《高考數(shù)學(xué)大一輪復(fù)習(xí) 第二章 第5節(jié) 對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)課件 理 新人教A版》由會(huì)員分享,可在線閱讀,更多相關(guān)《高考數(shù)學(xué)大一輪復(fù)習(xí) 第二章 第5節(jié) 對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)課件 理 新人教A版(55頁(yè)珍藏版)》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。
1、第第5節(jié)對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)節(jié)對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)整合主干知識(shí) 1對(duì)數(shù)對(duì)數(shù)概念概念如果如果_(a0,a1),那么數(shù),那么數(shù)x叫做以叫做以a為底為底N的的對(duì)數(shù),記作對(duì)數(shù),記作x_.其中其中a叫叫_,N叫做叫做_性質(zhì)性質(zhì)底數(shù)的限制底數(shù)的限制a0,且,且a1對(duì)數(shù)式與指數(shù)式的互化:對(duì)數(shù)式與指數(shù)式的互化:axN_負(fù)數(shù)和零沒(méi)有對(duì)數(shù)負(fù)數(shù)和零沒(méi)有對(duì)數(shù)1的對(duì)數(shù)是的對(duì)數(shù)是零零:loga1_底數(shù)的對(duì)數(shù)是底數(shù)的對(duì)數(shù)是1:logaa_對(duì)數(shù)恒等式:對(duì)數(shù)恒等式:alogaN_logaNxaxNlogaN真數(shù)真數(shù)底數(shù)底數(shù)01N運(yùn)運(yùn)算算性性質(zhì)質(zhì)loga(MN)_a0,且,且a1,M0,N0loga_logaMn_ (nR)換換底底公公式式logaMl
2、ogaNlogaMlogaNnlogaM 質(zhì)疑探究質(zhì)疑探究1:是否任意指數(shù)式都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)數(shù)式?是否任意指數(shù)式都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)數(shù)式? 提示:提示:不是只有在指數(shù)式的底數(shù)大于不是只有在指數(shù)式的底數(shù)大于0且不等于且不等于1的情況的情況下,指數(shù)式才能化為對(duì)數(shù)式。下,指數(shù)式才能化為對(duì)數(shù)式。 2對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的概念、圖象與性質(zhì)對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的概念、圖象與性質(zhì)概念概念函數(shù)函數(shù)y_(a0,a1)叫做對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)叫做對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)底數(shù)底數(shù)a10a1圖象圖象logax定義域定義域_值域值域R性質(zhì)性質(zhì)過(guò)定點(diǎn)過(guò)定點(diǎn)(_),即,即x_時(shí),時(shí),y_在在(0,)上是上是_函數(shù)函數(shù)在在(0,) 上是上是_函數(shù)函數(shù)(1,0)減減增增10(0,) 質(zhì)
3、疑探究質(zhì)疑探究2:如圖是對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)如圖是對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)ylogaxylogbxylogcxylogdx的圖象,則的圖象,則a,b,c,d與與1的大的大小關(guān)系是什么小關(guān)系是什么 提示:提示:圖中直線圖中直線y1與圖象交點(diǎn)的橫坐標(biāo)即為它們各自底與圖象交點(diǎn)的橫坐標(biāo)即為它們各自底數(shù)的值,即數(shù)的值,即0ab1c0且且a1)與對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)與對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)ylogax(a0且且a1)互為反函數(shù),它們的圖象關(guān)于直線互為反函數(shù),它們的圖象關(guān)于直線_對(duì)稱對(duì)稱yx 2(2014山東高考山東高考)已知函數(shù)已知函數(shù)yloga(xc)(a,c為常數(shù),其中為常數(shù),其中a0,a1)的圖象如圖所示,則下列結(jié)論成立的圖象如圖所示,則下列結(jié)論成立的
4、是的是() Aa1,x1 Ba1,0c1 C0a1 D0a1,0c0且且a1,b0且且b1),則函數(shù),則函數(shù)f(x)ax與與g(x)logbx的圖的圖象可能是象可能是()對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的圖象及應(yīng)用 (2)(2015河北石家莊二模河北石家莊二模)設(shè)方程設(shè)方程10 x|lg(x)|的兩個(gè)根的兩個(gè)根分別為分別為x1,x2,則,則() Ax1x21 D0 x1x21 其圖象關(guān)于直線其圖象關(guān)于直線yx對(duì)稱,結(jié)合圖象對(duì)稱,結(jié)合圖象知,知,B正確正確. 故選故選B. (2)作出作出y10 x,與,與y|lg(x)|的大的大致圖象,如圖致圖象,如圖 顯然顯然x10,x20. 不妨設(shè)不妨設(shè)x1x2, 則則x11,1x
5、20, 所以所以10 x1lg(x1), 10 x2lg(x2), 此時(shí)此時(shí)10 x110 x2,即,即lg(x1)lg(x2), 由此得由此得lg(x1x2)0,所以,所以0 x1x20,a1)的圖象如圖所示,則的圖象如圖所示,則a、b滿足的關(guān)系是滿足的關(guān)系是() A0a1b1 B0ba11 C0b1a1 D0a1b11. 又由圖象知函數(shù)圖象與又由圖象知函數(shù)圖象與y軸交點(diǎn)的縱坐標(biāo)介于軸交點(diǎn)的縱坐標(biāo)介于1和和0之間,之間, 即即1f(0)0,所以,所以1logab0, 故故a1b1,因此,因此0a1b1,故選,故選A. 答案:答案:(1)A(2)A對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的性質(zhì)及應(yīng)用 答案答案(1)C(2)
6、名師講壇名師講壇應(yīng)用對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)性質(zhì)的常見(jiàn)題型與求解策略:應(yīng)用對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)性質(zhì)的常見(jiàn)題型與求解策略:題型題型求解策略求解策略比較對(duì)數(shù)比較對(duì)數(shù)值的大小值的大小(1)能化為同底數(shù)的對(duì)數(shù)值可直接利用其單調(diào)性進(jìn)能化為同底數(shù)的對(duì)數(shù)值可直接利用其單調(diào)性進(jìn)行判斷行判斷(2)既不同底數(shù),又不同真數(shù)的對(duì)數(shù)值,先引入中既不同底數(shù),又不同真數(shù)的對(duì)數(shù)值,先引入中間量間量(如如1,0, 1等等),再利用對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的性質(zhì)進(jìn)行比,再利用對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的性質(zhì)進(jìn)行比較較(3)底數(shù)不同,真數(shù)相同的對(duì)數(shù)值,可利用函數(shù)圖底數(shù)不同,真數(shù)相同的對(duì)數(shù)值,可利用函數(shù)圖象或比較其倒數(shù)大小來(lái)進(jìn)行象或比較其倒數(shù)大小來(lái)進(jìn)行解簡(jiǎn)單的對(duì)數(shù)不等式解簡(jiǎn)單的對(duì)數(shù)不等式先利用
7、對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算性質(zhì)化為同底的先利用對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算性質(zhì)化為同底的對(duì)數(shù)值,再利用對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的單調(diào)性對(duì)數(shù)值,再利用對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的單調(diào)性轉(zhuǎn)化為一般不等式求解轉(zhuǎn)化為一般不等式求解求解對(duì)數(shù)型函數(shù)的定義求解對(duì)數(shù)型函數(shù)的定義域、單調(diào)性域、單調(diào)性(區(qū)間區(qū)間)、奇偶、奇偶性、最值性、最值(值域值域)等性質(zhì)等性質(zhì)與一般函數(shù)的求解定義域、單調(diào)性與一般函數(shù)的求解定義域、單調(diào)性(區(qū)間區(qū)間)、奇偶性、最值、奇偶性、最值(值域值域)等性等性質(zhì)的方法一致質(zhì)的方法一致. 提醒提醒解決對(duì)數(shù)型函數(shù)、對(duì)數(shù)型不等式問(wèn)題,一定要注意定解決對(duì)數(shù)型函數(shù)、對(duì)數(shù)型不等式問(wèn)題,一定要注意定義域優(yōu)先原則義域優(yōu)先原則備課札記_提升學(xué)科素養(yǎng) 數(shù)形結(jié)合思想在對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)中的
8、應(yīng)用數(shù)形結(jié)合思想在對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)中的應(yīng)用 審題視角審題視角當(dāng)函數(shù)當(dāng)函數(shù)yf(x)與與yloga|x|有五個(gè)交點(diǎn)時(shí),求有五個(gè)交點(diǎn)時(shí),求a的范圍的范圍 答案答案B 方法點(diǎn)睛方法點(diǎn)睛(1)對(duì)一些可通過(guò)平移、對(duì)稱變換能作出其圖象對(duì)一些可通過(guò)平移、對(duì)稱變換能作出其圖象的對(duì)數(shù)型函數(shù),在求解其單調(diào)性的對(duì)數(shù)型函數(shù),在求解其單調(diào)性(單調(diào)區(qū)間單調(diào)區(qū)間)、值域、值域(最值最值)、零點(diǎn)時(shí),常利用數(shù)形結(jié)合求解零點(diǎn)時(shí),常利用數(shù)形結(jié)合求解 (2)一些對(duì)數(shù)型方程、不等式問(wèn)題的求解,常轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)函一些對(duì)數(shù)型方程、不等式問(wèn)題的求解,常轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)函數(shù)圖象問(wèn)題,利用數(shù)形結(jié)合法求解數(shù)圖象問(wèn)題,利用數(shù)形結(jié)合法求解 答案:答案:D 1一種關(guān)系一種關(guān)系指數(shù)式與對(duì)數(shù)式的互化指數(shù)式與對(duì)數(shù)式的互化 abNlogaNb(a0,a1,N0) 2二個(gè)注意點(diǎn)二個(gè)注意點(diǎn)解決對(duì)數(shù)問(wèn)題應(yīng)注意的兩點(diǎn)解決對(duì)數(shù)問(wèn)題應(yīng)注意的兩點(diǎn) 解決與對(duì)數(shù)有關(guān)的問(wèn)題時(shí):解決與對(duì)數(shù)有關(guān)的問(wèn)題時(shí):(1)務(wù)必先研究函數(shù)的定義域;務(wù)必先研究函數(shù)的定義域;(2)對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的單調(diào)性取決于底數(shù)對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的單調(diào)性取決于底數(shù)a,應(yīng)注意底數(shù)的取值范,應(yīng)注意底數(shù)的取值范圍圍