專業(yè)英語 Unit 17教案.docx
《專業(yè)英語 Unit 17教案.docx》由會(huì)員分享,可在線閱讀,更多相關(guān)《專業(yè)英語 Unit 17教案.docx(5頁珍藏版)》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。
1、UnitSeventeen ORALDISEASES:PREVENTIONISBETTERTHANCURE Oraldiseasessuchascariesandperiodontaldisease(infectionsofthegumsandofthetoothsupporttissues)areamongthemostwidespreaddiseasesintheworld.Theyaffectallpopulationstovaryingdegrees. Dentalcariesintheworld:asituationofcontrast Theindexformeasurin
2、gtheextenttowhichapopulationisaffectedbycariesisthemeanDMFT,whichinagroupofindividualscountstheaveragenumberofteeththatareDecayed,Missing(onaccountofcaries)andFilled.Itisasimple,rapidanduniversallyapplicablemeasurementthathasbeenwidelyusedforseveraldecades. Wehavedrawnupascaleforseverityofinvolveme
3、ntatvariouskeyages:12,35-44,65andover. Atage12the5levelscalevariesfrom0.0to6.6ormore:aDMFTbetween0.0and1.1isconsideredverylow,afigureof6.6ormoreisveryhigh,whileamoderateDMFTisbetween2.7and4.4decayed. AnycountryundertakingananalysisofitsoralhealthsituationcancomparetheresultswithWHO*sworldwideobjec
4、tive:bytheyear2000nomorethanthreedecayed,missingandfilledteethatage12.Byrepeatingtheanalysisatregularintervals(WHOrecommendsanevaluationeveryfiveyears)itispossibletomonitorthetrendincariesprevalence,toestimatetheneedsforcareandpreventionandtoadjustpersonneltrainingandservicesaccordingly.Itshouldbepo
5、intedoutthatthesimplifiedoralhealthsurveymethoddevelopedbyWHOisreliable,veryinexpensive,canbeusedanywhereandprovidescomparabledatabothintherichestcountriesandinthepoorest. WHO*sOralHealthUnitprovidestechnicalsupportfbrepidemiologicalsurveysandprocessescountrydatafreeofchargeonrequest. Theinformati
6、oncollectedisstoredintheGlobalOralDataBank(GODB)systeminthecatalogueofUnitedNationsdatabanks,wherebyitispossibletofollowtheworldwidetrend.Everyyearsince1969,WHOhascompiledaworldmapofcariesatage12.In1969theoverallpictureshowedsharpcontrasts:theDMFTwasveryhigh,highoratleastmoderate(between2.7and4.4)in
7、theindustrializedcountries,whereasitwasgenerallyverylow,lowandoccasionallymoderateinthedevelopingcountries. Overthenexttwodecadestherewasadownwardmovementandsometimesaspectacularfallintheprevalenceofcariesinvirtuallyalltheindustrializedcountries. Inthedevelopingcountriesthegeneraltrendisforcariesp
8、revalencetoincreaseexceptwherepreventionprogrammeshavebeensetup. Everyyearsince1980theWHOOralHealthUnithascalculatedthemeanglobalDMFTatage12,weightedforpopulation.Theresultinggraphsdisplaythetrendsindentalcariesintheindustrializedcountries,inthedevelopingcountriesandformankindasawhole. Thetrendint
9、hemeansince1980justifiesmeasuredoptimismforthenext10years,althoughthesituationisstilldelicateinasmuchasasmallincreaseinveryhighlypopulatedcountriesisallthatisneededtotakethemeanabove3. Whatistheexplanationfbrthespectaculardropincariesprevalenceinsomecountries?Howcanitbepreventedfromrisingagain?Howc
10、antheworseningofthesituationinothercountriesbehalted? Thereplytothesethreequestionsisoneandthesame:prevention,morepreventionandstillmoreprevention. Intheindustrializedcountriesthepromotionoforalhygiene,thewidespreaduseoffluoridetoothpaste,theintroductionoffluorideintodrinkingwaterorsaltinsomecount
11、ries,adviceonnutrition(nosweetsbetweenmealsandetc.)arethefactorsbehindanunprecedentedpublichealthsuccessstory! Wherevercommunitypreventionprogrammesaresetup,cariesstopadvancing.Forexample,thishashappenedinBulgaria,FrenchPolynesiaandThailand.Apartfromthefluoridaiionofwater,sahandmilk,whichrequiresmo
12、readvancedtechnologyandsupervisedcentraladministration,allthemethodsoforalhygienemakeuseofsimpletechniques,costlittleandareperfectlysuitedtoimplementationatprimaryhealthcarelevel. Asaresultof(heprogressmadeinthelast25years,thedevelopingcountriesnowhavetheknowledgeandmeansofpreventionthatwillenablet
13、hemtoavoidtheproblemstheindustrializedcountrieshavehadloface,andindeedstillarefacingataveryhighprice! Inmostindustrializedcountriestheoralhealthservicesstillabsorbbetween5%and11%ofthenationalhealthbudget. Thereisnoreasonatalltocontinuedevotingsubstantialresourcestotreatingaconditionthatcanbepreven
14、tedbysimple,variedandinexpensivemeasures.Butthereneedstobethepoliticalwilltogiveprioritytoprevention. **** Whataboutthe"periodontaldisease"? Towardstheendofthe1960smostdentalepidemiologistssharedtheviewthatperiodontaldiseases,unlikecaries,weremorecommoninthedevelopingcountriesthanin(heindustriali
15、zedcountries.However,theavailabledatawereveryfragmentaryanddifficultorimpossibletocomparesincetherewerenofewerthanfivedifferentindicesincommonuse.Thisplethoraofmethodswascompoundedbythedifficultyofcollectingdatafromadults;aproblemthatislessseriousinthecaseofcaries,wherethekeyageis12years. Withthede
16、finitionofaperiodontalindex,whichveryquicklyachievedwideinternationalacceptance,theepidemiologyofperiodontaldiseaseshasmadegreatstrides.TheCPITN(CommunityPeriodontalIndexofTreatmentNeeds)wasproposedbyaWHOscientificgroupandrecommendedintheearly1980sbyajointworkinggroupfromWHOandtheFDI(InternationalDe
17、ntalFederation). Thisindexrecordstheperiodontaldiseasesintermsoffourclinicalsigns: 1. Bleedingfromthegum 2. Presenceofcalculus 3. Presenceofshallowperiodontalpockets 4. Presenceofdeepperiodontalpockets A"periodontalpocket"isconsideredtobepresentwhen'thegum,undertheeffectofinflammationand/orinf
18、ection,retracts,formsapocketandnolongeradherestothetooth.Theligamentsbecomeimpairedandthetoothbecomesincreasinglyloose. Tomeasureperiodontalstatus,themouthisdividedintosixpartsorsextants.Aspeciallydesignedprobeisusedtotestthecondition(1,2,3or4)ofthegumaroundthetoothselectedastheindextoothforeachsex
19、tant. Ifseveralclinicalsignsarepresentsimultaneously,(hemostsevereisselected. WHOhascompileddataonoverIOOsurveyscarriedoutintheagegroup35-44years.Thesedatashouldbetreatedwithcaution,sinceveryfewofthemprovideanationalestimate. Neverthelesstheyareofgreatinterestbecausetheyconsistentlyshowasimilarpa
20、tternfrequencyandseverityofinvolvement,whichchallengessomegenerallyacceptedideasaboutthedistributionandtheetiologicalprocessofperiodontaldisease. Thedatashowthatthepercentageofpeoplewhohavedeeppocketsandthemeannumberofsextantsperpersonalsodisplayingdeeppocketsarelowioverylow.Thismeansthattheseveref
21、ormsofperiodontaldisease,thoserequiringcomplicatedsurgeryarefarfromcommon. Moreover,(hereseemstobenodifferenceinfrequencybetweenindustrializedcountriesanddevelopingcountriesforthesevereformsofperiodontaldisease. Ontheotherhand,theinitialforms(bleedingandcalculus)aremuchmoreprevalentinthedeveloping
22、countries. Inthelightofthesedataitmaybestatedthatgeneralizedperiodontaldestructionisrarein40-year-oldadults.Somepeopleshowsomesignsofsuchdestruction,butonlyalimitedpartoftheirdentitionisaffected.Itseemsthattheinitialforms(bleedingandcalculus)donotnecessarilyleadon(olheadvancedstagesofthedisease,exc
23、eptincertainminoritygroups. Howcanthesediseasesbeprevented? Afterafewdaysofcarefulcleaningoftheteeth,thebleedingstopsinthevastmajorityofcasesandtheinflammation,thecauseofmuchdiscomfort,alsoregresses. Therearevariouspossiblepreventionpolicies:hygienef8rthemostcommonandleastseriousforms;development
24、ofproductsthatactagainstthedestructivetypesofperiodontitis.Awholefieldofresearchloprotect(heriskgroupsisopeningup. 1. gum.gingivacalculus,tartar 2. FooddebrisDentalplaque 3. index,indicesmeanDMFT 4. D-DecayedM-Missing(onaccountofCaries) 5. F-FilledKeyages(indexagegroups) 6. oralhealthsituati
25、onregularintervals 7. monitorcariesprevalence 8. simplifiedreliable 9. epidemiologicalsurveyVOCABULARY 牙齦牙結(jié)石食物殘?jiān)谰咧笖?shù),索引斌(牙)均 失 補(bǔ) 指數(shù)年齡組口腔健康狀況定期,間隔一定時(shí)間監(jiān)測,監(jiān)督 患融簡化的可靠的流行病學(xué)調(diào)查 10. preventiveprogrommeonrequest 11. databankcompile(d) 12. Sharpcontrast(s)downward 13. upwardspectacularfall 14. v
26、irtuallyweightedforpopulation 15. Justify,justifiesoptimism 16. graphworsening 17. halt(ed)unprecedented 18. supervisedfluoridation 19. administrationoralhygiene 20. primaryhealthcarehealthbudget 21. devotesubstances 22. priorityinexpensivemeasures 23. share(d)periodontaldiseases 24. fragm
27、entaryplethora 25. periodontalindexinternationalacceptance 26. strides(s)CPITN(CommunityPeriodontalindexofTreatmentNeeds) 27. FDI(InternationalDentalFederation)bleedinggum 28. shallowperiodontalpocketsdeepperiodontalpockets 29. retract(s)adhere(s) 30. ligament(s)impaired 31. loosesextant(s)
28、32. speciallydesignedprobeindextooth 33. simultaneouslycaution 34. similarpatternfrequency 預(yù)防項(xiàng)目(計(jì)劃)根據(jù)要求 資料庫(數(shù)據(jù)瘁)編制 鮮明對(duì)比向下的,下降的 向上的,上升的引人注目的下降 事實(shí)上,實(shí)際上: 加權(quán)人口證明(認(rèn)為)……有道理,為?….-提供依據(jù)樂觀(主義) 座標(biāo)圖,曲線圖(使)惡化、變壞 停止、止步,休息空前的,無先例的 在監(jiān)督指導(dǎo)下的氟化 管理口腔(清洗)衛(wèi)生 初級(jí)衛(wèi)生保健衛(wèi)生預(yù)算 獄(身),貢獻(xiàn),專心致力于實(shí)質(zhì)的,有價(jià)值,有實(shí)力的 重點(diǎn),優(yōu)先廉價(jià)措施
29、分享,分擔(dān)牙周疾病 片斷的,殘缺不全的過多(剩) 牙周指數(shù)國際承認(rèn)(接受) 邁進(jìn),進(jìn)步社區(qū)牙周治療需要指數(shù) 國際牙科聯(lián)盟牙齦出血 淺牙周袋深牙周袋 退縮,萎縮附著,吸附韌帶受損傷的(牙淞動(dòng)(牙周)區(qū)段專門設(shè)計(jì)的探針指數(shù)牙同時(shí),一齊小心、慎重類似方式(模式、形式)頻數(shù) 68. etiological 69. display 70. prevalent 71. initialform 72. regress(es) 73. riskgroup 病因果的展現(xiàn),展示流行的早期階段(形式)消退;退回 危險(xiǎn)人群Notes 1. 長句分析(課文第二段第一句): 1) towh
30、ich引入?個(gè)定語從句"apopulationisaffectedbycaries"。這里的which是指Theindexo 2) 下面一個(gè)Which指themeanDMFT,又引入一個(gè)定語從句“inagroupofindividualscountstheaveragenumberofteeth." 3) that也是一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞,代表事物較多見,在從句中作.主語thataredecayed,missing(onaccountofcaries),filled. 2. keyages.又可稱in山xages(groups),指有代表性的年齡(組),又稱指數(shù)年齡(組)。 3. 5level
31、ScaleofDMFT 世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)規(guī)定的以12歲兒童?恒牙患炳狀況為基準(zhǔn)的5個(gè)水平,如下: 0.0—1.1verylow,很低1.2—2.6low,低 2.7—4.4moderate,中等—6.5high,高 6.5 >veryhigh,很高 4. WHO:WorldHealthorganization世界衛(wèi)生組織成立于1948年,中國是發(fā)起國之一。 5. WHO*soralHealthUnit:世界衛(wèi)生組織口腔衛(wèi)生處“Unit”相當(dāng)于我國衛(wèi)生部內(nèi)的一個(gè)“處級(jí)”水平。 6. GlobalOralDataBank(GODB):全球口腔資料(數(shù)據(jù))庫,從屬于聯(lián)合國(UN)資料庫內(nèi)。 7. Overthenexttwodecades=inlasttwodecades在過去的2()年中 8. Except除XXX之外 besides除XXX之外(還有) 例如:besidesfluorides>pitandfissuresealantarealsoimportantforcariesprevention. 9. EPITN現(xiàn)已常用CPI,作為牙周健康狀況調(diào)查的記分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),通常用WHO推薦的帶有刻度的標(biāo)淮探針進(jìn)行檢查。
- 溫馨提示:
1: 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
2: 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
3.本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
5. 裝配圖網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 110中國人民警察節(jié)(筑牢忠誠警魂感受別樣警彩)
- 2025正字當(dāng)頭廉字入心爭當(dāng)公安隊(duì)伍鐵軍
- XX國企干部警示教育片觀后感筑牢信仰之基堅(jiān)守廉潔底線
- 2025做擔(dān)當(dāng)時(shí)代大任的中國青年P(guān)PT青年思想教育微黨課
- 2025新年工作部署會(huì)圍繞六個(gè)干字提要求
- XX地區(qū)中小學(xué)期末考試經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)(認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)輕松應(yīng)考)
- 支部書記上黨課筑牢清廉信念為高質(zhì)量發(fā)展?fàn)I造風(fēng)清氣正的環(huán)境
- 冬季消防安全知識(shí)培訓(xùn)冬季用電防火安全
- 2025加強(qiáng)政治引領(lǐng)(政治引領(lǐng)是現(xiàn)代政黨的重要功能)
- 主播直播培訓(xùn)直播技巧與方法
- 2025六廉六進(jìn)持續(xù)涵養(yǎng)良好政治生態(tài)
- 員工職業(yè)生涯規(guī)劃方案制定個(gè)人職業(yè)生涯規(guī)劃
- 2024年XX地區(qū)黨建引領(lǐng)鄉(xiāng)村振興工作總結(jié)
- XX中小學(xué)期末考試經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)(認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)輕松應(yīng)考)
- 幼兒園期末家長會(huì)長長的路慢慢地走