCD based Cornerpost Display Unit provides for a dedicated round module builder display (see Figure 6), as well as a display for general harvest monitoring. Harvest warning indicators have been added for complete operator warning annunciation. Figure 5. The all-new CommandCenter display and CommandTouch console ■jepijnq a|npoiu punoj pjeoq-uo am oj |o」iuoo o!6o| 6u!p!AOJd Aq e|q!ssod BujiseAjeq dojs-uou se>iBLU Lp!i|M BunseAjeii epoiu ?。雨? 6u!p!Aaid joj euoq>|oeq s! ainpsijipje Sim S0SS9UJB4 6uu|m jo uo!pnp9J pue sAe|ej uo,!oi!|a ai|i ‘sesn“o jeqiunu am eonpej SJ01U9O j0Mod 9兩s-p!|0s Lji!M uo!!ounfuo3 u! pesn 'sjeea uiiop Xq pedo|ey\ep |sjs||ojituoo ,xoq xey, uo peseq s! ajeMpjei] ei|i sejijiiqedBO o!isou6e!p p9A0」duj! 9|q!jediuo3 JosjApy 90|AJ9S s! pue s|ooo!ojd NVO pjepue^s Aflsnpu! luejjno uo psseq s! ainp列ipje |eo!jp9|9 ei|j_ so!uono&i3 paseg ' Ae[ds;p jsodjaujoo _9 3jn6|j Electronic Unit Synchronization Currently, picking unit synchronization to ground speed is done via a mechanical link between the ground drive and unit drive hydrostatic pumps. Each machine requires adjustment as part of the manufacturing process. The 7760 program has developed the electronic unit speed synchronization system. This technology eliminates the synchronization adjustment in manufacturing and delivers synchronized unit speed at picking speeds up to 4.2 mph. The improved range of synchronization improves the picking efficiency of the machine. System calibrations provide for precise and accurate control of the picking unit speeds for the entire harvest range. ProDrive? Automatic Shift Transmission The 7760 also has a new electronic controlled 2-speed powershift transmission with automatic shifting and independent hydraulic wet disc brake design with an integrated spring applied, hydraulic released park brake. Increased tractive effort and higher loads will be carried through a high capacity four pinion differential with hydraulically actuated differential lock to more effectively and reliably transfer the power to the ground in adverse as well as normal conditions. Electronic Controlled Variable Speed Hydrostatic Ground Drive ProDrive? Automatic-ShiftTransmission (AST) ? Picking Mode 6.8 kph (4.2 mph) ? Scrapping Mode 8.1 kph (5.0 mph) ? Field Transport Mode 14.5 kph (9.0 mph) ? Road Transport Mode 27.4 kph (17.0 mph) Power Module The heart within the power module is a tier III emission certified 13.5L John Deere PowerTechPlus? engine rated at 373 kW (500 HP) @ 2100 RPM. Coupled to this powerplant is a direct drive pump drive gearbox which provides efficient transfer of power to the hydrostatic, hydraulic systems and cotton fans. Walk-under Mainframe The new mainframe design allows walk-under clearance into the power-module area to improve access into the engine compartment for daily service and maintenance. Air System In order to meet the increased cotton conveying demands due to increasing ground speed to 4.2 mph, twin high efficiency fans deliver improved air flow rates and consume less power. Mechanical Rear Drive Axle The on-board cotton handling/moduling system added nearly 20,000 lbs of weight to the rear axle compared to our current 9996 cotton harvester. A new rear axle and tire size (see Figure 7) were developed to address higher vehicle weights (without increasing ground compaction), increased tractive effort requirements and increased maneuverability requirements. Figure 7. Mechanical rear axle By converting to larger radial constructed rear tires, ground compaction under the rear tires remains comparable to the 9996. The static loaded rolling radius increased 30% over the 9996. The new rear axle is powered 100% of the time by an electronically controlled hydrostatic system. This system works in conjunction with the front axle hydrostatic system to provide increased rim pull while maintaining current transport speed. This translates into a machine that is better at climbing hills and is less prone to getting stuck in muddy conditions. Improvements to turning radius over the 9996 cotton picker, in light of a 20% increase in vehicle wheelbase, are possible due to a 55-degree steer angle, a 34% increase in steer angle over the 9996. This results in improved vehicle maneuverability over the 9996 by actually reducing the vehicle turning radius by over 36%. This reduction allows the machine to turn back on the adjacent unpicked rows without requiring the use of power hydraulic brakes or making a three point turn, resulting in less structural stress, less power, and less time to make the turn. Spec Comparison Rear axle weight comparisons 9996= 18,000 lbs 7760 = 38,000 lbs 111% increase in rear axle weight Tread setting options Same for both a 9996 and 7760 - 30,32,36,38 & 40 in Oscillation comparison 9996 = 8.3 deg 7760 = 9.0 deg 8.4% increase oscillation angle Wheel base comparison 9996= 141" (3.58m) 7760 = 170" (4.32m) 20.6% increase in wheel base Steer angle comparison 9996 = 41 deg 7760 = 55 deg 34.1 % increase in steer angle Turning radius comparison (6 row heads require tighter turning radius to turn back on adjacent 6 rows) 9996 = 236” (5.99m) 7760 = 150”（3.81m) 36.4% reduction in turning radius Ground compaction Within 2-3 psi of 9996 Round Module Handling Figure 9. Round Module Handler CM1100 Figure 8. Staging Round Modules It was already mentioned that the round shape sheds water and the plastic wrap protects the fiber. Some other notable advantages of the round modules include water protection and reduced waste during moving. Notice how the cover-edge on the round module keeps the water away from the fiber (see Figure 10) when exposed to ponding rainfall. And when the round modules are moved, there’s typically less waste as well. Typical waste or cotton left behind in the field and gin yard when moving conventional modules (see Figure 11). Once the cotton is harvested, the round modules are easily staged for conventional module truck pick-up (see Figure 8), moved to high ground if necessary, or loaded for transport. The Frontier Round Module Handler CM 1100，coupled to an 8000 series John Deere tractor, provides an effective solution to move, stage or load round modules (see Figure 9) and also provides the flexibility to do these operations when convenient and when circumstances and manpower allow. 11 Table 2: Machine Specifications Figure 10. Round Modules in Standing Water Figure 11. Waste from Conventional Modules Module Transporting The round modules provide additional flexibility for transporting seed cotton to the gin as either a traditional module truck (see Figure 12), with the chain bed modified slightly, or a standard flatbed trailer can be used (see Figure 13). Figure 12. Conventional Module Truck Figure 13. Flatbed Trailers Ginning We’ve invested a tremendous amount of engineering time and energy to make sure that the round modules are uniform. Uniform in size, density and moisture. This uniformity has proven to be very beneficial to the ginning process. Ginning experts that hav