2018版高考英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)語法專題講析專題四 介詞及介詞短語

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1、專題四　介詞及介詞短語 考點(diǎn)一　常見介詞的用法 常用介詞如in，on，for，with，against，of，beyond，out of，across等含義較多，應(yīng)全面把握。 1．a(chǎn)gainst有“違背，違逆；反對(duì)；對(duì)……不利；倚；靠；碰撞；預(yù)防；襯托”之意。 [2014湖南]Vacations help us perform better at work，improve our sleep quality and cushion us against depression. 假期幫助我們?cè)诠ぷ髦斜憩F(xiàn)得更好，提高我們的睡眠質(zhì)量和緩解憂愁。 2．beyond可表示范圍，限度，意為

2、“超出，為……所不及”。 常用短語：beyond words/description/imagination/belief/ones reach/ones control，意為“無法用語言形容/無法用語言描述/想象不出來/無法相信/夠不著/無法控制”。 [2014浙江]“I came to thank you，”she said，surprising me beyond speech. “我是來感謝你的。”她說。(聽到這)讓我驚訝地說不出話來。 3．by可表示程度或增減的幅度，還可作“按；以……計(jì)；依據(jù)”講。 As far as I know，workers are generall

3、y paid by the month. 據(jù)我所知，工人們的工資通常按月來付。 4．for有“就……而言；從……來看；達(dá)，計(jì)；為……”之意。 ①The biggest concern for most of us is the quality of public education. 我們大多數(shù)人最關(guān)心的是大眾教育的質(zhì)量問題。 ②[2016四川]The mother continued to care for the young panda for more than two years. 這位母親持續(xù)照顧熊貓幼崽兩年多。 5．off有“在離……不遠(yuǎn)處；在沿海的海面”之意。

4、[2014重慶]She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went off the road. 她在轉(zhuǎn)彎處開得如此快，以至于車差點(diǎn)偏離公路。 6．a(chǎn)cross有“橫跨”之意。 Do you think this shirt is too tight across the shoulders? 你覺得這件襯衫在肩膀這個(gè)地方是不是太緊了？ 7．on/upon有“剛……就；一……就”之意，后接名詞或動(dòng)詞－ing形式。 [2014山東]Upon graduation，Charlotte returned to Montreal an

5、d set up a private clinic. 夏洛特一畢業(yè)就回到了蒙特利爾，開了一個(gè)私人診所。 8．over可表示時(shí)間，意為“在……期間；直到……結(jié)束”。 ①Talks with the teachers union over the weekend have averted a strike. 周末與教師工會(huì)舉行的談判避免了一場(chǎng)罷工。 ②Over coffee，she lit a cigarette，her eyes daring him to comment. 喝咖啡時(shí)，她點(diǎn)燃了一支煙，用挑釁的眼神看著他，諒他也不敢吭聲。 9．within可表示范圍、程度，意為“在…

6、…之內(nèi)”。 The government was doing everything within its power to help the victims. 政府正盡其所能地幫助那些受害者。 10．of表示在……范圍內(nèi)。 ①The ceasefire resolution calls for the release of all prisoners of war. ?；饹Q議要求釋放所有戰(zhàn)俘。 ②[2015福建]A common memory they all have of their schooldays is the school uniform. 他們對(duì)于他們學(xué)生時(shí)代的共

7、同記憶是校服。 考點(diǎn)二　介詞的固定搭配 考查介詞短語辨析，往往要借助具體語境，另外，還要掌握常用的介詞短語及其意義。 ①[2016天津]Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she gave voice to her opinion on the subject. 在討論剛開始時(shí)，瑪麗一言不發(fā)，但最后她就這個(gè)主題發(fā)表了自己的觀點(diǎn)。 ②[2016天津]I hate it when she calls me at work—Im always too busy to carry on a c

8、onversation with her. 我不喜歡她在我工作時(shí)給我打電話——我總是太忙，不能和她進(jìn)行會(huì)話。 ③[2015浙江]Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes to animals both on land and sea? 你聽說過成為海陸兩棲動(dòng)物的棲息地的樹嗎？ ④[2015安徽]They believe that there are transport developments around the corner that will bring a lot of changes for the better. 他們

9、相信交通的發(fā)展就要到來了，這將會(huì)帶來很多更好的變化。 ⑤[2015福建]Human life is regarded as part of nature and，as such，the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature. 人類生活被認(rèn)為是大自然的一部分，嚴(yán)格說來，我們生存的唯一方式是與大自然和睦相處。 1．與介詞in搭配的常用短語 in a way在某種程度上 in no way沒門 in the way擋住道路 in vain徒勞 in general 通常，大體上 in detail

10、詳細(xì)地 in turn 輪流 in return 作為回報(bào) in need 需要 in time 遲早；及時(shí) 2．與out of搭配的常用短語 out of date/time 過時(shí)/過期 out of question 毫無疑問 out of the question 不可能 out of shape 變形 out of fashion 不流行 out of order 出了故障 out of reach 遙不可及 3．“in＋名詞＋of”常用搭配 in honor of 為紀(jì)念…… in charge of 負(fù)責(zé)；掌管 in terms of 依據(jù)；就……而

11、言 in praise of 贊揚(yáng) in favor of 支持；贊同 in need of 需要 4．與介詞at搭配的常用短語 at no time 決不 at a time 一次/每次 at one time 一度/曾經(jīng) at times 不時(shí)地/有時(shí) at ones request 應(yīng)某人的要求 at a loss 不知所措 5．其他?？级陶Z on behalf of 代表 by chance/accident 偶然 after all 畢竟；別忘了 regardless of 不管，不顧 on the whole 總的說來 on the contrar

12、y 相反 ◆介詞與語法填空 在語法填空中，介詞是必考內(nèi)容，?？急硎痉轿?、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、原因、計(jì)量、材料等以及習(xí)慣用語中的介詞。 [典題試做1] 在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~ 1．[2016全國Ⅰ]But my connection with pandas goes back ________ my days on a TV show in the mid－1980s，when I was the first... 2．[2016全國Ⅱ]Most of us are more focused ________ our tasks in the morning than we are

13、 later in the day. 3．[2016全國Ⅲ]Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India，for example，most people traditionally eat ________ their hands. 答案：1.to　2.on　3.with [應(yīng)對(duì)策略1] 如果句子中不缺少主語或表語，動(dòng)詞后又不缺少賓語，則在名詞或代詞前一定是填介詞。其次，還要注意短語搭配中介詞的正確使用。 ◆介詞與短文改錯(cuò) 短文改錯(cuò)中對(duì)于介詞的考查常會(huì)涉及介詞誤用、缺少介詞或介詞多余的情況。 [典題試做2] 單句改錯(cuò)(每

14、小題1處錯(cuò)誤) 1．[2016全國Ⅰ]My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.________ 2．[2016全國Ⅲ]Now I am leaving home to college.________ 3．[2016四川]Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping.________ 4．[2015全國Ⅰ]Unfortunately，on the development of industrialization，the envi

15、ronment has been polluted.________ 5．[2015四川]Please help with me and give me some advice.________ 6．[2015全國Ⅱ]One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on a shop window.________ 7．[2015浙江]My old classroom was interesting because three sides o

16、f the classroom were made from glass.________ 8．[2015陜西]My soccer coach retired in last week.________ 答案：1.dreams后加of　2.to→for　3.去掉on　4.on→with　5.去掉with　6.on→in　7.from→of 8．去掉in [應(yīng)對(duì)策略2] (1)如果句子中不缺少主語或表語，動(dòng)詞后又不缺少賓語，則在名詞或代詞前一定是缺少介詞。 (2)注意短語搭配中介詞的正確使用。 (3)不該用介詞的短語中用了介詞，如next year常寫成in the next ye

17、ar。 (4)某些及物動(dòng)詞短語中介詞缺失，如look (at)，listen (to)，take care (of)等。 (5)有些及物動(dòng)詞多加了介詞，如enter the room常寫成enter into the room，return my book常寫成return back/to my book等。 (6)注意分清連詞、副詞和介詞之間的區(qū)別和句法功能。 ◆書面表達(dá)中介詞易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)聚焦 1．句尾介詞往往由于受到漢語的影響而缺少 2．因不熟悉介詞及介詞短語語法功能和不同搭配而造成語句混亂、搭配不當(dāng)?shù)儒e(cuò)誤 (誤)I often come to school take bu

18、s，but sometimes I come by my fathers car. (正)I often come to school by bus，but sometimes I come in my fathers car. 3．英漢差異造成的介詞錯(cuò)用 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1．[2017山東下學(xué)期綜合測(cè)試]When he was 30，back in 1953，he was working________a research assistant in the university. 2．[2017四川資陽一診]“Speed up.70 km/h isnt

19、 fast enough.You are holding up traffic，”ordered another voice from the seat next________me. 3．[2017山東青島自主學(xué)習(xí)]The game was played________two teams. 4．[2017河南中原名校4月模擬]I sat on the side of the stage，________my script open on a music stand in front of me. 5．[2017安徽安慶重點(diǎn)中學(xué)模擬]Even though our eyes are cl

20、osed，they move rapidly from side________side. 答案：1.as　解析：句意：早在1953年，當(dāng)時(shí)他30歲，他就在那所大學(xué)當(dāng)了一名研究助理。work as從事……工作。 2．to　解析：句意：“加快速度。每小時(shí)70千米還不夠快。你正在造成交通阻塞?！睆奈遗赃呑荒抢锇l(fā)出的另一個(gè)聲音命令道。next to挨著。 3．between　解析：句意：比賽在兩支隊(duì)伍間進(jìn)行。between在兩者之間。 4．with　解析：句意：我坐在舞臺(tái)的一側(cè)，我的劇本打開著，放在我前面的樂譜架上。with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語。 5．to　解析：句意：盡管我們眼睛緊閉，但它

21、們(眼球)從一側(cè)到另一側(cè)迅速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。from...to...從……到……為固定搭配。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò) 1．[2017安徽合肥八中段考]Im very glad to hear about you are going to visit me next Friday.________ 2．[2017安徽合肥八中段考]I will take you together to a hot－pot restaurant for dinner and well talk with our plan for the weekend over dinner.________ 3．[2017湖南衡陽八中二模]

22、People have different opinions of money.________ 4．[2017湖南衡陽八中二模]We cannot exchange money into friendship or love.________ 5．[2017江西南昌高三聯(lián)考]Some of them are even particular with food.________ 答案：1.去掉about或about→that　解析：句意：很高興聽說你下周五要來看我。此處hear為及物動(dòng)詞，直接帶賓語從句，此時(shí)賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。 2．with→about　解析：句意：我將

23、帶你一起去火鍋店吃晚餐，然后我們一邊吃晚餐一邊討論周末計(jì)劃。根據(jù)賓語our plan可知，指討論的內(nèi)容，talk后應(yīng)用about。 3．of→about/on　解析：指對(duì)某事的觀點(diǎn)、看法時(shí)，opinion后面接介詞on/about。 4．into→for　解析：exchange sth. for...“交換，兌換”。 5．with→about/over　解析：be particular about/over“講究；對(duì)……挑剔”。 Ⅲ.語法填空 A(介詞及介詞短語專練) I was in a restaurant.I noticed an elderly couple 1._____

24、___a balloon tied to their table.When I asked them what the occasion was，they told me it was their 50th wedding anniversary.I was glad and sad 2.________ them at the same time.I was glad because they still cherished each other.I was sad because they were 3.________their own，without any children or f

25、riends.After I went back to my table I thought I should pay their bill.I tried to do it，and the restaurant manager and the waitresses asked me curiously who they were 4.________me.Finally，I told them I worked in a church and felt it was my duty to do so.The elderly couple were surprised and speechle

26、ss when told a total stranger had paid 5.________them.All of us were nearly 6.________tears：the couple，the manager，the waitresses and me. Two months later I got a call 7.________a newspaper telling me my simple act of kindness was reported.I wasnt expecting anything 8.________return，but I became fa

27、mous 9.________that act of kindness.What would and could happen 10.________us if we always practice such acts of kindness on family，friends，neighbors and strangers? 答案：1.with　2.for　3.on　4.to　5.for　6.in　7.from　8.in　9.for　10.to B [2017四川廣元中學(xué)高三段考] Just as I began a new job in New York，I had to lear

28、n another important job：father.I was a businessman.At the office I had three new 1.________(project)，and at home I had a young son who was growing fast and 2.________(need) me.I was puzzled and didnt know how to deal with the relationship between job and family until one day，during my business trip

29、in Chicago，I came 3.________an old family friend Dan,4.________was once a patient of my father.He told me something about my father.5.________was my father that helped him go through depression.When Dan knew he got depression，he was very upset and wanted 6.________(give) up，but my father，his doctor，

30、encouraged him to go on 7.________(fight) against depression.My father said to him，“You have 8.________wonderful life and three fine children.Take some time with them.Its family that we live for—not just ourselves.Think of that 9.________you will know lifes worth the fight.” His words touched me，and I 10.________(sudden) realized that family are the most important in the world.I should spend more time staying with them. 答案：1.projects　2.needed　3.across　4.who　5.It　6.to give　7.fighting　8.a　9.and　10.suddenly