【高考四元聚焦】2014屆高三英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)語法篇 從句類 第3節(jié) 定語從句

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1、 第 三 節(jié) 定 語 從 句 (2) 考點(diǎn)一：關(guān)系代詞的用法1關(guān)系代詞的作用和分類(1)關(guān)系代詞的作用有三個(gè)：連接作用：關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)從句，把它和主句連接起來；替代作用：關(guān)系代詞在從句中替代它前面的先行詞；成分作用：關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語成分。 (2)關(guān)系代詞的用法分類 關(guān)系代詞的用法分類有三點(diǎn)依據(jù)：根據(jù)所引導(dǎo)的從句的限制性和非限制性；根據(jù)所替代的先行詞是指人還是指物；根據(jù)它在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞种髡Z、賓語、表語或定語。 2易混關(guān)系代詞辨析(1)關(guān)系代詞that和which先行詞是物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞that，which一般可以通用，但也有區(qū)別。1)只能用that的情況先行詞為指物的

2、不定代詞(all, nothing, the one, much等)或被不定代詞修飾時(shí)，如：You can take any seat that is free.Tell us all that you know. 先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，如：That is the first composition that Ive written in English.先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，如：This is the best way that has been used against pollution.當(dāng)人和物同為先行詞時(shí)，如：Everyone wants to see

3、 the spaceship and the spaceman that made the flight around the earth.關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時(shí)，如：He is no longer the man (that) he used to be. 先行詞被the only，the very修飾時(shí)，如：That is the very pen (that) I am looking for.當(dāng)先行詞是which時(shí)，如：Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?先行詞為the way/the time/the mom

4、ent/the first time/the last time等名詞時(shí)，如：I dont like the way(that)he talks.This is the third time(that)he has been late this week. 注意：此時(shí)that為關(guān)系副詞，若先行詞沒有被the first/the last修飾時(shí)，用that和when均可，如：The time (that)/(when) I saw you was 8：00. 2)只能用which的情況關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)，如：Here is the book about which I told you yest

5、erday.非限制性定語從句中，如：The weather turned out to be very good, which was better than we could expect. (2)關(guān)系代詞as和whichas既可指人又可指物，主要用于as；asas；the sameas；suchas等結(jié)構(gòu)中，在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。引導(dǎo)的從句可位于句中、句首、句末。如：As is reported in the newspaper，talks between the two countries are making progress.Mary was late for school，a

6、s is often the case. as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾整個(gè)句子，而which不僅可修飾整個(gè)句子還可以修飾單個(gè)名詞。如：The meeting，which was held in the park，was a success.The meeting was a success，as was expected. 當(dāng)as代替一句話，引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時(shí)，其意思是“這一點(diǎn)”，引出的從句位置很靈活，可以放在主句之前、之后或中間。放在主句之前時(shí)，as在從句中通常作主語，放在其他位置時(shí)as在從句中可作主語或賓語；而which引導(dǎo)非限制性從句時(shí)不但可以代替全句內(nèi)容，也可以代替某個(gè)詞或短語，在

7、從句中除了可作主語外，還可作賓語、表語等成分，其位置是盡量靠近被說明的先行詞、先行句、先行短語，絕不能置于句前。非限制性從句若是肯定句，用which，as均可，若是否定句式或意思是否定的句子，則多用which。 如：She has married again，as was expected.她又結(jié)婚了，這是大家意料之中的事。She has married again，which was unexpected.她又結(jié)婚了，真是沒想到。 (3)who和that先行詞是人時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可用who(m)，that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但下列情況一般用who，而不用that。先行詞是one，ones，anyone

8、或anybody，those時(shí)，如：Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.一個(gè)句子中帶有兩個(gè)定語從句，其中一個(gè)的關(guān)系詞是that時(shí)，如：The student that won the first prize is the monitor who speaks English best in our class. 在there be句型中和非限制性句型中，如：There is a person who wants to see you.I met an old classmate yesterday, who is now a manager

9、 of a big company. (4)who，whom和whosewho指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語。作賓語時(shí)who和whom一般可通用，但直接放在介詞之后時(shí)，一般只用whom，不可用who。如：Take your problem to the person who you think can help you.She is the girl (who/whom) I will go to Shanghai with.She is the girl with whom I will go to Shanghai. whose既可指人，也可指物，在從句中

10、作定語。如：George Orwell，whose real name was Eric Arthur，wrote many political novels.The librarian refused to accept the book，whose cover was gone when it was returned. 3關(guān)系詞的省略作賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略，但前面不能有介詞。如：This is the man(who/whom/that) we have talked about.口語中，關(guān)系副詞可以省略(尤其是先行詞為time，way，reason等時(shí))。如：This is the

11、reason (why)I did it.I dont know the time (that) he arrived. 4限制性和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句起修飾限制的作用，是主句不可缺少的一部分，與先行詞無逗號(hào)隔開，翻澤成中文常譯成前置定語。如：Those who want to go，sign their names on the paper.那些想去的人把他們的名字簽在紙上。 非限制性的定語從句對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明的作用，省去不影響句子意思，常用逗號(hào)隔開，翻譯成中文時(shí)，常譯成并列分句。如：This note was left by John, who was here a momen

12、t ago.這便條是約翰留的，他剛才還在這兒。注意：why和that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。 5定語從句中的主謂一致關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要與先行詞保持一致。如：I，who am your friend，will leave for Beijing tomorrow.which和as指代一個(gè)句子時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：Mary is often late for class，which makes our teacher very unhappy. 當(dāng)先行詞被the only/the very/the exact one of修飾時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，若僅有one

13、of修飾時(shí)則從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：He is one of the students who want to be a doctor in the future.He is the only one of the students who wants to be a doctor in the future. 6“介詞/介詞短語which/whom”中介詞的選擇關(guān)系代詞前面的介詞使用是根據(jù)與名詞前面的動(dòng)詞搭配關(guān)系和介詞的搭配關(guān)系及句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的需要而定的。如：Well never forget the day on which we went camping.(on the day)Th

14、e woman to whom we spoke is from the USA. (speak to sb.)His glasses，without which he was(who was not)like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.(由句意決定) 考點(diǎn)二：關(guān)系副詞的用法1當(dāng)先行詞在定語從句中作狀語時(shí)，要用關(guān)系副詞。其中when表示時(shí)間的介詞(如：in，at，during等)which；where表示地點(diǎn)的介詞(如：in，at，on，under等)which；whyforwhich。如：I still remember the da

15、y when I first came to Beijing. (whenon which)Can you tell me the office where he works? (wherein which)Do you know the reason why he is absent? (whyfor which) 2高考對(duì)關(guān)系副詞where的考查高考試題中對(duì)于where的考查趨于復(fù)雜，從先行詞由“明顯的地點(diǎn)”轉(zhuǎn)為“地點(diǎn)的模糊化”。事實(shí)上，對(duì)于where這個(gè)詞，考生不能只理解為表示地點(diǎn)。當(dāng)先行詞表示某人/物的處境，或某事所發(fā)展的階段，或表達(dá)某事的某個(gè)方面時(shí)都可用where這個(gè)關(guān)系副詞。如：T

16、he accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in.事情發(fā)展到如此程度，不得不請(qǐng)雙方家長(zhǎng)來一趟了。 考點(diǎn)三：定語從句的其他要點(diǎn)1關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞的比較關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，而關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作狀語。因此，在選擇引導(dǎo)詞時(shí)，最重要的是分析一下定語從句中的成分，若從句中缺主語、賓語或表語，那么必須用關(guān)系代詞；若從句中不缺主語、賓語或表語，那么必須用關(guān)系副詞。 試比較下面的句子：Do you still remember the days that/which we sp

17、ent in Qingdao?你還記得我們一起在青島度過的日子嗎？Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?你還記得我們?cè)谇鄭u過暑假的日子嗎？在句中，定語從句中缺賓語，因此須用關(guān)系代詞that/which來引導(dǎo)從句，而在句中，定語從句中不缺主語，也不缺賓語，因此須用關(guān)系副詞when來引導(dǎo)從句。 2定語從句與其他句式的比較It is such a heavy box that he cant lift it.(狀語從句)It is such a heavy box as he cant

18、lift.(定語從句)Is this factory the one in which/where we lived three years ago？(定語從句)Is this factory where we lived three years ago？(表語從句) As is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.(定語從句)It is known to the world that Mark Twain is a great American writer.(主語從句)That Mark Twain is a

19、great American writer is known to the world.(主語從句)We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice.(同位語從句) The reason that he gave was not right.(定語從句)She did all she could to help him.(定語從句)She is not the girl she used to be.(定語從句)She did what she could to help him.(賓語從句)She is not what s

20、he used to be.(表語從句)由以上例句可以看出，分清定語從句與其他復(fù)合句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握先行詞及其后的關(guān)系詞，要看其是否在從句中作成分，是否有意義。 3注意way和time后接定語從句的情況(1)當(dāng)先行詞是way意為“方式、方法”時(shí)，在定語從句作狀語，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有下列三種形式。如：使我感到驚奇的不是他說了什么，而是他說話的方式。 注意下面兩個(gè)句子中關(guān)系詞的不同，試比較：他向我們解釋的那種方法很簡(jiǎn)單。 他向我們解釋句子的那種方法不難理解。 (2)先行詞是time時(shí)，若time作“次數(shù)”講時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，that可省略；若time作“一段時(shí)間”講時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when或介詞at/duringwhich引導(dǎo)定語從句。如：This is the second time(that) the President has visited the country.這是總統(tǒng)第二次訪問那個(gè)國(guó)家。 I could hardly remember how many times (that) Ive failed.我?guī)缀跤洸磺逦乙咽《嗌俅瘟?。This was at a time when/during which there were no radios，no telephones or no TV sets.這是一段沒有收音機(jī)，沒有電話，沒有電視機(jī)的時(shí)間。